SYNTA X

Lecture 4

1

Points at issue

THE HISTORY OF SYNTACTIC STUDIES

1)ANCIENT TIMES

2)MIDDLE AGES

3)MODERN TIMES

MINOR AND MAJOR SYNTAX

1)SYNTAX OF PHRASE

2)THE SENTENCE

A)THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

B)IC OF THE SENTENCE

C)TREE DIAGRAM

2

THE TERM ‘SYNTAX’

Was introduced by

BC (Ancient Greece)

– 262 BC

3

Syntax

(від грец. Sýntaxis – побудова, порядок) –

1)means and rules of creating speech units of a given language;

2)a part of grammar studying speech producing processes: combinability and word order within a sentence, general properties of the sentence as a language unit and of the utterance as a speech unit

4

Three parts of Syntax

1.Syntax of parts of speech (word combinations, syntagmatics) studies combinability of words (syntactic valency)

2.Syntax of the sentence (inner structure, communicative types of sentences, predication and modality, semantics and synonymic transformations)

3.Syntax of the text (rules of adapting

THE STUDY OF SYNTAX

Historic review

6

ANCIENT TIMES

The study of syntax was carried out from the point of view of speech–thought creating processes

No specific terminology was used as yet

The notions used reflected logical, syntactic and morphological approaches to syntactic studies

7

Ancient Greek philosophers (Protagoras, Plato, Aristotle, Stoics) studied indiscrete speech units; classified utterances due to their communicative value; divided the sentence into main parts; defined relations between the parts of the complex and compound sentence

Protagoras (Vc BC) distinguished question, answer, request, command

Aristotle (384-322 BC): confirmative, negative, narrative, imperative utterances

Stoics (IIIc BC): negative, affirmative sentences, general/

special question, orders, swears, requests, vocative utterances

8

PLATO (424/423 BC – 348/347 BC)

a Classical Greek

mathematician, student of Socrates

Plato and followers divided a sentence into two parts:

name (onoma) and verb (rhema) i.e. Subject and Predicate

9

STOICS, ANCIENT GREECE

III c. BC

Initiated the study of the complex and compound sentence and relations within it as causal,

result,

conditional,

connective, disjunctive

10