- •Московская финансово-промышленная академия
- •Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Duty not to compete with the firm
- •The relations of Partners to Persons dealing with Them Powers of partners to bind the firm
- •Liability for Debts and Contractual Obligations
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Pre-incorporation contracts
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text.
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •Unit 8. The Law of Agency
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Legal charge.
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary a
- •Latin terms
Department of Trade investigations.
The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) may appoint inspectors on the application of 200 members or members holding not less than one-tenth of the issued shares; or where there are circumstances suggesting fraud, illegality, unfair prejudice to members, misfeasance or other misconduct of the company's officers or the wrongful withholding of information from members. This is more useful since there is no minimum of members required. The Secretary of State must also appoint inspectors where the court so orders.
Inspectors may question directors and other officers and requisition documents, whereas it is frequently difficult for a minority shareholder to establish his allegations against the controllers. Where the inspection produces sufficient evidence, the Secretary of State can proceed to petition for the winding up of the company or petition against unfair prejudice in the same way as a member. The report furnished by the inspectorate may also lead to the disqualification of directors. Investigations tend to be used for corporate insolvency investigations and minority shareholders are unlikely to obtain relief.
3. Questions.
What are the company secretary’s duties?
State the majority rule.
How can a director be appointed?
On what grounds can a director be disqualified?
Enumerate the forms of the minority action.
What does petition against unfair prejudice state?
How is nature of the member’s interests understood?
In what cases can a company be wound up?
What are the functions of the Department of Trade investigations?
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
“Теневой директор” – это человек, в соответствии с указаниями или инструкциями которого обычно действуют директора компании.
Директора закрытой компании, которая не является филиалом открытой компании, не подлежат возрастным ограничениям.
От секретаря закрытой компании не требуется какая-либо профессиональная квалификация.
Полномочия секретаря не распространяются на коммерческие контракты.
Понятие обмана меньшинства включает в себя злоупотребление властью со стороны большинства.
Суд имеет широкие дискреционные полномочия ликвидировать компанию на основании заявления, поданного ее членом.
5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
1. Words to be remembered.
assets – активы, фонды, капитал, имущество
entity – независимая хозяйственная единица
winding up – ликвидация
covenant – договор, обязательство
inter se (лат.) – между собой
par value – номинальная стоимость
transferor – лицо, переуступающее свое право
transferee – лицо, которому передается право
prima facia evidence (лат.) – доказательство, достаточное при
отсутствии возражений
warrant – документ, подтверждающий что-либо, доверенность,
удостоверение, свидетельство
redeem – рассчитаться по долгам, погасить, выкупить, изъять из
обращения
redeemable – подлежащая погашению
preference share – привилегированная акция
deferred share – отсроченная акция
cumulative – накапливаемый
non-cumulative – некумулятивный, ненакапливаемый
return – доход или прибыль с вложенных денег
defer – откладывать, отсрочивать
memorandum – меморандум, договор об учреждении компании,
акционерного общества
stipulate – оговаривать, ставить условие
allotment – часть, доля
transfer – передача в собственность, уступка права
transmission – передача по наследству
estoppel – лишение права, возражение, лишение стороны права
ссылаться на какие-либо факты или отрицать какие-либо
факты
lodging – депонирование, отдача на хранение
preemption – преимущественное право