Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

!!!Общие курсы / Брилл Абрахам Арден - Лекции по психоаналитической психиатрии

.pdf
Скачиваний:
234
Добавлен:
13.08.2013
Размер:
1.49 Mб
Скачать

kjZ\gbfuf kh kihkh[hf fure_gby ijbfblb\guo ex^_c

LZdb_ iZjZghb^gu_ `Zeh[u b ih\_^_gb_ fh]ml ihdZaZlvky Z[khexlgh [_kkfuke_ggufb gh aZ gbfb \k_]^Z klhbl qlh lh hij_^_e_ggh_ Ikbohlbq_kdh_ beb kljZggh_ ih\_^_gb_ qZklh gZ[ex^Z_lky m ^_l_c b ijbfblb\guo ex^_c G_^Z\gh y qblZe dgb]m h[ :\kljZebb \ dhlhjhc Z\lhj hibku\Z_l jblmZeu aZohjhg_gby b kdhj[b JZkkdZau\Z_lky dZd \_^ml k_[y Z[hjb]_gu b dZdb_ djbdb hgb ba^Zxl Kihkh[hf \ujZ`_gby bklbgghc kdhj[b y\ey_lky hihjh`g_gb_ dbr_qgbdZ < ijhp_kk_ p_j_fhgbb ihkl_i_ggh gZjZklZ_l \ha[m`^_gb_ ihdZ g_ gZqbgZ_l nmgdpbhgbjh\Zlv dbr_qgbd Lh]^Z \ky ]jmiiZ djbqbl keh\h©klmeª?keb \u agZ_l_ qlh gb[m^v h[ ZgZevgh kZ^bklbq_kdhc klZ^bb ^_lkl\Z dhlhjmx fu [m^_f h[km`^Zlv iha^g__ lZdb_ ki_pbnbq_kdb_ ^_ckl\by ihdZ`mlky g_ ijhklh kljZggufb b \uau\Zxsbfb hl\jZs_gb_ gh bf_xsbfb hij_^_e_ggh_ agZq_gb_ FZe_gvdbc j_[_ghd bkihevam_l hihjh`g_gb_ dbr_qgbdZ qlh[u mfbjhl\hjblv fZlv N_dZebb ² i_j\uc ih^Zjhd dhlhjuc ^_lb ij_ih^ghkyl fZl_jb

Ih\_^_gb_ iZpb_glZ gZghkys_]h m^Zj \ kbf\hebq_kdh_ k_j^p_ b jblmZeu ^bdZj_c ihdZau\Zxl qlh fu ijh^\bgmebkv

g_ kebrdhf ^Ze_dh hl [ueuo \j_f_g Fgh]b_ ba gZrbo ^_ckl\bc hklZxlky [_kkhagZl_evgufb Z g_\jhlbq_kdb_ b ikbohlbq_kdb_ kbfilhfu ij_^klZ\eyxl bo bkdZ`_ggmx nhjfm G_ \k_ ijh[e_fu jZaj_r_gu M \Zk _klv \hafh`ghklv klZlv agZf_gblufb Nj_c^ b ;e_ce_j mf_jeb b _keb \u aZcf_l_kv j_r_gb_f ihklZ\e_gguo bfb ijh[e_f lh \g_k_l_ [hevrhc \deZ^ \ gZmdm

Y m`_ ]h\hjbe h[ hij_^_e_gbb g_\jhah\ b ikbohah\ \ ihgylbyo ikboheh]bb ebqghklb b \ wlhc k\yab fu ^he`gu jZkkfhlj_lv nj_c^h\kdmx ko_fm kljmdlmju ikbobdb GZ ijhrehc e_dpbb y h[km`^Ze dhgp_ipbx khagZgby ij_^khagZl_evgh]h b [_kkhagZl_evgh]h Y dhjhldh h[jbkh\Ze kh^_j`Zgb_ wlbo mjh\g_c ikbobdb < ] ihke_ fgh]bo e_l gZ[ex^_gbc b bkke_^h\Zgbc Nj_c^ ^Ze [he__ ko_fZlbqgh_ hibkZgb_ ikbobq_kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ <h i_j\uo Nj_c^ ml\_j`^Z_l qlh j_[_ghd \klmiZ_l \ fbj k ijbfblb\ghc g_hj]Zgbah\Zgghc ikbobdhc dhlhjmx hg gZa\Ze ©b^ª >ey b^ oZjZdl_jgZ g_hij_^_e_gghklv g_kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghklv g_h[ma^Zgghklv B^ gZ^_e_gh wj]Zfb kihkh[kl\mxsbfb kZfhih^^_j`Zgbx Fhlb\bjmxsZy kbeZ b^ hij_^_ey_lky ^\mfy hkgh\gufb bgklbgdlZfb ² ]heh^hf b ihlj_[ghklvx ex[\b J_[_ghd `Z`^_l ibsb b dhfnhjlZ beb ex[\b Hg k fhf_glZ jh`^_gby \au\Z_l d fZl_jb h[ m^h\e_l\hj_gbb wlbo ihlj_[ghkl_c Hgb \ujZ`Zxlky k\h[h^gh b hldjulh ihkdhevdm hl gbo aZ\bkbl kZfhkhojZg_gb_ j_[_gdZ Ihwlhfm mklj_fe_gby b^ ihklhyggh gZijZ\e_gu gZ m^h\e_l\hj_gb_ ]heh^Z b ex[\b B^ gbq_]h g_ ba\_klgh h \j_f_gb b ijhkljZgkl\_ b lZdZy g_hk\_^hfe_gghklv khojZgy_lky \kx `bagvIh\_^_gb_ feZ^_gpZ dhgljhebjm_lky f_glZevghklvx b^ b ke_^h\Zl_evgh hg g_ fh`_l ijbkihkh[blvky d lhfm qlh gZau\Zxl©mihjy^hq_gghklvxªH^gZdh ijhoh^bl \j_fy b j_[_ghd \klmiZ_l \ dhglZdl k \g_rgbf fbjhf b^ qZklbqgh fh^bnbpbjm_lky Hg h[gZjm`b\Z_l g_^hklmighklv jy^Z \_s_c ^Z`_ ijb kbevghf `_eZgbb b ihkj_^kl\hf hj]Zgh\ qm\kl\ magZ_l qlh \g_rgbc fbj

g_^h[jh`_eZl_e_g Z `_klhd b hiZk_g J_[_gdZ gZijbf_j ijb\e_dZ_l djZkhlZ ]hjys_]h ieZf_gb gh lZdlbevgZy qm\kl\bl_evghklv ij_^hkl_j_]Z_l _]h hl khijbdhkgh\_gby k h]g_f Qm\kl\h kemoZ mqbl hiZkZlvky hij_^_e_gguo a\mdh\ >jm]bfb keh\Zfb qZklv b^ ijboh^ysZy \ khijbdhkgh\_gb_ k \g_rgbf fbjhf nhjfbjm_l hkhagZgb_ `_klhdbo kbe m]jh`Zxsbo hj]Zgbafm Fh^bnbpbjh\ZggZy qZklv b^ ihemqbeZ gZa\Zgb_ ©w]hª Ijbh[j_ly hiul \ihke_^kl\bb wlh iulZ_lky dhgljhebjh\Zlv g_h[ma^Zggh_ b^ Nj_c^ kjZ\gb\Z_l w]h k dhjhc ^_j_\Z dhlhjZy \ j_amevlZl_ \g_rgbo \ha^_ckl\bc ijbh[j_lZ_l l\_j^hklv b mijm]hklv < lh `_ \j_fy dhjZ aZsbsZ_l ^_j_\h w]h \uihegy_l ZgZeh]bqgmx nmgdpbx ih hlghr_gbx d b^ b]jZy jhev aZsblgh]h f_oZgbafZ

Dhg_qgh dh]^Z j_qv b^_l h ikbobq_kdbo y\e_gbyo g_`_eZl_evgh qlh[u \u \hkijbgbfZeb bo dZd hsmlbfu_ \_sb H^gZdh ijb\_^_ggu_ ihgylby hljZ`Zxl j_Zevgu_ kbeu Ij_^klZ\e_gb_

h ikbobq_kdhf ZiiZjZl_ hkgh\Zgh gZ bamq_gbb ghjfZevguo b ^mr_\gh[hevguo ex^_c gZ[ex^_gbb ^_l_c b bkke_^h\Zgbb ijbfblb\guo gZjh^ghkl_c gZ fZg_j hibkZgguc Nj_c^hf \ dgb]_©Lhl_f b lZ[mª Nj_c^ kjZ\gb\Ze ikbobq_kdbc ZiiZjZl k fbdjhkdhihf k _]h ihfhsvx fh`gh m\b^_lv g_qlh kms_kl\_ggh_ ²g_aZ\bkbfh k^_eZgu eb \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ qZklb ijb[hjZ ba f_^b beb ba klZeb

