Английский язык учебник

Opium, its natural derivatives morphine and hero ine are narcotics which can produce a dreamlike state of calm euphoria. Because of their ability to cross the blood brain barrier quickly narcotics produce an in tense high mood effect that is followed by an unpleas ant mood and narcotic craving four to six hours later. The opiates produce their pharmacological effects by binding to opiate receptors. They blunt the emotions and physical consequences of pain but larger and larg er doses are required to achieve the same effect.

The use of alcohol, intravenous narcotic use facili tate the contacts of drug users with high risk individ uals, with those who can be infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Drug abusers have a high incidence of behaviors that could put them at risk for infection and increase the spread of AIDS (Severe Im munodeficiency State).

Drug abuse affects and is affected by cultural con text. Society can try to stop drug dependence by limit ing drug availability, limiting demand through educa tion, and providing adequate treatment.

D.L.Rosenham, Martin E.P.Selligman. Abnormal Psycho logy. Second ed. New York, London, 1989, pp. 461–491

COMPREHENSION CHECK

Exercise 1. Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false, say why.

Exercise 2. Read the text again, divide it into logical parts, and give names to each of them.

Exercise 3. Make up the questions to the following answers.

1.

to treat depression, anxiety and pain.

2.

to get going in the morning.

3.

by chemicals, that induce changes in mood, thinking etc.

4.

when children fail to receive nurturance from their parents and grow in conflict ridden fami lies.

5.

with severe physical, emotional, financial and social problems.

6.

people predisposed to become dependent on al cohol are.

7.

it interferes with coordination and depresses motor and sensory functioning.

8.

13 percent of population.

9.

They are characterized by sleep disruption, nau sea, headaches, increased appetite and etc.

10.

about one third of regular marijuana users.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Exercise 1. Match the English word combinations in the left hand column with the Russian equivalents in the right hand column.

Exercise 2.

A.Guess the meaning and give appropriate translation of the following English ter minological word combinations.

B.Convey the meaning of some terms above in your own words.

Exercise 3.

A.Fill in the columns with the proper deriv atives of the following words whenever possible.

B.Put a suitable word from the box above into each gap.

1.The surrounding cues and features of the environ ment contribute to the total process of ___.

2.Alcohol ___ results in impaired judgement and is associated with about half of all fatal car accidents.

3.Tobacco is not the same class as other psychoactive drugs of ___.

4.Cocaine is usually ___, smoked or injected in the form of crystals or powder.

5.Cocaine has cardiovascular effects and is potential ly ___.

6.Caffeine’s ability to enhance mental ___ may make it difficult to fall asleep.

7.Experimental studies of marijuana intoxication re veal ___ in a variety of cognitive functions.

8.Drug abusers have a high incidence of behaviors that could put them at risk for ___.

9.Genetic risk studies suggest that people hereditary

___ to become dependent on alcohol are more sus ceptible to different mental disorders.

10.The exact number of HIV infected is not ___ as yet.

Exercise 4. Arrange the following words in pairs of

(a)synonyms and (b) antonyms:

a)blackout, onset, insomnia, to impair, seizure, agi tation, attack, aversion, to abuse, unrest, nausea, to addict, vigilance, darkening, to damage, stroke;

b)abstinence, tolerance, to blunt, withdrawal, re veal, fade, conceal, unrest, hard drinking, to sharpen, lethal, approach, bloom, intolerance, immortal, order.

Exercise 5.

A.Put the words in the box under the fol lowing headings connected with sub stance dependence.

–kinds of drugs

–people

–other words

B.Complete these sentences using one of the words from the box above in each space.

1.They are sad creatures ruled by deadly substances such as ___ and ___.

2.Those who crave for chocolate drinks, cakes, bars of chocolate, chocolate sweets and biscuits are called ___.

3.A well known member of British Parliament Tony Ben can’t live without his favorite drink – tea. He is a ___.

4.Being ___ leads to headaches, increased appetite, high heart rate and ___.

5.Overusage of ___ is followed by a stroke or ___ and can even be lethal.

6.Caffeine, ___, cocaine are stimulants.

7.___ produce perceptual changes and hallucina tions.

8.___ as a more potent form of cocaine has a more dramatic effect upon the users of it.

9.Working 48 50 hours a week is not a problem for him. He is a well known ___.

10.___ produces a dreamlike state of calm euphoria.

Exercise 6. Here is a list of factors that can cause substance dependence. Match each one with its description.

cent use of other drugs, alcohol is the drug of choice among adolescents. More than two thirds of high school seniors use alcohol regularly. Drug use by ado lescents is related to the use of drugs by their peers and parents. For example, adolescents are more likely to begin smoking if their peers and parents smoke, and peer group drug use is the strongest factor in the pro motion of adolescent drug use. Though some adoles cents use drugs and alcohol because their peers use them, many use drugs because their peers fail to dis courage their use. Drug use by adolescents is also stim ulated by negative emotions. A study of college stu dents found that those experiencing uncontrollable stressful negative life events were more likely than other students to resort to alcohol and other drugs to reduce their emotional distress. Fortunately, despite the risks associated with sexual irresponsibility and drug and alcohol abuse, most adolescents survive the trials and tribulations of adolescence and enter adult hood relatively unscathed.

Sdorov L.M. Psychology. Brown & Benchmark

Publishers, 1993. Ch. 5, p. 158

Exercise 3. Discuss the following statements with your group mates making use of the ex pressions below.

There is no doubt, that …

The way I see it …

From what I know …

You see …

It’s an open secret …

It’s a well known fact …

1.Individuals with antisocial personality traits are more likely to try out different drugs and increase risk of dependence.

2.Intravenous narcotic use is a major risk factor for infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

3.Substance abuse is the leading health problem in any society. Despite severe medical and social con sequences, society continues to have an ambivalent attitude to psychoactive drugs.

4.Life expectancy of an alcohol depended person is reduced by 12 years.

Exercise 4. Scan the text and do the tasks below.

SMOKING TOBACCO

Perhaps the worst single health impairing habit is smoking. Smokers become addicted to the nicotine in tobacco. Though smokers claim they smoke to relieve anxiety or to make them more alert, they actually smoke to avoid the unpleasant symptoms of nicotine withdrawal, which include irritability, hand tremors, heart palpitations, and difficulty concentrating. Thus, addicted smokers smoke to regulate the level of nico tine in their body. Under stressful circumstances, as when expressing one’s opinions in social interactions, smokers report that smoking reduces their anxiety, perhaps because stress makes their bodies crave higher levels of nicotine. Smoking is especially difficult to re sist because it may become an automatic response to many everyday situations, as in the case of smokers who light a cigarette when answering the telephone, after eating a meal, or upon leaving a class.

Smoking produces harmful side effects through the actions of tars and other substances in cigarette smoke. Smoking causes fatigue by reducing the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, making smoking as an espe cially bad habit for athletes. But, more important, each year smoking contributes to the deaths from stroke, cancer, emphysema, and heart disease.