Микроэлектроника настоящее и будуще

A number of new memory types have recently appeared. We can expect corelike RAMs to become available in the near future.

RAMs, being used for temporary data storage, are good for digi tal devices; they are used as computer memories for the full range of computer sizes, often in a mixture of ROM, RAM, and core memory' ROMs and PROMs are used for permanent storage, such as the programs in microcomputers, and start-up programs in larger ma chines. They are also used to sequence sequential machines from one state to the next, and they are very useful for data conversion, table lookup (trigonometric tables, for example), and generation of com plex logical functions. A PROM is used to test a new memory con tent: if it is correct, a ROM is manufactured with the same content if the number of devices or speed requirements (ROMs are faster) jus­tify the expense; PROMs are used for slower devices produced in smaller quantities.

4. Учитесь говорить.

7. Обсудите содержание основного текста. Запишите кратко содержание вю- рой части основного текста (II) с помощью английских предика! ивных групп. Изложите устно содержание текста, используя данные группы. Каждый с п - дент излагает содержание в течение 1 минуты (5—6 предложений).

Внеаудиторная работа

1. Подготовьтесь к контрольному переводу основного текста. Опрос производится выборочно.

2. Проверьте, знаете ли вы новые слова из основного текста.

3. Учитесь переводить.

7. Переведите речевые отрезки, содержащие инвертированные конструкции:

1. Shown in the photo is the equipment available ...

2. Not only were such controls difficult to arrange, they were ...

3. Of prime interest are read-only memory (ROM)

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4. Difficult as it is to observe the phenomenon, it is far more difficult to explain it.

Текст 6.5 В

Переведите текст письменно без словаря. Значение выделенных слов вы сможете понять из контекста. Озаглавьте текст.

Some applications require random-access memories containing permanently stored or rarely altered information. For example, the control programs in pocket calculators are usually permanently stored. Such storage is provided by read-only memories (ROMs). Informa­tion is placed in the storage array when the chip is manufactured.

A read-only memory can be obtained by replacing the storage capacitor in a one-transistor memory cell with either an open circuit or a connection to ground, thus representing one or the other of the two binary states.

4. Учитесь аннотировать и реферировать.

Текст 6.6. В

Прочитайте текст. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the read-mostly memory?

2. Which variations of read-mostly memories are referred to?

The Read-only Memory

Another variation of the Read-only Memory is the read-most­ly memory, which is desired when read operations are far more fre­quent than write operations but for which non-volatile storage is required.

Read-mostly memories have two forms. The commonest is the optically erasable (стираемая) read-only memory. This memory is ^read and written by entirely electronic means, but before a write °Peration all the storage cells must be erased to the same initial state by exposing the packed chip to ultraviolet radiation.

Микроэлектроника настоящее и будущее

5. Учитесь говорить.

7. Подготовьтесь к выступлению по тематике “Memory” (материалом может служить как основной текст, так и дополнительные тексты). Ваше выступле­ние должно быть рассчитано на 2 минуты (10-12 предложений). Используй­те следующие клише:

1. The paper deals with ...

2. The author attempts to provide ...

3. The micro-electronics development has solved ...

4. There exist...

5. Memories can complete read and write operations ...

6. Of prime interest to the reader will be the consideration of...

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Третье занятие

Контроль изученного материала

1. Контрольный перевод основного текста.

Выполняется устно, выборочно. Работа рассчитана на 20 минут.

2. Контроль слов и словосочетаний.

Выполняется устно или письменно по выбору преподавателя. Работа рассчи­тана на 15 минут.

3. Подготовленное выступление по тематике “Memory”.

Работа рассчитана на 10 минут. (Длительность выступления каждого сту­дента — 2 минуты.)

4. Контроль умения выявлять значения слов с учетом кон­текста.

7. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение слова challenge:

1. Established ways of design and fabrication are being challenged today by newer techniques.

2. S ince the early days of silicon technology, contacts between metal and silicon have presented a constant challenge to the electronics industry.

3. Technological breakthroughs are necessary to meet the challenges of programmable microelectronic products.

4. By far the greatest challenge in the language area will be to devel­op new and more powerful general-purpose languages.

5. Typical challenges include checking out and operating complex missile systems.

6. The challenge was to do the test carefully.

Микроэлектроника настоящее и будущее

5. Контроль умения переводить.

Текст 6.1 С

Переведите текст устно с листа.

DRAM Technologies + SyncFlash Memory Benefits

DRAM is available in several different technology types. At their core, all of these different memory types are similar They differ most™ ly in the way they are organized and how they are accessed. As proces­sors get faster, memory needs to run increasingly faster and more effi­ciently. Memory companies have invented progressively faster memory architectures to allow memory speeds to increase.

Also bear in mind that at its core, DRAM is DRAM. The differ­ences between the various acronyms of DRAM technologies are prima­rily a result of how the DRAM inside the module is connected, config­ured and addressed, in addition to any special enhancement circuits added to the device. For example, some fancy modules include SDRAM (cache) directly in the DRAM module to improve performance.

Текст 6.2 С

Переведите письменно без словаря. Время перевода — 20 минут.

Cache Memory

A cache memory is a small, high-speed system memory that fits between the CPU and the main memory. It accesses copies of the most frequently used main-memory data. When the CPU tries to read data from the main memory, the cache memory will respond first if it has a copy of requested data. If it doesn’t, a normal main-memory cycle will occur. Cache memories are effective because computer programs spend most of their memory cycles accessing a very small part of the memory.

A cache memory cell has three components: an address memory cell, an address comparator and a data memory cell. The data and ad­dress memory cells together record one word of cached data and its cor­