- •Московская финансово-промышленная академия
- •Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Duty not to compete with the firm
- •The relations of Partners to Persons dealing with Them Powers of partners to bind the firm
- •Liability for Debts and Contractual Obligations
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Pre-incorporation contracts
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text.
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •Unit 8. The Law of Agency
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Legal charge.
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary a
- •Latin terms
3. Questions.
What are the four types of agent?
What authority does the agent have?
In what way can the agent’s authority arise?
In what form can the consent of the principal be given?
On what conditions is ratification possible?
To what conditions is agency of necessity subject?
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
Посредник уполномочен действовать от имени другого (доверителя).
Существует различие между правовым и коммерческим употреблением этого термина.
Генеральные агенты уполномочены действовать в определенных пределах.
Обычно нет различия между устными и письменными полномочиями, кроме особых случаев, когда письменные полномочия требуются по закону.
Если он выходит за рамки своих фактических полномочий или действует без полномочий, тогда доверитель не связан обязательством, если он не утвердит или не одобрит сделку.
Ратификация невозможна только при определенных условиях; если они не соблюдены, тогда ратификация будет неудовлетворительна.
Зарегистрированные компании не могут ратифицировать контракты, заключенные от их имени раньше их учреждения.
Доверитель должен быть осведомлен обо всех существенных фактах, относящихся к контракту.
5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
1. Words to be remembered.
Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
tortious liability – ответственность за правонарушение
negligence – небрежность, халатность
wrong – правонарушение
foreseeable – предполагаемый, прогнозируемый
injury – вред, ущерб, оскорбление
nuisance – неудобство, вред
absentee – отсутствующий, уклоняющийся
structural damage – вред, нанесенный постройкам
owe – быть призванным, обязанным (совершить что-либо или
воздержаться от чего-либо)
trespass to land – нарушение владения недвижимостью
actionable – обладающий исковой силой
per se (лат.) – сам по себе
plaintiff – истец
intrusion – неправомерный захват недвижимости
surveillance – наблюдение, слежка, надзор
unjustifiable – не имеющий оправдания
denial – отрицание, опровержение
harm – вред, ущерб
lawful justification –законное основание
intimidation – запугивание
treat – воздействие
detriment – вред, ущерб
passing off – ведение дела под чужим именем
confusion – путаница, дезинформация
deceit – обман
misstatement –ложное заявление
defamation – клевета
defamatory – позорящий
libel – письменная клевета
shun – to make somebody shun – заставить избегать кого-либо
slander – устная клевета
conspiracy – сговор, заговор
2. Text for reading.
Importance of Tortious Liability
Tortious liability is important for businesses which are liable, amongst other things, for their negligence and that of their employees, for failure to ensure the safety of their premises and disturbances affecting neighbouring occupiers. Persons are liable in respect of specific actionable wrongs called torts, which are classified according to whether they affect the person, property, economic rights, reputation or general rights.
Torts affecting the person
Negligence: breach of a duty of care owed to a person causing foreseeable injury to the person.
Torts affecting property
(i) Private nuisance: an indirect interference with another’s use or enjoyment of land. Owed to the occupier of land not generally to an absentee owner unless future occupation is affected, for example by structural damage. This includes interference through smells, vibrations, penetration by roots and so on.
(ii) Trespass to land: direct interference with a person’s rights of possession to land. Includes entry onto property and placing things on property. The duty is owed to the possessor even if he is not the owner. The tort is actionable per se, that is actionable without proof of damage. Land can be the subject of trespass not merely at ground level but also below ground and in the sky. Thus in Kelsen v. Imperial Tobacco Co. (of Gt Britain and Ireland) LTD [1957], the court recognised trespass by a sign which projected in the airspace over the plaintiff’s shop, and in Woolerton and Wilson v. Richard Costain (Midlands) Ltd [1970], a crane travelling over the air space constituted trespass. In Bernstein v. Skyviews & General Ltd [1977], the court refused to recognise as trespass to land the intrusion of a plane at a height of over 600’ (s.40 Civil Aviation Act 1949 provides a defence in this case but the judge did suggest that constant surveillance from the air could be an actionable nuisance).
(iii) Trespass to goods: a wrongful interference with goods in the possession of another, for example, touching, marking or taking away.
(iv) Conversion: an act in relation to goods which constitutes an unjustifiable denial of the title of the true owner. The wrong is against the true owner. This includes taking away goods plus a denial that the person from whom they have been taken is the owner. Sale of goods by a non-owner constitutes conversion against true owner.
(v) Negligence: breach of a duty of care in respect of the property of another causing foreseeable harm.
(vi) Rylands v. Fletcher: allowing things stored or collected on land, which were not natural to the land, to escape and cause damage to property of another. Strict liability: for example, water escaping from reservoirs.