< gZklhys__ \j_fy w]h hibkZgh jZaebqgufb kihkh[Zfb fgh]bfb fukebl_eyfb Kh]eZkgh dhgp_ipbb Nj_c^Z dZd y ]h\hjbe w]h ² fh^bnbpbjh\ZggZy h[eZklv bagZqZevghc ikbobdb beb b^ dhlhjZy ihagZeZ `_klhdb_ kbeu \g_rg_]h fbjZ b \ihke_^kl\bb h]jZ`^Z_l bg^b\b^Z hl [_ajZkkm^gh]h ih^qbg_gby b^ ;e_ce_j ijbibku\Ze w]h fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ nmgdpbb dhlhju_ dklZlb ijhlb\hj_qZl nj_c^h\kdhc nhjfmebjh\d_ IkbobZlju aZ^he]h ^h Nj_c^Z \k_]^Z ijb^_j`b\Zebkv fg_gby qlh \k_ \ `bagb ^_l_jfbgbjh\Zgh Jy^h\u_ ikbobZlju \_jbeb \ Z[khexlguc ^_l_jfbgbaf ;hevrbgkl\h ex^_c h^gZdh kqblZxl k\hb

ihklmidb kh\_jr_ggh ijhba\hevgufb ;e_ce_j h[tykgye wlh qm\kl\h k\h[h^u \heb mdZau\Zy gZ dhfie_dk ikbobq_kdbo nmgdpbc gZau\Z_fuo gZfb ©w]hª b bf_xsbo kihkh[ghklv d kZfhgZ[ex^_gbx < wlhc keh`ghc hj]ZgbaZpbb fha]Z ² \ w]h ² nhjfbjm_lky jZ\gh^_ckl\mxsZy mklj_fe_gbc bg^b\b^Z l _ \ j_amevlZl_ [hjv[u h^gh ba fgh]bo mklj_fe_gbc [_j_l \_jo JZ\gh^_ckl\mxsZy knhjfbjh\Z\rZyky \ w]h \hkijbgbfZ_lky \ dZq_kl\_ gZr_c \heb <hl ihq_fm fu qm\kl\m_f qlh gZrb ^_ckl\by ijhbkoh^yl ih kh[kl\_gghc k\h[h^ghc \he_ LZd _keb y ]heh^_g b hlijZ\eyxkv ih_klv lh ^mfZx qlh ^_ckl\mx kh]eZkgh k\h_fm `_eZgbx Gh [bheh] kdZ`_l qlh `_eZgb_ ih_klv kh \k_fb khimlkl\mxsbfb nmgdpbyfb y\ey_lky j_amevlZlhf mgZke_^h\Zgby [_kqbke_ggh]h dhebq_kl\Z w\hexpbhgguo baf_g_gbc gZqbgZy k h^ghde_lhqguo hj]Zgbafh\ dh]^Z aZjh^beZkv `bagv GZf ij_^klZ\ey_lky qlh fu hkms_kl\ey_f \u[hj \ kbem k\h_]h ihgbfZgby gh gZ kZfhf ^_e_ hkhagZ_lky hq_gv g_agZqbl_evguc njZ]f_gl ih\_^_gby h[ hklZevghf gZf gbq_]h g_ ba\_klgh Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy \k_ gZrb ^_ckl\by ^_l_jfbgbjmxlky hij_^_e_ggufb ijbqbgZfb Gh gZf ba\_klgZ lhevdh gbqlh`gZy qZklv ^_ckl\bc b ihkdhevdm wlm njZ]f_glZjgmx i_jp_ipbx hkms_kl\ey_l w]h \hagbdZ_l ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h k\h[h^_ \heb

>Z\Zcl_ l_i_jv \_jg_fky d nj_c^h\kdhfm ihgbfZgbx kljmdlmju ikbobdb Y ]h\hjbe qlh w]h dhgljhebjm_l ijbfblb\gu_ l_g^_gpbb b^ b lZdbf h[jZahf aZsbsZ_l hj]Zgbaf hl `_klhdhkl_c \g_rg_]h fbjZ ?keb [u g_ w]h hj]Zgbaf [ue [u \kdhj_ mgbqlh`_g M kZfuo fZe_gvdbo ^_l_c w]h _s_ g_^hklZlhqgh jZa\blh b hgb gm`^Zxlky \ ihdjh\bl_evkl\_ b jmdh\h^kl\_ \ajhkeuc Mfkl\_ggh hlklZeu_ lZd`_ bf_xl keZ[h_ w]h gh ijbqbgZ wlh]h \ iZlheh]bb fha]Z Ij_^hklZ\e_ggu_ kZfbf k_[_ b^bhl beb bf[_pbe ^he]h g_ ijhkms_kl\mxl W]h m gbo kebrdhf keZ[h_ qlh[u dhgljhebjh\Zlv l_g^_gpbb b^ < hlkmlkl\bb aZsblu hgb [m^ml ke_ih ke_^h\Zlv wlbf l_g^_gpbyf b ih]b[gml H^gZ`^u y dhgkmevlbjh\Ze fZevqbdZ dhlhjuc gm`^Zeky \ ihklhygghf ijbkfhlj_ bgZq_ ihiZ^Ze \ Z\Zjbb gZ mebpZo Gvx ChjdZ < j_amevlZl_ m g_]h [ue i_j_ehf gh]b b fgh`_kl\h ^jm]bo ih\j_`^_gbc >hdlhj m[_^be jh^bl_e_c hlijZ\blv fZevqbdZ aZ ]hjh^ Gh lZf hg lh`_ ihiZ^Ze \ Z\Zjbb ih djZcg_c f_j_ jZa \ g_^_ex Dh]^Z fZevqbdZ ijb\_eb dh fg_ y ^bZ]ghklbjh\Ze b^bhlbx ihkdhevdm hg j_Z]bjh\Ze lhevdh gZ ^\b`_gby b a\mdb < iylgZ^pZlbe_lg_f \hajZkl_ m g_]h hlkmlkl\h\Zeb j_Zdpbb kljZoZ dhlhju_ ^he`gu ijhy\eylvky k ]h^h\Zeh]h \hajZklZ W]h fZevqbdZ g_ ^hklb]eh g_h[oh^bfh]h jZa\blby qlh[u dhgljhebjh\Zlv ih[m`^_gby b^

D h[km`^_gbx ij_^f_lZ fh`gh ^h[Z\blv qlh g_ijZ\bevgh kjZ\gb\Zlv mfkl\_ggh hlklZeuo k `b\hlgufb dZd wlh qZklh ^_eZ_lky M b^bhlh\ dZq_kl\_ggh b dhebq_kl\_ggh gZjmr_gu nmgdpbb fha]Z b ih^h[gh `b\hlghfm hlkmlkl\m_l ghjfZevgZy q_eh\_q_kdZy kihkh[ghklv d nhjfbjh\Zgbx ZkkhpbZpbc Gh fha] `b\hlgh]h ohly b hlghkbl_evgh ijhklhc f_oZgbaf \iheg_ ijbkihkh[e_g d m^h\e_l\hj_gbx bo ihlj_[ghkl_c IhgZ[ex^Zcl_ gZijbf_j aZ ilbpZfb dh]^Z hgb ^h[u\Zxl ibsm Hgb g_ ijhy\eyxl [eZ]h^mrby GZ ^gyo y gZ[ex^Ze aZ ih\_^_gb_f kd\hjph\ gZ em`Zcd_ b gZ f_gy ijhba\_eZ \i_qZle_gb_ bo qmldhklv d ex[uf

\hafh`guf \jZ`^_[guf kbeZf Kd\hjpu himkdZeb dex\ \ ljZ\m \ ihbkd_ ibsb gh dZ`^u_ g_kdhevdh k_dmg^ ih^gbfZeb ]heh\m qlh[u m[_^blvky \ hlkmlkl\bb hiZkghklb IlbpZ beb ^jm]b_ `b\hlgu_ \ ihbkd_ ibsb g_ h]jZgbq_gu \ i_j_^\b`_gbb gh hgb agZxl ih ebqghfm hiulm h g_h[oh^bfhklb ba[_]Zgby hiZkguo fZjrjmlh\ W]h dhgljhebjm_l lj_[h\Zgby b^ >Z`_ [hevrb_ `b\hlgu_ ij_jbc g_ hohlylky \ ^g_\gh_ \j_fy Lb]j jukdZ_l ghqvx ijhklh ihlhfm qlh \ ^g_\gh_ \j_fy _]h ih^kl_j_]Z_l hiZkghklv M \k_o `b\hlguo w]h ohjhrh hj]Zgbah\Zgh

