15. Summarize what you have learned about etiquette using the following word combinations:
be of great practice significance-иметь большое практическое значение
for this reason-по этой причине
deserve special scrutiny-заслуживать особого внимания
permanent improvement in smth.-постоянное совершенствование в чём-либо
make a deal-заключить сделку
16. Read the text below and get some more information about the history of etiquette. Use the definitions of the words in bold type. From the History of Etiquette
From time immemorial (1) rules of behavior (etiquette) 1. for a very long time back
played important role in people life.
Romans liked to invite odd (2) numbers of guests. 2. not exactly divisible by two
They believed that even (3) numbers meant conflict. 3. that can be divided by two
Nowadays in Western countries an even number of men with no remainder
and women is referred (4) to help the flow of 4. what is said
conversation. 5. a person who entertains guests
In the ancient Middle East, a host (5) would pour (6) 6. cause a liquid to flow in a
perfumed oil over the heads of his guests. This was continuous stream
to mark their passage(7) from the “dirty” outside 7. act of going past, through or
to the “pure” inside. across
In ancient Greece and Rome, guests wore wreaths (8) 8. flowers or leaves twisted
of flowers and leaves. They believed these would together in a circle
prevent drunkenness (9). 9. the state of being drunken
In early Northern Europe, feasts (10) were male affairs. 10. splendid meal with many
Men got very drunk. good things to eat and drink
Among the ancient Celts the thighbones (11) of a bird 11. bone of the part of the leg
were reserved for the most important guests. Men between the knee and the hip
would fight to the death over thighbones. 12. be unsuccessful
If a guest failed (12) to stick to the rules (13) of 13. follow the rules
behavior in 19th-century Paris, a professional guest
could be hired (14) to take his place. 14. obtain or allow the use or
Modern dining forks were invented in Italy. They were services of in return for fixed
brought to Europe in the 17th century by Thomos Coryat. payment
When Coryat showed the fork to his friends they laughed
at the new invention (15). Only 50 years later people in 15. something that was created
England began to use forks. or designed
F
ingers
(16) are very useful for handing food,
but they 16.
one of the five members at
are get sticky (17) and dirty. the end of the arm
Knives were the first pieces of cutlery (18) to be used. 17. that sticks or tends to stick
The first stone knives were made to anything that touches it
three million years ago. Some Stone Age wooden forks 18. implements used at table
may date from as long ago as 7,000 BC. (esp. if made of stainless steel)
It was once traditional for a male guest to be given an
envelope containing the name of the lady he was to
accompany to the table. The couple (19) would 19. two persons or things, seen
then walk to the table together. together or associated
The first chopsticks (20) appeared in China during 20. pair of tapering sticks used
the Shang dynasty (1600-1028 BC). They were by Chinese and Japanese for
considered to knives because they were lifting food to the mouth
used by scholars (21). Scholars were more highly 21. person with much
thought of than warriors (22) who carried knives. knowledge
22. soldier; fighter