Model: I saw them as they were working on the shopfloor. – I saw them working on the shopfloor.

1. The teacher observed the students as they were doing exercises. 2. She watched him as he was repairing these instruments. 3. He noticed me as I was coming into the classroom. 4. The teacher didn’t notice him as he was copying out the test. 5. Did you see them as they were going out of the University? 6. I didn’t hear the teacher as she was correcting the mistakes. 7. I heard the professor as he was delivering his lecture. 8. I saw the lecturer as he was demonstrating different diagrams.

Exercise 3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Objective Participle Complex.

Model: The typist typed his article for him. – He had his article typed.

1. The workers installed new equipment in the laboratory for us. 2. He delivered the machine-tools for them. 3. They debugged the program for me. 4. The computer gave the answers for the students. 5. The worker made an instrument for him. 6. The engineer checked their calculations. 7. The professor’s assistant brought him all necessary equipment.

Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences using the Objective Infinitive or Participle Complex.

1. I should like you … 2. We saw them … 3. The teacher made us … 4. We wanted you … 5. We heard her … 6. She watched the workers … 7. I found the machine … 8. I want this instrument …

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English using the Objective Participle Complex.

1. Всі хотіли, щоб робота була завершена вчасно. 2. Викладач хоче, щоб це було зроблено швидко. 3. Я бачив, як вони працювали в цеху (on the shopfloor). 4. Ми спостерігали, як вони ремонтували машину. 5. Ми спостерігали, як ремонтували машину. 6. Я чув, як це було сказано кілька разів. 7. Ми бачили, як мотори ретельно упаковували в ящики. 8. Нам випробували прилад. 9. Нам відремонтували апаратуру.

Суб’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс (The Subjective Participle Complex)

ерекладається неозначноособовим головним

реченням

утворюють підрядне додаткове речення

Суб’єктний дієприкметниковий комплекс вживається:

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1)з дієсловами (як правило, в They were heard talking together. - пасивному стані), що виражають Чули, як вони розмовляли між собою. сприймання за допомогою органів

чуття: to see – бачити, to hear –

чути та ін.

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Subjective Participle Complex.

1. This phenomenon is postulated as having arisen from excessive heating. 2. The class of regulators can be thought of as composed of three parts. 3. The problem was recognized by many scientists as being of great importance. 4. Remarks which were considered as being wrong are in fact correct. 5. The reaction may be written as proceeding by the following mechanism. 6. Only those substances which can be considered as being mixtures have a depressed melting point. 7. The problem can be thought of as being a multivariable generalization of the classical problem. 8. The data obtained are considered as not being adequately represented by equation. 9. This may be taken as being the result of overheating. 10. This catalyst was regarded as affording good results and to involve no difficulties in operating.

Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into English using the Subjective Participle Complex.

1. Бачили, як студенти виходили з аудиторії. 2. Вважається, що цей метод включає в себе дві стадії. 3. Бачили, як ви купували книжки з фізики. 4. Бачили, як працював новий верстат. 5. Було чути, як професор читав лекцію з електромеханіки. 6. Було чути, як високо в небі летів літак. 7. Було чути, як вони розмовляють англійською мовою. 8. Бачили, як викладач йшов до лабораторії.

Дієприкметник виражає дію, яку виконує або якої зазнає особа чи предмет, позначений іменником чи займенником.

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Незалежний дієприкметниковий комплекс як автономна одиниця речення відокремлюється комою або крапкою з комою.

На українську мову перекладається:

Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Absolute Participle Complex.

1. The professor being ill, the lecture was put off. 2. My task finished, I went to bed. 3. Radio was invented in Russia, its inventor being the Russian scientist Popov. 4. The electrons move with varying velocities, their velocity depending on the temperature and nature of the material. 5. His question unanswered, he couldn’t go away. 6. Electrons moving through a wire, electrical energy is generated. 7. Any moving object can do work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity. 8. Ann stood up and ran around the desks, Tom running after her. 9. The cathode heated, the electrons leave the surface and move to the anode. 10. It being Sunday, the library was closed. 11. The other conditions being equal, the acceleration will be the same. 12. All the equipment removed, the explorers stopped working. 13. With water being cooled, the rate of the reaction was low. 14. The first automatic computers of the 1940s not being very reliable, scientists went on improving them. 15. Two objects having the same temperature, the average energy of motion of their molecules is the same.

Exercise 2. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Absolute Participle Complex.

1. As our work was finished, we went home. 2. As the resistance was very high, the current in the circuit was very low. 3. Thoughtful, Andrew finished his omelette; his eyes were all the time fixed upon the microscope. 4. There was in fact nothing to wait for, and we got down to work. 5. The question was rather difficult to answer at once, and I asked for permission to think it over. 6. The new engines were safely delivered; all of them were in good order. 7. As the book was being printed, we hoped to get it soon. 8. As this material is a dielectric, no current can flow through it.

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Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English using the Absolute Participle Complex.