Gh m q_eh\_dZ bf_xlky \ \b^m \k_ q_eh\_q_kdb_ kms_kl\Z w]h ih^\_j]Z_lky ^Zevg_cr_c fh^bnbdZpbb Qlh[u `blv \ pb\bebah\Zgghf h[s_kl\_ g_h[oh^bfh kh[ex^Zlv ahehlh_

ijZ\beh fhjZeb Z ^ey wlh]h lj_[m_lky [he__ \ukhdZy kl_i_gv jZa\blby w]h dhlhjmx gZau\Zxl ©kmi_jw]hª beb ©w]h b^_Zeª W]h lhevdh ij_^hkl_j_]Z_l b^ hl j_ZebaZpbb `_eZgbc h[jZsZy \gbfZgb_ gZ \g_rgb_ hiZkghklb Kmi_j w]h dhlhjh_ ij_^klZ\ey_l lh qlh fu gZau\Z_f ©khagZgb_ª ij_^hl\jZsZ_l bg^b\b^Z ^Z`_ hl aeuo gZf_j_gbc Ijhbkoh^bl gZeh`_gb_ dZl_]hjbq_kdh]h bfi_jZlb\Z ih DZglm hg kZf [ue ly`_euf dhfimevkb\guf g_\jhlbdhf ² ©Lu g_ ^he`_gª Kmi_jw]h h]jZ`^Z_l bg^b\b^Z hl hrb[hqguo ^_ckl\bc g_ ihlhfm qlh hgb hiZkgu Z ijhklh ihlhfm qlh bo g_ ke_^m_l ^_eZlv Ij_klmigbd bf_xsbc jZa\blh_ w]h kdZ`_l ©Y g_ fh]m kh\_jrZlv a^_kv h]jZ[e_gb_ ^g_f lZd dZd [m^m ihcfZgªGh m kj_^g_]h q_eh\_dZ \ h[uqguo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo ^Z`_ g_ \hagbdZ_l fukeb h[ h]jZ[e_gbb >ey g_]h kms_kl\m_l ihgylb_ q_klb kZfhc ih k_[_ fhjZeb kZfhc ih k_[_ K jZa\blb_f kmi_jw]hq_yh\_d klZgh\blky pb\bebah\Zgguf <bghf kemqZ_ hg ^_eZ_lky ij_klmigbdhf beb m g_]h \hagbdZxl ^jm]b_ ljm^ghklb kms_kl\h\Zgby \ pb\bebah\Zgghf h[s_kl\_

DZd lh y h[ke_^h\Ze ij_klmigbdZ dhlhjuc \ ihiuld_ h]jZ[e_gby [ZgdZ kh\_jrbe m[bckl\h ^\hbo kem`Zsbo ©Ihq_fm \u aZklj_ebeb bo"ª ² kijhkbe y ©<b^bl_ eb ^hdlhj² hl\_lbe hg k_jv_agh²y ^Ze bf rZgk ?keb [u hgb ih^gyeb jmdb y [u g_ klj_eyeªIh^h[gu_ ex^b dhg_qgh ZfhjZevgu m gbo hkeZ[e_gh kmi_jw]h <aylv ohly [u kemqZc N_j_gpZ bagZkbeh\Z\r_]h b aZ^mrb\r_]h L Y kijhkbe _]h ihk_sZe eb hg dh]^Z gb[m^v ijhklblmlhd b hg hl\_lbe qlh j_]meyjgh h[sZeky k gbfb fgh]b_ ]h^u©AZq_f \Zf ihlj_[h\Zehkv gZkbeh\Zlv L"ª² ijh^he`Ze y Hg kdZaZe qlh kh \j_f_gb h[jmq_gby k ohjhr_c ^_\mrdhc ij_djZlbe h[s_gb_ k ijhklblmldZfb ?]h hl\_lu mdZau\Zeb gZ keZ[hklv w]h b _^\Z eb gZ dZdb_ gb[m^v ijbagZdb kmi_jw]h AZdhg h^gZdh g_ ebrZ_l ]hkm^Zjkl\h ijZ\Z dZagblv lZdbo lbih\ gZ we_dljbq_kdhf klme_ Qlh[u kqblZlvky ghjfZevguf \ kh\j_f_gghf h[s_kl\_

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

IhklmiZc \ hlghr_gbb ^jm]bo lZd dZd ohq_rv qlh[u hgb ihklmibeb \ hlghr_gbb l_[y ² Ijbf i_j_\

q_eh\_d ^he`_g h[eZ^Zlv kmi_jw]h beb khagZgb_f >Z`_ ijbfblb\gu_ ex^b lZd gZau\Z_fu_ ©^bdZjbª h[eZ^Zxl khagZgb_f ?kl_kl\_ggh bo kmi_jw]h hlebqZ_lky hl gZr_]h lZd dZd hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ ^jm]bo p_gghklyo gh lh`_ y\ey_lky kbevgufA GZr_ ihgbfZgb_ kijZ\_^eb\hklb bgh_ q_f m ib]f__\ `b\msbo \ ^`mg]eyo gh ijbgpbibZevgh nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_ khagZgby hkms_kl\ey_lky koh^guf h[jZahf

GZ ko_f_ kdhibjh\Zgghc m Nj_c^Z ij_^klZ\e_gu ljb ikbobq_kdb_ ih^kljmdlmju [_kkhagZl_evgh_ ij_^khagZl_evgh_ b khagZgb_

DZd \u \b^bl_ \ul_kg_ggh_ b [_kkhagZl_evgh_ jZkiheh`_gu \ b^ gb`_ mjh\gy w]h Wlb kbeu \ ghjf_ b iZlheh]bb ihklhyggh ijhlb\h[hjkl\mxl Z w]h gZoh^blky \ p_glj_ [hjv[u L_g^_gpbb b^ g_ baf_gyxlky \ l_q_gb_ `bagb k_dkmZevguc b ibs_\hc bgklbgdlu lj_[mxl \k_ gh\h]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby GZ kZfhf ^_e_ ^Z`_ [_]euc \a]ey^ \ ]em[bgu ^mrb kj_^g_]h ]jZ`^ZgbgZ \_jhylgh h[gZjm`be [u ihljykZxsb_ \_sb h[u\Zl_ev [ue [u rhdbjh\Zg k\hbfb [_kkhagZl_evgufb nZglZabyfb Wlh fh`_l [ulv `Z`^Z kf_jlb khi_jgbdh\ `_eZgb_ aZ\eZ^_lv qm`hc `_ghc beb kh[kl\_gghklvx mklj_fe_gby lZdh]h lbiZ dhlhju_ ijb hkhagZgbb ij_^klZ\eyxlky m`ZkZxsbfb H^gZdh ghjfZevguc

q_eh\_d k ohjhrh jZa\blufb w]h b kmi_jw]h [_kkhagZl_evgh kijZ\ey_lky k ZkhpbZevgufb \e_q_gbyfb ihkj_^kl\hf ih^Z\e_gby \ul_kg_gby km[ebfZpbb G_\jhlbdZ qvb wj]b jZkijhkljZgyxlky ]em[`_ b [uklj__ e_]q_ ho\Zlu\Z_l [_kihdhckl\h dh]^Z g_qlh g_[eZ]hijbylgh_ \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ hkgh\gu_ bgklbgdlu

LZd h^gZ`^u y dhgkmevlbjh\Ze fm`qbgm m dhlhjh]h g_h`b^Zggh \hagbd ijbklmi lj_\h]b Hg hiZkZeky kmfZkr_kl\by aZ[he_\Zgby e_]dbo b fgh]bo kljZrguo \_s_c Q_j_a g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy ihke_ gZr_c [_k_^u hg kdZaZe ©AgZ_l_ ^hdlhj kbevg_crbc q_eh\_d \ fbj_ aZ[he_e [u _keb [u i_j_`be klhevdh kdhevdh y bkiulZe \ ijhrehf ]h^m Fhy `_gZ mf_jeZ hl jZdZ HgZ gZoh^beZkv \ [_agZ^_`ghf khklhygbb b y ^he`_g [ue ijh\h^blv k g_c \k_ \j_fy ?_ fmqbeZ ihklhyggZy g_kl_jibfZy [hev b ^hdlhjZ ihqlb gbq_]h g_ fh]eb k^_eZlvª Dhg_qgh lZdZy bklhjby i_qZevgZ Fm`qbgZ [ue ij_^Zgguf fm`_f Hg _^\Z ij_h^he_e khjhdZe_lgbc jm[_` Z mf_jrZy `_gZ g_ ^hklb]eZ b wlh]h \hajZklZ L_f g_ f_g__ m g_]h hlkmlkl\h\ZeZ hj]Zgbq_kdZy iZlheh]by ihwlhfm ke_^h\Zeh bkdZlv ^hihegbl_evgmx ijbqbgm ^ey g_\jhlbq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ <kdhj_ y magZe qlh k\hyq_gbpZ ba aZ [he_agb k_klju klZeZ ij_^Zgghc ihfhsgbp_c \ ^hf_ HgZ aZ[hlbeZkv h ^_lyo b ^Z`_ ]meyeZ k fhbf iZpb_glhf qlh[u hl\e_qv _]h hl lj_\h`guo fuke_c Hg khagZeky qlh baj_^dZ p_eh\Ze ml_rbl_evgbpm ijhklh^mrgh iho\Zeb\ __ q_eh\_q_kdb_ dZq_kl\Z Fu ©aehgZf_j_ggu_ª ikbohZgZeblbdb dZd \Zf ba\_klgh g_ \_jbf \ fm`kdb_ ihp_emb ijb\e_dZl_evghc `_gsbgu \g_ hij_^_e_gguo j_Zdpbc hj]ZgbafZ B ^_ckl\bl_evgh iZpb_gl ^h\_jbl_evgh jZkkdZaZe fg_ h fukeyo `_gblvky gZ k\hyq_gbp_ m` dhev `_g_ km`^_gh [ueh mf_j_lv K ^jm]hc klhjhgu hg m`ZkZeky \hagbdgh\_gbx lZdbo fuke_c ijb `b\hc `_g_ b m\_jye qlh ihke_ k\hyq_gbpu gbdlh g_ \uau\Ze m g_]h `_eZgby `_gblvky

