A-AD JECTIVES
lexical / grammatical category of state (psychological, physical, location in space)
prefix a-: afraid, afloat, afire;
no grammatical categories;
combinability with link verbs;
the syntactic function – predicative complement
The Verb
Categorial meaning – dynamic process, process developing in time
Word-building affixes: -ate, -en, -fy, -ize, over-, re-, under-;
sound-replacive means: blood-bleed
Syntactic function – predicate
The Gram m atical Categories ofthe English Verb
Person and number
Aspect
Tense
Voice
Mood
Subclasses ofverbs
Notional |
(Semi)functional |
Have full |
Have partial |
nominative value |
nominative value |
Comprise an open |
Comprise a close |
class of words |
class of words |
NO TIO NAL VERBS
ACTIONAL
Denote the action of the active doer
Physical to write, to fight, to help Mental To calculate, to compare
Perceptual
STATAL
Denote the action of the inactive experiencer
Physical
to ripen, to deteriorate
Mental
to understand, to forget Perceptual
To look, to listen, to |
to see, to hear, to smell |
smell |
|
The aspectfeatures ofverbal sem antics
durative / continual : Iterative / repeated: terminate / concluded:
interminate / non- concluded:
instantaneous / momentary:
ingressive / starting: supercompleted : undercompleted:
continue, linger, last, live, exist
reconsider, return
terminate, finish, end, close
live, study, think burst, click, drop, fall begin, start, resume outgun, oversimplify
underestimate, undersleep
The com binatory potentialofthe verb
Transitive verbs take a prepositionless complement (the direct object)
Objective verbs combine both with the subject and the object
Intransitive verbs usually cannot take the direct object
Subjective verbs are connected to the subject only
(SEM I)FUNCTIO NAL VERBS
AUXILIARIES
MODALS
VERBID INTRODUCE
RS
COPULAS
build analytical forms of the notional verbs
denote subject attitudes to the action
introduce non-finite forms of the verb into the structure of the sentence
connect the nominative part of the predicate to the subject
English verbaltense form s
4 verbal tense forms: the present, the past , the future, and the future-in-the- past .
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The future tense form s
Express relative time – posteriority in relation to either the present or the past:
1) as an after-event in relation to the present: He will work tomorrow (not right now)
2) as an after-event in relation to the past: He said he would work the next day.
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