1. Оскільки було дуже пізно, збори було закрито. 2. Коли заняття закінчились, студенті пішли додому. 3. Коли робота була завершена, він одержав тримісячну відпустку. 4. Якщо наш план зазнає невдачі, ми не завершимо роботу вчасно. 5. Ми провели серію реакцій, причому вихідні матеріали були узяті з їх лабораторії. 6. Оскільки модель сконструйована заново, ми можемо почати знову обдумувати весь процес. 7. Після того, як домашнє завдання було виконане, я пішов в кіно. 8. У нас три лекції сьогодні, причому остання з фізики.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian identifying the types of the participle complexes.

1. These data must be taken into account, the effect of interconnection being by no means negligible. 2. He regards this concept as being not a simple one. 3. This data set should intuitively be considered as consisting of two clusters. 4. Several treatments of this problem have been presented, with theories resulting from this investigation falling into one of the two categories. 5. The experiment that is being conducted is of great interest and is thought of as being highly promising. 6. The question being difficult, no one could answer it. 7. Oxygen being a very active element, it is difficult to prevent metals from oxidation. 8. Personal computers being used for many purposes, the scientists go on improving their characteristics. 9. The code for number 3 being stored in register R, the operation will be performed by the computer 3 times.

Герундій (The Gerund)

Exercise 1. Define the form and function of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them into Ukrainian:

1.In such a short time he has made great progress in learning English.

2.By thoroughly preparing the experiment they obtained accurate data.

3.He was sorry for not having tested this device with the use of the computer.

4.On their having checked the temperature twice he decided to change conditions of the experiment.

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5.On entering the lens the rays are bent toward the normal as before and on leaving they are bent away from the principal axis.

6.He remembered once having read that at very low temperatures some metals become superconducting, having practically zero specific resistance.

Exercise 2. Use the words in brackets in the correct form.

1)I can’t imagine her (drive) a car.

2)He agreed (buy) his son a new CD player.

3)The problem is easy (solve).

4)The man asked me how (get) to the bank.

5)I look forward to (see) you at the weekend.

6)Are you thinking of (visit) New York?

7)We decided (stay) in that beautiful town.

8)The teacher expected Michael (study) hard.

9)He doesn’t mind (work) the night shift.

10)I learned (ride) a bike at the age of 6.

11)The girl goes on (read) the book.

Exercise 3. Insert prepositions into the gaps:

1.The girls insisted ….. going out with Jenny.

2.I am looking forward …. getting married soon.

3.She concentrated …. creating the design and her husband on printing and merchandising them.

4.The stranger apologized … calling late in the evening.

5.It was cool out and Mary felt …. staying at home.

6.She often complains …. having nightmares.

7.On a hot summer day, who doesn’t think … spending the afternoon with a fishing rod?

8.He was afraid … being caught by the police.

9.How many years does it take to be good … playing guitar?

10.Have you ever dreamed … starting a business?

Exercise 4. Define the function of ing-form and translate the following sentences:

1. In passing through a metal electrons collide with many ions. 2. When the boiling is reached the adding of heat does not raise the temperature. 3. The proper work of an engine depends upon its being well lubricated. 4. All the chemical transformations that take place around us only change energy from one form into another without affecting the total. 5. Coal and any other fuel provide the heat required for driving our

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engines and turbines. 6. In carrying out the plan of launching an artificial satellite our scientists had to solve many difficult problems. 7. The bridge having been repaired so quickly surprised us very much. 8. Before discussing this question they made a short break. 9. I knew nothing about the recent happenings. 10. Their having crossed the river caused a great surprise. 11. War causes hard sufferings.

Exercise 5. Translate the sentences determining the part of speech of ing-form: а. 1. Everything must have a beginning. 2. The proof of the pudding is in the

eating. 3. Wisdom denotes the pursuing of the best end by the best means (F. Hutcheson). 4. This procedure is finding increasing use. 5. A man should be viewed as a free, rational being possessing a free will. 6. The problem, however, is in not dividing the structure finely enough. 7. Before starting the engine it is necessary to test the piping for leakage. 8. Inhibiting is preferable to drastic refining. 9. Fortran has become a widely accepted programming language of the coding of mathematical appli cations. 10. This is not surprising in view of the fact

understanding of a queuing situation enabling better control.

в. 1. If the saving in operating costs is to be fully realized, a high standard of reliability is necessary. 2. The primary func tion of the office is the handling of information. 3. In the passing of current through the conductor resistance results in the giving off heat. 4. The object of heating and ventilating a building is to provide

a healthy and pleasant home. 5. What is the decision maker trying to attain by solving the problem at hand? And what is he trying to retain? 6. Objectives may involve either getting something one does not have or giving up none or as little as possible of something one does have.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the Gerund:

а. 1. Having overcome the economic backwardness inherited from the militarist Japan, the post-war Japan increased its output of means of production 183-fold, as compared to 1941. 2. The sufferings of people in Africa from starvation were terrible. 3. In America about one million hectares of valuable farm land have been confiscated for military testing ground and camps and every day brings fresh reports of farms being converted to the same purpose and of whole villages being torn down to make room for military installations. 4. The growing economic difficulties are prompting the average citizen to lift his voice for development of industry and international cooperation.