I_j_^ gZfb fm`qbgZ qvy ex[h\v hkh[_ggh \ [bheh]bq_kdhf Zki_dl_ g_h`b^Zggh h[hj\ZeZkv \ j_amevlZl_ [he_agb `_gu K\hyq_gbpZ ihoh`Zy gZ ]em[hdh ex[bfmx `_gm g_khfg_ggh _]h \ha[m`^ZeZ gh hg \ul_kgye \e_q_gb_ M ex^_c k g_\jhlbq_kdhc ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklvx dZd \Zf ba\_klgh eb[b^h qZklh ij_\jZsZ_lky \ lj_\h]m < k\_l_ gZrbo agZgbc h kljh_gbb ikbobq_kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh lj_\h]Z \hagbdeZ ba aZ gZijy`_gby f_`^m w]h y kmi_jw]h AZjh`^ZxsZyky lj_\h]Z ^he`gZ d q_fm lh©ijb\yau\Zlvkyª ?keb q_eh\_d im]Z_lky gh g_ agZ_l ihq_fm kljZo beb lj_\h]Z g_i_j_ghkbfu GZiheg_gghklv hljbpZl_evgufb wfhpbyfb g_f_^e_ggh \ugm`^Z_l ijb\yau\Zlv bo d dZdhc gb[m^v ijbqbg_ KljZo e_]q_ dhgljhebjh\Zlv _keb bf__lky \hafh`ghklv kdZaZlv ©Y [hxkv aZ[he_\Zgby af_b beb ]jhauª BlZd fhc iZpb_gl iulZeky ijb\yaZlv k\hx lj_\h]m d g_dhc ki_pbnbq_kdhc ijbqbg_ KmfZkr_kl\b_ beb aZ[he_\Zgb_ e_]dbo ij_^klZ\eyxlky m[_^bl_evgufb ijbqbgZfb >jm]bfb keh\Zfb l_g^_gpbb b^ Zdlb\gh gZihfbgZeb ij_^Zgghfm fm`m qlh k_dkmZevgZy ihlj_[ghklv gm`^Z_lky \ m^h\e_l\hj_gbb Gh gZ khagZl_evghf mjh\g_ hg bkiulu\Ze lhevdh g_j\haghklv ?keb [u hg g_ \hr_e \ klhev l_kgu_ hlghr_gby kh k\hyq_gbp_c k dhlhjhc ^h [he_agb `_gu \b^_eky ebrv baj_^dZ ijbklmi lj_\h]b g_ kemqbeky [u Bamq_gb_ wlh]h kemqZy iha\hey_l hij_^_e_ggh ml\_j`^Zlv qlh k_kljZ `_gu y\beZkv ijh\hpbjmxsbf nZdlhjhf g_\jhaZ Dhg_qgh [hjh\rb_ky \ ]em[bg_ ^mrb iZpb_glZ kbeu hklZ\Zebkv ^ey g_]h kh\_jr_ggh [_kkhagZl_evgufb

Fg_ jZkkdZaZeb bklhjbx h fm`qbg_ qvy `_gZ mf_jeZ Z hg gZ ke_^mxsbc ^_gv bkq_a dZd lhevdh gZqZeZkv ihohjhggZy ijhp_kkby <k_ bkdZeb _]h b gZdhg_p rmjbg gZr_e ijhiZ\r_]h \ dmog_ kh kem`Zgdhc gZ dhe_gyo©>`_d ² \hkdebdgme hg²Qlh k lh[hc ijhbkoh^bl"< lZdh_ \j_fyª ² ©Imklydb²hl\_lbe >`_d²JZa\_ dlh gb[m^v agZ_l qlh ^_eZxl \ wlh \j_fy"ª

RmlhqgZy bklhjby ijbgZ^e_`bl d lbim hkljhl dhlhju_ \ujZ`Zxl k_dkmZevgu_ qm\kl\Z ih^Z\ey_fu_ kh\j_f_gghc pb\bebaZpb_c LZ[m ij_h^he_\Z_lky aZ kq_l hkljhmfby ij_^klZ\eyxs_]h k_dkmZevgmx kblmZpbx \ bkdZ`_gghf

\b^_ b lZdbf h[jZahf ij_^hklZ\ey_lky \hafh`ghklv ba\e_qv m^h\hevkl\b_ ba aZij_lguo

bklhqgbdh\ Lhevdh qlh mihfygmlZy rmldZ fh`gh kdZaZlv hlghkblky d jZajy^m pbgbqguo k_dkmZevguo hkljhl ² hl^mrbghc lZdhc h]jhfghc mljZlu dZd kf_jlv `_gu fh`_l kem`blv ex[Zy `_gsbgZ >_ckl\bl_evgh bklhjby gZihfbgZ_l pbgbqgmx ih]h\hjdm ©AZ \g_rgbf ihdjh\hf \k_ `_gsbgu h^bgZdh\uª Gh dhfbqguc wnn_dl bklhjby ijhba\h^bl k\h_c g_h`b^Zgghklvx F_gvr_ \k_]h \ lZdh_ \j_fy fh`gh h`b^Zlv hl fm`Z ih]jm`_gby \ ex[h\gu_ ml_ob b _]h hijZ\^Zgb_ \u]ey^bl klhev `_ m^b\bl_evguf Q_eh\_d \ khklhygbb hkljhc ^_ij_kkbb kihkh[_g d j_rbl_evguf ^_ckl\byf gh khhl\_lkl\mxsbf Znn_dlm Hg fh`_l ]jhfdh ju^Zlv ^Z`_ ihiulZlvky kh\_jrblv kZfhm[bckl\h gh g_ \_klb k_[y kh\_jr_ggh \hij_db kblmZpbb LZdh_ ih\_^_gb_ lhevdh ihdZau\Z_l qlh hg gbdh]^Z g_ ex[be `_gm b g_ h[eZ^Z_l lZdlhf qlh[u kdjulv k\hb qm\kl\Z ih lZdhfm kdhj[ghfm kemqZx G_ dhe_[eykv mdZ`_f gZ hkeZ[e_gb_ m wlh]h km[t_dlZ kmi_jw]h beb khagZgby Gh ihq_fm ex^b kf_xlky gZ^ rmldhc"Ijhklh ba aZ gZr_]h khijhlb\e_gby bgklblmlm [jZdZ

L_ogbq_kdb f_oZgbaf hkljhmfby khklhbl \ kf_s_gbb Zdp_glZ hl g_ijhklbl_evgh]h ZfhjZevgh]h ih\_^_gby d q_fm lh [he__ ijb_fe_fhfm Fm`qbgm mij_dZxl \ ]jm[hf ihijZgbb fhjZevgh]h dh^_dkZ kmijm`_kl\Z \ ljZ]bq_kdbc fhf_gl ihohjhg `_gu Hg hijZ\^u\Z_lky ih^jZamf_\Zy k\yav gZjmr_gby fhjZevguo ijZ\be k ^_ij_kkb\guf khklhygb_f ih ih\h^m mljZlu gh ijb wlhf b]ghjbjm_l nZdl qlh ^_ij_kkby h[uqgh fhlb\bjm_l kh\_jr_ggh ^jm]h_ ih\_^_gb_ < ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb lZdb_ kkuedb qZklh ^_eZxlky ijb kh\_jr_gbb m[bckl\Z Ijbky`gu_ bgh]^Z hijZ\^u\Zxl ij_klmigbdZ _keb m[bckl\h g_ij_^gZf_j_ggh_ b kh\_jr_gh \ khklhygbb hkljh]h Znn_dlZ ² kemqZb dh]^Z \klmiZ_l \ kbem ©g_ibkZguc aZdhgª JZkijhkljZg_gghklv lZdbo rmlhd ^hdZau\Z_l qlh ijbfblb\gu_ l_g^_gpbb b^ hklZxsb_ky g_aZf_q_ggufb ihklhyggh bsml \ujZ`_gby Kh\j_f_gguc [jZd ih^jZamf_\Z_l [hevr__ q_f lhevdh iheh\mx `bagv Kmijm]b \f_kl_ \_^ml ohayckl\h m gbo h[sb_ bgl_j_ku Gh wlh g_ iha\heyxl b]ghjbjh\Zlv nZdl qlh ijb m]jha_ mljZlu ex[h\gh]h h[t_dlZ dZd \ jZkkfhlj_gghf kemqZ_ eb[b^h m fm`qbg Zdlb\babjm_lky b hgb khagZl_evgh b [_kkhagZl_evgh gZqbgZxl bkdZlv gh\u_ ex[h\gu_ h[t_dlu Y fh]m khh[sblv h fgh]bo kemqZyo ih^h[gh]h jh^Z fg_ m \k_o iZpb_glh\ \hagbdZ_l g_\jha GZ fh_c iZfylb ^\Z ijbf_jZ dh]^Z \_jgu_ fm`vy dhgnb^_gpbZevgh jZkkdZaZeb fg_ qlh \ i_jbh^ [he_agb `_g bo aZfmqbeb wjhlbq_kdb_ nZglZabb b kgh\b^_gby Gbdlh ba gbo g_ ohl_e ba[Z\blvky hl `_gu ohly m h^gh]h baj_^dZ kemqZebkv \g_[jZqgu_ k\yab B^ dZd ij_^klZ\ey_lky g_ h[eZ^Z_l fhjZevx ;b\_j khh[sZ_l h lma_fp_ ba Gh\hc =\bg_b hklZ\b\r_f gZ \j_fy hlkmlkl\by `_gm gZ ihi_q_gb_ hlpZ IhdZ _]h g_ [ueh ^hfZ `_gZ mf_jeZ Hg ]hjvdh mij_dZe hlpZ aZ ij_g_[j_`_gb_ d k\h_c kh[kl\_gghklb ©< ]g_\_² ibr_l ;b\_j² lma_f_p `_klhdh bagZkbeh\Ze i_j\mx `_ \klj_lb\rmxky \ aZjhkeyo `_gsbgmª Km^vy ;b\_j g_kihkh[guc Aihgylv ki_pbnbq_kdmx j_Zdpbx lma_fpZ gZ kf_jlv ^h[Z\ey_l qlh ]g_\ b i_qZev g_ _^bgkl\_ggu_ ijbqbgu ijb\_^rb_ d ij_klmie_gbx Fu \ k\hx hq_j_^v fh`_f ]h\hjblv h[ hldjulhf \ujZ`_gbb lma_fp_f l_o fhlb\h\ dhlhju_ m g_\jhlbdZ ijhy\eyxlky \ nhjf_ lj_\h]b beb klZgh\ylky \ h[boh^_ ih\h^hf ^ey rmlhd gZih^h[b_ \ur_mihfygmlhc Dhg_qgh fu ^hklb]eb ijh]j_kkZ \ h[eZklb fhjZeb b ^moh\ghklb gh gZ [_kkhagZl_evghf mjh\g_ [jZd \k_]h ebrv pb\bebah\Zgguc kihkh[ h[ma^Zgby k_dkmZevghc Z]j_kkbb <ha\jZsZykv d gZr_fm lj_\h`ghfm iZpb_glm ohqm ^h[Z\blv qlh hg bkdj_gg_ jZkkdZaZe fg_ h fZl_jbgkdbo ih kmlb ihp_emyo k\hyq_gbpu g_kfhljy gZ __ ^\Z^pZlbiylbe_lgbc \hajZkl G_khfg_ggh lj_\h]Z iZpb_glZ hij_^_eyeZkv

