- •Московская финансово-промышленная академия
- •Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Duty not to compete with the firm
- •The relations of Partners to Persons dealing with Them Powers of partners to bind the firm
- •Liability for Debts and Contractual Obligations
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Pre-incorporation contracts
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text.
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •Unit 8. The Law of Agency
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Legal charge.
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary a
- •Latin terms
Torts affecting economic rights
(i) Interference with contract: without lawful justification persuading a person to break his contract with another, or acting in such a way as to prevent its performance.
(ii) Intimidation: making a treat intended to cause another to act or refrain from acting in a certain way to that person’s detriment or that of a third party.
(iii) Passing off: representing one’s goods or services to be those of another, causing loss of trade or damage to business reputation. Trading in a name similar to that of another similar business to the confusion of the public.
(iv) Deceit: making a false statement with intent to deceive, intending another to act upon it to his detriment.
(v) Negligent misstatement: breach of duty of care in giving advice to a person to whom one owes a duty of care, causing him damage of a foreseeable kind including purely economic loss.
Torts affecting reputation
(i) Defamation: ‘The publication of a statement which tends to lower a person in the estimation of right thinking members of society generally; or which tends to make them shun or avoid that person’. If the defamation is in permanent form it is a libel which is actionable per se (without proof of damage); if it is in impermanent form, it is a slander which is generally only actionable on proof of loss. Libel includes defamatory statements in writing or via the media, television, film, records, stage and so on, whereas slander is restricted to verbal statements.
Torts affecting rights generally
(i) Public nuisance: behaviour which materially affects the reasonable comfort and convenience of a class of people who come within the sphere or neighbourhood of its operation; for example, carrying on an offensive trade, obstructing the highway.
(ii) Conspiracy: a combination of two or more persons planning together to injure a third by unlawful means.
3. Questions.
How are torts classified?
To whom is the duty owed in case of trespass of land?
Against whom is the wrong done in case of conversion?
What kinds of economic rights can be affected by passing-off?
What kind of defamation is actionable without proof of damage?
What torts affect rights generally?
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
Лица несут ответственность за конкретные правонарушения, преследуемые в исковом порядке, которые называются «деликт».
Этот деликт преследуется как таковой, то есть подвергается исковому преследованию без доказательства нанесения ущерба.
Продажа товаров лицом, которое не является их владельцем, составляет присвоение имущества истинного владельца.
Обман: ложное заявление с намерением обмануть так, чтобы другое лицо действовало на основании этого к своему ущербу.
Заговор: объединение двух или более лиц, намеревающихся нанести вред третьему лицу при помощи противоправных средств.
5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
1. Words to be remembered.
tortious and contractual obligations – деликтные и контрактные
обязательства
legally enforceable – имеющий по закону исковую силу
breach of contract – нарушение договора
imply – подразумевать
obligor – лицо, принявшее на себя обязательство
obligee – лицо, по отношению к которому принято обязательство
obligations under trust – обязательства в связи с исполнением
доверительных функций
trustee – лицо, распоряжающееся имуществом на началах
доверительной собственности
quasi-trustee – как бы доверенное лицо
holder – держатель, владелец
owe fiduciary duties – быть обязанным исполнять роль доверенного
лица
entrust – поручать, возлагать
to be liable for – быть ответственным, быть обязанным
misappropriate – незаконно завладеть, присвоить, совершить
растрату
assets – средства, фонды, имущество, активы
constructive – возникающий в силу закона
unwitting – невольный, нечаянный. неумышленный
fraud – обман, мошенничество
negligence – халатность, небрежность
matching – согласованный, оговоренный
by deed – документально (оформленный)
tangible – ощутимый, реальный
incompetent – неправоспособный
compliance – совпадение (здесь)
fitness – соответствие, пригодность
conformity – соответствие
sample – образец (товара)
bulk – товар оптом