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в. 1. The disintegration of radioactive substances is a spontaneous process, no method accelerating or retarding it being known. 2. Carbon dioxide may be obtained by heating some carbonates to a high temperature. 3. In chemical changes occurring in substances atoms continue to be indivisible. 4. Water vapour can be condensed into a liquid by taking away heat or by decreasing its volume. 5. Sometimes the cooling without the increasing of pressure results in liquefying the gas. 6. While teaching mathematics Tsiolkovsky continued his self-education studying astronomy, biology, and chemistry. 7. Stanyukovich distinguished himself as a gifted writer, most of his novels being connected with the sea.

с. 1. The Russian national budget is an important medium for raising living standards of the people. 2. Peaceful co-operation among nations espousing different social system is both possible and desirable. 3. Taking advantage of the suddenness of their treacherous attack, the German-fascists strove to crush our army by powerful blows at the beginning of the war. 4. The lifting of the blockade of Leningrad was a great success of both our land and naval forces. 5. The Japanese yoke having been removed by the Soviet Army, the people of Korea saw their way to independence, democracy, and progress.

Exercise 7. Translate the following sentences; mind the part of Gerund in the sentence:

with the substance. 8. From here on, the theory starts evaluating the various alternatives of action in terms of the objectives. 9. We have modified the network while retaining the SFS property. 10. Having access to the code was symbolic. 11. It is worthwhile thinking over the effects I have just described. 12. Besides being useful in general interpolation technique, the procedure

b) 1. They were against postponing the meeting and for going on with the discussion of this problem. 2. We were all for starting the experiment at once. 3. It is no use speaking of it. 4. Operating conditions differed widely. 5. It is customary to dry the precipitate on the paper without removing it from the funnel. 6. They could not help seeing the importance of the process. 7. It is commonly understood that regular queues before a theatre or a cinema are one sign that the show is worth seeing. 8. The purpose of the method is

determining system stability. 9. In one's search to under stand what happens

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in this particular case, one cannot help being influenced by the history of quite another problem. 10. We succeeded in building a flexible system. 11. The architects' aim is applying more plastics for interior decoration. 12. It

may well be worthwhile considering the purpose of the investigation. 13. Search theory is potentially applicable to any sort of searching process. 14. The missionaries kept coming back from the Latinized continent. 15. Balancing is done by adjusting the position of the rods.

Exercise 8. Translate the text, determine the Gerund in sentence:

Automation in the Research Process

Our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the

three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conduct ing the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem drawing conclusions and making recommendations.

Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one's own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.

Exercise 9. Determine the functions of the Gerund in the following sentences:

plan to solve it. 7. Having the source code is a way of achieving independence. 8. Today we cannot help witnessing a tendency in science to direct the collective efforts of a research team at the achievement of a common goal. 9. The opening words of this curious treaty are worthy of being recorded. 10. They were accused of being the friends of the Pretender. 11. Peter insisted upon laying aside all the ceremonial of royalty. 12. He had died without leaving either a personal or a political will. 13. Perhaps one of the biggest problems is ventilating suckers. 14. Air cooling instead of water

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cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine. 15. Trying to minimize the importance of the discovery was of no use. 16. The ability of the device to place max poles while preserving others is clearly attractive. 17. Life is a

matter of making wise choices – of knowing when to draw the line. 18. The method as developed by W. R. Evens is indicating the location of roots of the characteristic equation.

ELASTICITY

Pulling a rubber band increases its length. However, if you cease pulling it and release one of its ends, the rubber band will quickly return to its original shape and size.

Solids in greatly differing degrees resist being changed in shape, i.e. resist deformation. Some of them, like a rubber band or a steel spring, are called elastic because they return to their original size and shape after having been stretched or compressed. Others are known as elastic because they straighten after having been bent.

Gases and liquids are perfectly elastic. In spite of then having been compressed they return to their original volume after the removing of the applied force.

Air, for instance, is perfectly elastic. If it is compressed and then allowed to return to its original pressure and temperature, it returns exactly to its original volume.

We may define an elastic body as one tending to return to its original shape and size when the deforming force is removed. On the contrary, bodies that are not very elastic do not show the tendency of returning to their original form. Thus, elasticity is the tendency to return to the original condition after deformation.

Careful experiments made on various elastic materials show that there is a simple relationship existing between the acting force and the resistance force. This relationship must have a limit somewhere and the stretching cannot be increased indefinitely.

Elastic limit is the point beyond which one should not attempt deforming the body if it is to return to its original condition.

As we are stretching an elastic object such as a steel spring, for instance, there must come a time when the elastic limit is reached, and then the abovementioned relationship will not hold any longer. However, stretching the steel spring repeatedly or leaving it stretched moderately has no practical effect upon it. Considering further the example of the rubber band, one finds that the more the rubber band is pulled, the longer it will become until the elastic limit is reached, at last. It is known, however, that rubber can stretch a relatively long distance before reaching the elastic limit

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