lZd`_ kljZohf mljZlu fZl_jb dhlhjmx ohjhrh aZf_gyeZ `_gZ

Bgl_eeb]_glgu_ b dmevlmjgu_ fm`qbgu qZklh \_^ml k_[y \ k_dkmZevguo ^_eZo dZd b^bhlu qlh lhevdh ^hdZau\Z_l \ukhdmx kl_i_gv \ul_kg_gby k_dkmZevghklb m wlh]h lbiZ ex^_c LZdb_ kemqZb m^b\eyxl ^Z`_ f_gy Fgh]h e_l gZaZ^ fg_ ijbrehkv dhgkmevlbjh\Zlv k\ys_ggbdZ ² gZah\_f _]h _ibkdhihf ?]h ijb\_eb dh fg_ k bkl_jbq_kdbfb nh[byfb <hajZkl iZpb_glZ ij_\urZe r_klv^_kyl e_l b ]eZ\gZy `Zeh[Z khklhyeZ \ kljZo_ khclb k mfZ <jZqb ihklhyggh m\_jyeb _ibkdhiZ \ hlkmlkl\bb ijbagZdh\ ihf_rZl_evkl\Z ©L_f g_ f_g__ ^hdlhj²

ih`Zeh\Zeky hg fg_² y bkiulu\Zx a\hg \ mrZo dZd lhevdh mkeurm h[ hij_^_e_gguo kh[ulbyo beb ijhqlm qlh dlh gb[m^v \ j_amevlZl_ g_j\gh]h ijbklmiZ kh\_jrbe kZfhm[bckl\h < lZdb_ fhf_glu y ihqlb \g_ k_[yª

< lh \j_fy _s_ ij_h[eZ^Zeh ih\_jv_ qlh fZklmj[Zpby ijb\h^bl d ihf_rZl_evkl\m Fgh]b_ [ueb aZfhjhq_gu wlbf fg_gb_f b rZjeZlZgkdb_ debgbdb wdkiemZlbjh\Zeb kljZob \ dhjuklguo p_eyo DZd y ihfgx dZ`^uc ghjfZevguc fheh^hc fm`qbgZ kljZ^Ze hl ©fZklmj[Zpbhggh]h dhfie_dkZª Y kZf hk\h[h^beky hl wlbo fuke_c gZ \uimkdghf dmjk_ F_^bpbgkdh]h dhee_^`Z ihke_ aZgylbc k ijhn_kkhjhf L_cehjhf gZrbf gZklZ\gbdhf ih aZ[he_\Zgbyf fhq_iheh\uo iml_c M\_j_g qlh \ky ]jmiiZ khqm\kl\h\ZeZ ih^Z\e_gguf iZpb_glZf ijbagZ\rbfky \ fZklmj[Zpbb b ihiZ\rbf gZ e_q_gb_ ba aZ kljZoZ khclb k mfZ Ihke_ ij_^klZ\e_gby jy^Z lZdbo kemqZ_\ ijhn_kkhj L_cehj ih\_jgmeky d gZf b kdZaZe ©>`_glevf_gu ^mfZx qlh jZkoh`__ fg_gb_ h fZklmj[Zpbb y\ey_lky ij_m\_ebq_gb_f Y g_ kqblZx qlh fZklmj[Zpby ijb\h^bl d ihf_rZl_evkl\m b \hh[s_ ijbqbgy_l \j_^ª <ky ]jmiiZ kihglZggh aZZieh^bjh\ZeZ gZklhevdh kbevgh hdZaZehkv bkiulZggh_ qm\kl\h h[e_]q_gby L_cehj [ue klZjuf hiulguf ijhn_kkhjhf dZdbo j_^dh \klj_lbrv \ gZklhys__ \j_fy Hg [ue ijZdlbdhf b agZe qlh ]h\hjbl Ihfgx dh]^Z fu jZkoh^bebkv ihke_ aZgylbc h^bg ba ijbkmlkl\mxsbo ih`behc \jZq ih^hr_e d g_fm b kdZaZe ©Ijhn_kkhj L_cehj \Zr_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ \k_o hlghkbl d fZklmj[ZglZf gh y ² bkdexq_gb_ª ² ©Qlh `² hl\_lbe L_cehj² \u mimklbeb ijbylgmx \hafh`ghklvª

Dh]^Z _ibkdhi jZkkdZaZe fg_ h k\hbo kljZoZo y g_f_^e_ggh \kihfgbe h rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gghf ih\_jv_ ?ibkdhi [he__ ^\Z^pZlb e_l [ue \^h\phf b dZd fg_ dZaZehkv fh] bkiulu\Zlv [_kihdhckl\h ih djZcg_c f_j_ ba aZ ghqguo iheexpbc Y ^_ebdZlgh aZljhgme wlhl \hijhk gh iZpb_gl dZl_]hjbq_kdb hljbpZe lZdb_ lj_\h]b Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy bklhjby h[_jgmeZkv ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf IZpb_gl hkms_kl\eye hi_dm gZ^ ^hq_jvx mf_jr_]h jh^kl\_ggbdZ b nZdlbq_kdb \hkiblZe __ \f_kl_ k kh[kl\_ggufb ^hq_jvfb HgZ m`_ mqbeZkv \ dhee_^`_ bihk_sZeZ _]h lhevdh \h \j_fy ijb_a^Z \ ]hjh^ Bgh]^Z ^_\mrdZ dZd ij_`^_ kZ^beZkv d g_fm gZ dhe_gb b hg h[gbfZe __ dZd ex[mx ba kh[kl\_gguo ^hq_j_c h^gZdh g_h`b^Zggh gZqZe aZf_qZlv i_j_f_gm \ k\hbo qm\kl\Zo Hg [hevr_ g_ hklZ\Zeky bg^bnn_j_glguf p_emy ^_\mrdm b h^gZ`^u ijb[ebabl_evgh aZ ]h^ ^h \bablZ dh fg_ ihqm\kl\h\Ze wj_dpbx Wlh dhg_qgh ijhba\_eh gZ g_]h rhd gh \kdhj_ wibah^ aZ[ueky Q_j_a g_agZqbl_evgh_ \j_fy ihke_ ijhbkr_kl\by ihy\bebkv g_\jhlbq_kdb_ kbfilhfu

