APOLLONIUS DYSCOLUS
(II C. AD)
Nicknamed ὁ δύσκολος, meaning "the Surly or Crabbed or Hard to please”
Apollonius is the first Greek grammarian of whom we possess a work in its entirety. Syntax is viewed from morphological grounds (word as the basis) > syntax of parts of speech.
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MIDDLE AGES (XIII-XVI C.)
Scholasticism, Rationalism, Port Royal
Grammar
Syntax was viewed as study of ways of expressing thought. Syntactic categories as opposed to morphological ones were thought to be of universal character
Followers of this approach: (XIX c) M.V. Lomonosov, L.G. Yakob, I.I. Davydov, K.S.Aksakov, F.I.Buslaev.
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APPROACHES TO SYNTACTIC
STUDIES IN XIX-XX C.
Psychological (Heymann Steinthal, Olexandr
Potebnya, German Paul, Wilhelm Wundt)
Functional: ways of detecting thought in a word: meaning / function > form (A.A. Shakhmatov,
O. Jespersen, F.F.Fortunatov, Vilém Mathesius)
Structural: Lucien Tesnière; Zelig Harris
Descriptive (distributional) syntax
(Leonard Bloomfield, Pike Kenneth Lee, Ch. Fries,
Eugene Nida)
Semantic (Dwight Bolinger)
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PSYCHOLOGICAL SYNTAX
Potebnya Olexandr Afanasievich |
German Paul |
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Aug 7, 1846 – Dec 29, 1921 |
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Sept 10 (22), 1835 –Nov 29 (Dec |
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11), 1891) |
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FUNCTIONAL APPROACH
studying and systematizing various language units (syntactic structures) as they function in the speech-thinking activity of man.
The problem of combinability and valency,
the problem of syntactical analysis.
Vilém Mathesius
(Aug 3, 1882 – Apr 12,
1945)
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DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
The chief contribution of the American Descriptive School to modern linguistics is the elaboration of the techniques of linguistic analysis. The main methods are the Distributional method and the method of Immediate Constituents.
Leonard Bloomfield
(Apr. 1, 1887 – Apr. 18,
1949)
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SEMANTIC SYNTAX
Dwight Bolinger (1907-
1992)
Studies the semantics
of the word-combination constituents,
of the parts of the sentence and of the sentence as a whole
the role meanings of the sentence components
the phenomena of the reference, of the presupposition and sequence.
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MINOR SYNTAX – THE SYNTAX OF PHRASE
The phrase alongside with the sentence is the main syntactic unit.
It consists of minimum 2 members that are of
1) subordinate relations only (Vinogradov V.V. and other Russian linguists), no predicative or prepositional phrases (word and phrase are very close)
2) both coordinate and subordinate
relations (L. Bloomfield and majority
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SCIENTIFIC THEORY OF
PHRASE
F.F.FORTUNATOV (1848-1914)
A.M.PESHKOVSKY
(1878-1933) A.A. SHAKHMATOV
(1864-1920)
THE MODERN THEORY
OF PHRASE
studies the structure of phrases, principles of their organisation, combinatory possibilities, types of connection
Treats phrase as linear language unit which can act either as a part of a sentence or the whole sentence
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