TWO GROUPS OF
PHRASES
i. HAVING A HEAD
ELEMENT: progressive regressive
ii. NOT HAVING A HEAD |
ELEMENT: |
independent |
dependent |
21
THE PHRASE WITH A HEAD
ELEMENT (PROF. POCHEPTSOV G.G.)
REGRESSIVE with adverbial head: very clearly
Adjective head: definitely superior
Substantive head: new books
PROGRESSIVE with:
Substantive head
a sensation of relief
Adjective head rich in minerals
Verb head
to open the door
Prepositional head under the
net
22
THE PHRASE WITHOUT A HEAD ELEMENT
INDEPENDENT of the same class
with coordinative conjunction: nice and good
joined asyndetically: men, women, children
Belonging to different classes:
interdependent with primary predication: she smiles
DEPENDENT of the same class
accumulative connection wise old man
Belonging to different classes:
accumulative connection his old friend
Interdependent secondary predication:
her eyes searching his face
23
THE SENTENCE
Is a minimal syntactic construction used in communication and having predication and certain structure.
Main properties of the sentence: predication and modality
Predication is describing the subject(s) as having some property or as standing in some relation.
Modality in linguistics, is what allows speakers to attach expressions of belief, attitude and obligation to statements.
24
SYNTACTIC
CONCEPTIONS
Sentence as
a formal-grammatical structure
logical entity
psychological unit
communicative unit
25
DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTACTIC INVESTIGATIONS
logical psychological
formal grammatical
theory of communication
semantic theory
pragmatics
26
LUCIEN TESNIÈRE MAY 13,
1893–DEC 6, 1954
A syntactic theory (dependency grammar)
Graphical representation of grammatical dependencies in a syntactic construction. V is the
highest level word, governing a set
of complements. S is divided into
subject and predicate, grammatical
subject is subordinate to the verb >
VP internal subject hypothesis
Professor in Strasbourg
(1924), and in
Montpellier27 (1937),
Zelig Harris,
N. Chomsky’s teacher28
ZELIG HARRIS (OCT. 23, 1909 – MAY 22, 1992)
a renowned American linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science.
is best known for his work in structural linguistics and discourse analysis and for the discovery of transformational structure in language.
His contributions include transfer grammar, string analysis (adjunction grammar), elementary sentence-differences, algebraic structures in language, operator grammar, sublanguage grammar, and a theory of linguistic information.
29
AVRAM NOAM CHOMSKY (BORN DECEMBER 7, 1928)
One of the most prestigious American and world intellectuals
(Hugo Chavez)
One of America’s greatest philosophers and linguists
(Robert Fisk)
He is absolutely faithful, which is something very few people possess.
Professor Chomsky will never betray you, never, it is impossible
(Norman Finkelstein)
30