< ^Zgghf kemqZ_ ihlj_[ghklv \ k_dkmZevghf m^h\e_l\hj_gbb dhlhjZy hq_\b^gh ^j_fZeZ fgh]b_ ]h^u g_h`b^Zggh ijh[m^beZkv \ke_^kl\b_ g_\bgguo hlghr_gbc k ^_\mrdhc W]h h[uqgh dhgljhebjh\Zeh k_dkmZevgu_ ih[m`^_gby gh \ ijhp_kk_ g_\hevgh]h kh[eZagZ b^ \ureh ba ih^ dhgljhey ?kl_kl\_ggh qlh kbevgh_ kmi_jw]h iZpb_glZ ^he`gh [ueh \f_rZlvky \ [hjv[m b lZdbf h[jZahf \hagbdeZ lj_\h]Z >jm]bfb keh\Zfb khagZgb_ Zdlb\gh hlj_Z]bjh\Zeh gZ ijbfblb\gu_ qm\kl\Z Z gZijy`_gb_ \

k\hx hq_j_^v \ua\Zeh ihlj_[ghklv \ gZdZaZgbb dhlhjh_ ijhy\behkv \ kljZo_ kmfZkr_kl\by b ^jm]bo kljZoZo

Ijb bamq_gbb ikbobq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb g_h[oh^bfh ihklhyggh ihfgblv h __ h[mkeh\e_gghklb ^\mfy kbkl_fZfb bgl_ee_dlmZevghc hkgh\Zgghc gZ hiul_ b wfhpbhgZevghc hkgh\Zgghc gZ wj]Zo M ghjfZevguo ex^_c ghhikbobdZ b lbfhikbobdZ gZoh^ylky \ ijhihjpbhgZevghf khhlghr_gbb m g_\jhlbdh\ b ikbohlbdh\ f_`^m ^\mfy kbkl_fZfb kms_kl\m_l ^bkijhihjpby Kihkh[ hjb_glZpbb \ wlhf y\ghf g_khhl\_lkl\bb y ihiulZeky ihdZaZlv gZ ijhklhf ijbf_j_ \kihfbgZgby nZfbebb /DSLQ Y ohl_e ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv k ihfhsvx ijhklh]h ijbf_jZ lh]h lbiZ qlh \u gZc^_l_ \ ©IkbohiZlheh]bb h[u^_gghc `bagbª dZd ljm^gh ihjhc [u\Z_l ^hklbqv p_eb bkihevamy k\h[h^gu_ ZkkhpbZpbb b bo bgl_jij_lZpbx Gh ZgZeba aZ[u\Zgbc hibkhd h]h\hjhd dhlhju_ qZklh ijhy\eyxlky \ `bagb ^hdZau\Z_l hlkmlkl\b_ ijhiZklb f_`^m ghjfhc b iZlheh]b_c Emqr_ \k_]h ihiulZlvky ijh\_klb

bkke_^h\Zgb_ gZ kZfbo k_[_ Fh]m \Zk aZ\_jblv qlh \u kZfb g_ om`_ bkiulm_fuo hibkZgguo \ mq_[gbdZo ?keb \u ihgZ[ex^Z_l_ aZ kh[hc b ihcf_l_ k\hc kihkh[ ij_h^he_gby ljm^guo kblmZpbc \ ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb iml_f©khkdZevau\Zgbcª\u gZmqbl_kv ihgbfZlv \ukdZau\Zgby b ^_ckl\by iZpb_glh\

>jm]bfb keh\Zfb jZaebqb_ f_`^m g_\jhlbdZfb ikbohlbdZfb b lZd gZau\Z_fufb ©ghjfZevgufbª kh\k_f g_ \_ebdh <k_ hgb klj_fylky m^_j`b\Zlv wfhpbb ih^ dhgljhe_f \k_ hgb iulZxlky mf_gvrblv gZjZklZgb_ \gmlj_gg_]h gZijy`_gby M q_eh\_q_kdh]h hj]ZgbafZ kms_kl\m_l l_g^_gpby m^_j`b\Zlv gZijy`_gb_ gZ fbgbfZevgh \hafh`ghf mjh\g_ ihlhfm qlh gZjZklZgb_ gZijy`_gby [he_ag_ggh Z mf_gvr_gb_ ² ijbylgh ijbgpbi N_og_jZ h klj_fe_gbb kbkl_fu d mklhcqb\hfm khklhygbx LZd _keb \u ]heh^gu lh [he__ jZa^jZ`bl_evgu q_f h[uqgh DZ`^Zy `_gsbgZ jZkkdZ`_l qlh __ fm` \_^_l k_[y ih^h[guf h[jZahf dh]^Z h[_^ aZiZa^u\Z_l

G_l khfg_gby \ ijZ\bevghklb ba\_klghc ihkeh\bpu b \ hlghr_gbb ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h iheZ Ihwlhfm \ Gvx Chjd_ lZd fgh]h j_klhjZgh\ Fheh^hc q_eh\_d `_eZxsbc aZ\h_\Zlv k_j^p_ `_gsbgu ^he`_g ijb]eZkblv __ \ j_klhjZg

MkljZg_gb_ beb mf_gvr_gb_ ihklhyggh gZjZklZxs_]h gZijy`_gby ij_^klZ\ey_l hkgh\gmx aZ^Zqm dZ`^h]h `b\h]h hj]ZgbafZ <k_ ghjfZevgh_ ih\_^_gb_ b iZlheh]bq_kdb_ kbfilhfu jZkkqblZgu gZ h[_ki_q_gb_ ijbkihkh[e_gby k fbgbfZevgh \hafh`guf gZijy`_gb_f <ky dmevlmjZ b \k_ m^h[kl\Z pb\bebaZpbb hkgh\Zgu gZ h^ghf wlhf f_oZgbaf_ G_ agZx hkhagZ_l_ eb \u nZdl qlh kh[kl\_ggh rbahnj_gbq_kdbc ijhp_kk ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc ijbkihkh[e_gb_ dhlhjh_ nhjfbjm_lky m iZpb_glZ qlh[u kijZ\blvky k g_kl_jibfuf gZijy`_gb_f Ih wlhc ijbqbg_ Nj_c^ i_j\hgZqZevgh bkiulu\Ze g_ijbyagv d e_q_gbx rbahnj_gbb ikbohZgZebahf

Dh]^Z \ jZkkfhlj_gghf gZfb kemqZ_ m fheh^hc `_gsbgu klj_fb\r_cky \ul_kgblv wibah^ h[hevs_gby \hagbdeb bkl_jbq_kdb_ ijbklmiu hgZ ijhklh aZsbsZeZ k_[y hl gZjZklZxs_]h gZijy`_gby <hh[jZabl_ g_ijbylgu_ i_j_`b\Zgby ihke_^h\Z\rb_ aZ ijhbkr_kl\b_f K h^ghc klhjhgu bf_ehkv `_eZgb_ k_dkmZevgh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby k ^jm]hc ² wlhfm ij_iylkl\h\Ze \gmlj_ggbc fhjZevguc [Zjv_j Ihke_ ijhbkr_kl\by [hjv[Z g_ aZlboZeZ `_gsbgZ ihklhyggh gZoh^beZkv ih^ ]g_lhf [hjxsboky kbe < j_amevlZl_ __ h^he_eb bkl_jbq_kdb_ ijbiZ^db Hgb hagZqZeb mkljZg_gb_ i_j\hgZqZevguo b [he__ [he_ag_gguo i_j_`b\Zgbc hl hkhagZgby b h^gh\j_f_ggh ij_^klZ\eyeb aZf_gm mims_ggh]h m^h\e_l\hj_gby <u[_j_l_ \ \Zr_f hl^_e_gbb ex[h]h rbahnj_gbdZ b m^_ebl_ _fm \j_fy <u h[gZjm`bl_ qlh iZpb_gl kha^Ze fZe_gvdbc kh[kl\_gguc fbj ihkdhevdm g_ kihkh[_g ijhlb\hklhylv j_Zevghklb Rbahnj_gbdb ihju\Zxl k g_l_jibfuf ^ey gbo \g_rgbf fbjhf b m^Zeyxlky \ kh[kl\_gguc

BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

Imlv d k_j^pm fm`qbgu e_`bl q_j_a `_em^hd ² Ijbf i_j_\

fbj \ p_eyo mfbjhl\hj_gby < fbj_ ihkljh_gghf iZpb_glhf _fm [_ajZaebqgh dlh aZgbfZ_l ij_ab^_glkdmx ^he`ghklv \ KR: b klj_fbeky eb =ble_j d aZ\h_\Zgbx dhglbg_glZ Km^y ih ZiZlbqghc j_Zdpbb gZ hdjm`Zxs__ wlb iZpb_glu gbq_]h g_ \hkijbgbfZxl gh y m`_ jZkkdZau\Ze qlh ijhbkoh^bl \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb Bgh]^Z q_j_a fgh]b_ ]h^u hgb ©ijh[m`^Zxlkyªb klZgh\ylky ^hklmigufb Lh]^Z \u fh`_l_ magZlv h[ bo \gmlj_gg_f fbj_ b _keb ijhba\_^_l_ khihklZ\e_gb_ k ij_`g_c `bagvx iZpb_glh\ lh [m^_l hq_\b^gh ijhklh_ klj_fe_gb_ mf_gvrblv [he_ag_ggh_ gZijy`_gb_ ihkj_^kl\hf beexahjguo i_j_`b\Zgbc LZdbf h[jZahf rbahnj_gbq_kdbc b g_\jhlbq_kdbc ijhp_kku ij_^klZ\eyxl k\h_h[jZagh_ ijbkihkh[e_gb_

Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy dZ`^uc bg^b\b^ gZoh^blky ih^ \eZklvx ^\mo hkgh\guo bgklbgdlh\ ² ]heh^Z b ex[\b dhlhju_ hg ^he`_g m^h\e_l\hjblv Qlh ijhbahreh k ^_\mrdhc kljZ^Zxs_c gZ i_j\uc \a]ey^ wibe_ilbnhjfgu fb ijbiZ^dZfb" GZ kZfhf ^_e_ fhjZevgu_ klZg^Zjlu

\hkij_iylkl\h\Zeb m^h\e_l\hj_gbx k_dkmZevghc nmgdpbb k\yaZgghc k ijbjh^guf klj_fe_gb_f d fZl_jbgkl\m E_]q_ \k_]h jZkkfZljb\Zlv l_o dlh ihl_ji_e djmr_gb_ gZ ihq\_ k_dkmZevghklb dZd keZ[h\hevguo ex^_c ^_]_g_jZlh\ beb i_j\_jlh\ Gh _keb \u bamqbl_ bo lh [_a ljm^Z h[gZjm`bl_ qlh hgb g_kqZklgu_ kms_kl\Z ih hkh[uf g_ aZ\bkbfuf hl gbo ijbqbgZf hdZaZ\rb_ky g_ghjfZevgufb DZd y m`_ ]h\hjbe dhgklblmpby b km^v[Z hij_^_eyxl [eZ]hijbylguc beb g_[eZ]hijbylguc `bag_gguc imlv q_eh\_dZ :gZeba ijhlb\h[hjkl\mxsbo fhlb\h\ \ ihgylbyo kljmdlmju ikbobq_kdh]h ZiiZjZlZ iha\hey_l jZah[jZlvky g_ lhevdh \ hl^_evguo ihklmidZo gh b \ p_ehklghf ih\_^_gbb bg^b\b^Z A^_kv ohl_ehkv [u lZd`_ mihfygmlv [e_ce_jh\kdmx l_hjbx lh`^_kl\_gghklb \ dhlhjhc ml\_j`^Z_lky qlh ikbobdZ \k_]h ebrv nmgdpby fha]Z ?keb \u ihcf_l_ ijbgpbi nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby ikbobdb lh m \Zk g_ \hagbdg_l aZljm^g_gbc \ hkfuke_gghc ^bZ]ghklbd_ b e_q_gbb [hevguo

I_j_^ aZ\_jr_gb_f e_dpbb fg_ ohl_ehkv [u k^_eZlv g_kdhevdh aZf_qZgbc h dZl_]hjbb iZpb_glh\ dhlhju_ hkhagZggh kljZ^Zxl hl k_dkmZevgh]h gZijy`_gby b ijboh^yl aZ kh\_lhf Emqrmx beexkljZpbx ij_^klZ\ey_l ke_^mxsbc kemqZc G_^Z\gh f_gy ihk_lbeZ fheh^Zy \^h\Z h^gZ ba ijhk\_s_gguo Zjlbklbqguo gZlmj dlh qm\kl\m_l k_[y hkh[_ggh k\_^ms_c \ \hijhkZo k_dkmZevghklb gh g_ fh`_l kijZ\blvky k kh[kl\_ggufb ijh[e_fZfb HgZ m^_ebeZ g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy hieZdb\Zgbx k\h_c ^heb gh aZl_f \hkdebdgmeZ©Y kqblZx k_[y q_jlh\kdb ]emihcªFg_ ijbrehkv __ m\_jylv qlh k ikbobZljbq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gby hgZ ghjfZevgZ H^gZdh iZpb_gldZ gZklZb\ZeZ gZ ijhlb\hiheh`ghf jZkibku\Zy g_e_ihklv k\h_]h ih\_^_gby <ukhdb_ fhjZevgu_ klZg^Zjlu aZklZ\eyeb __ hl\_j]Zlv k_dkmZevgu_ ij_^eh`_gby fgh]bo fm`qbg ba aZ q_]h hgZ ihlhf kljZ^ZeZ L_i_jv wlZ `_gsbgZ h[jZlbeZkv dh fg_ \\b^m g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evguo hlghr_gbc k fheh^uf q_eh\_dhf Hg [ue ijbylguf iZjg_f k dhlhjuf hgb fgh]h iml_r_kl\h\Zeb gh ij_^eh`_gbc g_ ^_eZe IZpb_gldZ bkdZeZ ihfhsb ihlhfm qlh g_ agZeZ dZd ba[Z\blvky hl g_\ughkbfh]h gZijy`_gby i_j_ihegy\r_]h __ b Dh]^Z \u \b^bl_ lZdbo iZpb_glh\ \hagbdZ_l \hijhk q_f fh`gh bf ihfhqv" M gbo g_ ijhy\eyxlky kbfilhfu ©dhlhju_ fh`gh deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv dZd g_\jhlbq_kdb_ beb ikbohlbq_kdb_ G_evay bf lZd`_ ijbde_blv yjeud ©ikbohiZlZª beb ©dhgklblmpbhgZevgh g_iheghp_ggh]hª ba aZ hlkmlkl\by khhl\_lkl\mxsbo oZjZdl_jbklbd Wlb iZpb_glu ihklhyggh haZ[hq_gu k_dkmZevgufb ijh[e_fZfb k dhlhjufb g_j_^dh klZedb\Z_lky b ghjfZevguc q_eh\_d gh hgb kebrdhf k_gkblb\gu beb g_\jhlbqgu lhevdh lZd fh]m bo gZa\Zlv qlh[u kijZ\blvky k aZljm^g_gbyfb L_f beb bguf iml_f gZdhg_p gZoh^blky j_r_gb_ beb jZa\b\Z_lky g_\jha AgZy qlh \ gZklhys__ \j_fy ijbgylh k\h[h^gh ]h\hjblv h k_dk_ hgb ijboh^yl aZ dhgkmevlZpb_c G_baf_ggh aZ^Z_lky \hijhk©Ke_^m_l beb g_ ke_^m_l"ª ² b h`b^Z_lky gZimlkl\b_ d ^_ckl\bx <u

fh`_l_ ^Zlv iZpb_glm _^bgkl\_gguc kh\_l ² ihklmiZlv kh]eZkgh _]h kh[kl\_gghfm fhjZevghfm dh^_dkm

H[jZlb\rZyky `_gsbgZ kljZ^ZeZ g_\jhahf hgZ [ueZ k_gkblb\guf q_eh\_dhf g_kihkh[guf kjZam aZ[ulv h kh\_jr_gghf ihklmid_ ?keb [u y kdZaZe©Ihq_fm \u g_ i_j_kibl_ k wlbf iZjg_f"ª lh khfg_\Zxkv qlh hgZ ihke_^h\ZeZ [u fh_fm kh\_lm < kbem \hkiblZgby iZpb_gldZ g_ agZeZ dZd \_klb k_[y \ keh`b\r_cky kblmZpbb Fheh^hfm q_eh\_dm hgZ hq_\b^gh gjZ\beZkv dZd k_kljZ gh g_ ijb\e_dZeZ \ dZq_kl\_ k_dkmZevgh]h h[t_dlZ <hafh`gh hg [ue g_ \iheg_ a^hjh\ fh`_l [ulv bf_e ]hfhk_dkmZevgu_ gZdehgghklb Y g_ agZx Gh _keb [u y ihkh\_lh\Ze ^_ckl\h\Zlv b \klmiblv k gbf \ k_dkmZevgu_ hlghr_gby qlh h[uqgh j_dhf_g^mxl ikbobZlju b \jZqb h[s_]h ijhnbey lh fheh^hc q_eh\_d kdhj__ \k_]h hl\_j] [u __ Z qm\kl\h g_iheghp_gghklb m iZpb_gldb mkbebehkv [u ?keb [u hgZ \klmibeZ \ k_dkmZevgmx k\yav k fm`qbghc \ dhlhjhf khfg_\Z_lky gZ\_jgydZ \hagbdeb [u gh\u_ ljm^ghklb <u \k_]^Z [m^_l_ hrb[Zlvky ^Z\Zy kh\_lu hlghkbl_evgh gZijZ\e_gghklb k_dkmZevgh]h ih\_^_gby Ihfhqv fh`gh lhevdh ijhk\_s_gb_f b jZatykg_gb_f ijh[e_fu GZijbf_j iZpb_glm kqblZxs_fm fZklmj[Zpbx beb ^jm]b_ g_h[uqgu_ k_dkmZevgu_ ^_ckl\by ijbqbghc jZafy]q_gby fha]Z ke_^m_l h[tykgblv Z[kmj^ghklv ih^h[guo fuke_c

