- •Московская финансово-промышленная академия
- •Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Duty not to compete with the firm
- •The relations of Partners to Persons dealing with Them Powers of partners to bind the firm
- •Liability for Debts and Contractual Obligations
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Pre-incorporation contracts
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text.
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •Unit 8. The Law of Agency
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Legal charge.
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary a
- •Latin terms
Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
Where land is sold there is a contract between the vendor and purchaser which can only be made in writing. The contract becomes binding on the exchange of contracts; however, before any transfer of title can take place, the title of the vendor must be established. The procedure varies, depending on whether the land is unregistered or registered.
Unregistered conveyancing
The vendor’s title is provided through the ‘title deeds’ which must establish a chain of at least 15 years to a ‘good root of title’. The purchaser also searches for encumbrances against the land in the Land Charges Registry which classifies encumbrances under different classes. The final transfer of the land will be a conveyance by deed drawn up by the purchaser’s solicitor.
Registered conveyancing
Each area has a District Registry and each registered title is allocated a title number. Each registered interest comprises three separate registers: (i) the Property Register which describes the property, usually by reference to a map; (ii) the Proprietors Register which gives the name of the registered proprietor and a description of his title; and (iii) the Charges Register which details charges and other claims registered against the property. Once a search of the register has been made with the permission of the registered proprietor, a standard form from legal transfer is executed in the form of a deed, and the registers will be updated.
The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
The classification is based on the old distinctions between legal and equitable estates and interests and comprises (i) legal estates; (ii) legal interests; (iii) equitable estates under a trust; (iv) equitable interests; and (vi) equitable interests subject to the equitable doctrine of notice.
Registered land
The following interests in land exist: (i) registrable interests; (ii) registered charges; (iii) overriding interests; and (iv) minor interests.
Registered charges.
These are registered legal mortgages. The Land Certificate is replaced by a Charge Certificate issued to the morgagee.
Overriding interests.
Registered land works on the ‘mirror principle’ and the register reflects the exact picture of the title to the property. Overriding interests contradict this principle and cannot be independently registered, but they are binding on a subsequent purchaser. The most important category relates to rights of occupation. In Williams and Glyn’s Bank Ltd v. Boland [1981], a husband and wife bought a house from their joint earnings but the house was registered in the name of the husband alone. The husband later mortgaged the house to the bank without telling the wife. The bank made no enquires about the wife. The husband defaulted on the mortgage and the bank claimed possession of the house prior to sale. The House of Lords upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal that the wife had an overriding interest and refused the bank’s claim. The basis of the claim was the wife’s contribution to the purchase of the property.
Minor interests.
These are those which are overreachable even though protected by a register entry and those which cannot be overreached as long as they are protected by a register entry. The overreachable interests are the old equitable and legal estates exiting under a trust which are protected by a restriction on the Proprietorship Register; they are overreached where a purchaser complies with the terms of restrictions, for example by paying the purchase price to the person(s) named as trustee.
Interests which cannot be overreached are protected by register entries of which the most important relate to equitable mortgages which are protected by (a) cautions against dealing which ensure that the mortgagee is notified of an attempt to register a dealing in the land. If the cautioner does not contest the registration within 14 days of notification, the registration will proceed and the caution will be removed; and (b) Protection by Notice of Deposit of Land Certificate/Charge Certificate which operates in the same way as a caution.