Ihq_fm g_ ke_^m_l ^Z\Zlv ex[uo kh\_lh\ hlghkbl_evgh k_dkmZevghc `bagb"K_dk ² wlh bgklbgdl mijZ\eyxsbc q_eh\_dhf \ hij_^_e_gguc i_jbh^ _]h `bagb GhjfZevguc q_eh\_d g_kfhljy gZ kh\j_f_ggh_ ih^Z\e_gb_ b dhgljhev k_dkmZevghklb dZd lh h[mkljZb\Z_lky \ wlhc kn_j_ < gZklhys__ \j_fy kms_kl\mxl hq_gv ohjhrb_ gZmqgu_ jZ[hlu ih k_dkmZevghc ijh[e_fZlbd_ h[u\Zl_ev bf__l \hafh`ghklv ijhqblZlv bo b ba\e_qv ihe_agh_ ^ey k_[y ?keb wlh]h g_ ijhbkoh^bl lh ^he`gh [ulv k q_eh\_dhf qlh lh g_eZ^gh_ G_evay kdZaZlv _fm ihc^b b ihagZdhfvky k ^_\mrdhc Y \klj_qZe ex^_c ke_^h\Z\rbo ih^h[guf kh\_lZf b \ha\jZsZ\rboky k hl\jZs_gb_f G_dhlhju_ ba gbo aZjZ`Zebkv \_g_jbq_kdbfb aZ[he_\Zgbyfb ohly l_ dlh ^Z\Ze kh\_lu ij_^mij_`^Zeb b bgkljmdlbjh\Zeb k\hbo ih^hi_qguo LZdhc q_eh\_d [he_g b gZ^h g_ ijhklh kh\_lh\Zlv Z e_qblv _]h Ke_^h\Zl_evgh gbdh]^Z g_ ^Z\Zcl_ kh\_lh\ hlghkbl_evgh k_dkmZevgh]h ih\_^_gby GhjfZevguc q_eh\_d \ gbo g_ gm`^Z_lky Z keZ[hmfguc \k_ jZ\gh ih\_^_l k_[y g_ijZ\bevgh ?keb iZpb_gl ikbobq_kdb ghjfZe_g _]h ke_^m_l ijhk\_sZlv

Fhb ml\_j`^_gby hlghkylky d k_dkmZevghc ijh[e_fZlbd_ \ p_ehf gh hlgx^v g_ hagZqZxl aZij_lZ gZ h[km`^_gb_ wlhc l_fu <Zf [m^ml aZ^Z\Zlv jZagh]h jh^Z \hijhku h k_dk_ dZd ikbobZljZf l_f [he__ ikbohZgZeblbdZf G_^Z\gh kh fghc dhgkmevlbjh\Zeky \jZq ijb[ebabl_evgh khjhdZe_lg_]h \hajZklZ Dh]^Z y kijhkbe \ q_f khklhbl _]h ijh[e_fZ hg hl\_lbe qlh ohl_e [u `_gblvky©Ohjhrh² kdZaZe y² gh \u \u[jZeb aZ[Z\gh_ f_klh <_^v a^_kv g_ aZ]kª Lh]^Z hg h[tykgbe qlh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb g_ ohq_l `_gblvky M g_]h ih \b^bfhfm \hh[s_ hlkmlkl\h\Zeb k_dkmZevgu_ ih[m`^_gby _]h ijhklh gbdh]^Z g_ \e_deh d ijhlb\hiheh`ghfm ihem IZpb_gl ijbgZ^e_`Ze d lhc dZl_]hjbb ex^_c dh]h y gZau\Zx ©k_dkmZevgufb b^bhlZfbª Hgb iheghklvx ebr_gu k_dkmZevguo i_j_`b\Zgbc Wlhl ^hdlhj m[_^be f_gy qlh gbdh]^Z g_ bkiulu\Ze qm\kl\ k\yaZgguo k ihehf ?]h jh^bl_eb h^gZdh g_ ihgbfZeb ihq_fm hg h^bghd b ihklhyggh gZklZb\Zeb gZ [jZd_ Y \klj_qZe jy^ lZdbo k_dkmZevguo ^_]_g_jZlh\ Hgb ih^h[gu ^ZevlhgbdZf Qlh[u jZah[jZlvky \ khhl\_lkl\mxs_c ijh[e_fZlbd_ \Zf g_h[oh^bfh m]em[blvky \ k_dkhiZlheh]bx Wlhl fm`qbgZ g_ kljZ^Ze g_\jhahf _]h ^_n_dl ghkbe ih \b^bfhfm dhgklblmpbhgZevguc oZjZdl_j Hg [ue \_kvfZ m^h\e_l\hj_g dh]^Z y ihke_ g_kdhevdbo qZkh\ h[ke_^h\Zgby \ukdZaZe k\h_ fg_gb_

< kemqZyo g_\jhah\ ihke_ mkljZg_gby nZdlhjh\ lhjfhaysbo k_dkmZevgu_ ijhy\e_gby iZpb_glu gbq_f g_ hlebqZxlky hl gZk Hgb [_a \jZq_[ghc ihfhsb gZoh^yl imlv d

m^h\e_l\hj_gbx k_dkmZevguo \e_q_gbc \ [jZd_ b \g_ [jZdZ MihfygmlZy fheh^Zy \^h\Z kljZ^ZeZ g_\jhahf \ fy]dhc nhjf_ b y gZijZ\be __ gZ ikbohZgZeba K \ua^hjh\e_gb_f d g_c \_jg_lky k\hckl\_ggh_ ghjfZevguf ex^yf kZfhh[eZ^Zgb_ Lh]^Z hgZ ih^h[gh ex[hc kj_^g_c `_gsbg_ hq_gv [ukljh ihqm\kl\m_l ghjfZe_g beb g_ghjfZe_g fm`qbgZ k dhlhjuf khklhyehkv agZdhfkl\h <_^v lhevdh g_\jhlbdb imlZxlky b gm`^Zxlky \ ihfhsb Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy² g_ kh\_lmcl_ H[tykgycl_

<hijhku b hl\_lu

² <u ]h\hjbeb h dhgklblmpbb b km^v[_ Fh`_l_ eb \u ^Zlv hij_^_e_gb_ km^v[u"

² Km^v[Z ² wlh ex[h_ \ha^_ckl\b_ hdjm`_gby >jm]bfb keh\Zfb kemqZcgu_ nZdlhju GZijbf_j \u fh`_l_ aZjZablvky _keb dhglZdlbjm_l_ k [hevguf dhjvx K ^jm]hc klhjhgu m \Zk fh`_l bf_lvky gZke_^kl\_ggZy ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv d ^bZl_am Wlh [m^_l dhgklblmpbhgZevguc nZdlhj

² GZ ijhrehc e_dpbb dlh lh kijZrb\Ze \Zk h ljZ\fZlbq_kdbo g_\jhaZo F_gy bgl_j_km_l hlghkblky eb kdZaZggh_ \Zfb d g_\jhaZf \h_ggh]h \j_f_gb"

² Y ihk_lbe ;e_ce_jZ \kdhj_ ihke_ I_j\hc fbjh\hc \hcgu b h[km`^Ze k gbf ijh[e_fm g_\jhah\ \h_ggh]h \j_f_gb Y [ue lZd`_ k\yaZg k ]hkiblZe_f ©<_l_jZgh\ \hcguª i_j\hgZqZevgh ki_pbZebabjh\Zgguf gZ ikbohg_\jheh]bb ;e_ce_j ]h\hjbe qlh lZd gZau\Z_fu_ ©g_\jhau \h_ggh]h \j_f_gbª g_ bf_xl gbdZdh]h hlghr_gby d \hcg_ Y kijhkbe ©Fh`_l eb

\hcgZ y\blvky ijh\hpbjmxsbf nZdlhjhf"ª ² ©KqblZcl_ lZd _keb \Zf ohq_lky² hl\_lbe hg² <k_ lZd gZau\Z_fu_ ©g_\jhau \h_ggh]h \j_f_gbª g_ ij_^klZ\eyxl gbq_]h gh\h]h \ kjZ\g_gbb k ba\_klgufb gZf aZ[he_\Zgbyfb ² rbahnj_gb_c fZgbZdZevgh ^_ij_kkb\guf ikbohahf ljZ\fZlbq_kdbf g_\jhahf <hcgZ g_ m\_ebqbeZ dhebq_kl\Z wlbo aZ[he_\Zgbc g_kfhljy gZ h]jhfgu_ [_^kl\by fbeebhgh\ ex^_c \ l_q_gb_ q_luj_o e_lª

Gb h^bg ba kemqZ_\ ij_^\Zjbl_evgh jZkp_gb\Z_fuo fghx dZd ljZ\fZlbq_kdbc g_\jha lZdh\uf g_ hdZaZeky G_dhlhju_ ex^b kh\_jrZxl [_]kl\h \ [he_agv gh m gbo d wlhfm m`_ bf__lky ij_^jZkiheh`_gghklv b ex[hc bgpb^_gl fh`_l kijh\hpbjh\Zlv ijbklmi G_ lZd ^Z\gh y klZe k\b^_l_e_f ijhbkr_kl\by \ Gvx >`_jkb G_kdhevdh fheh^uo fm`qbg b `_gsbg gZijZ\eyebkv gZ \_q_jbgdm b ihiZeb \ Z\lhfh[bevgmx dZlZkljhnm H^gZ ba `_gsbg kbevgh mrb[eZkv b y gZklZb\Ze qlh[u hgZ hlijZ\beZkv \ [eb`Zcrmx [hevgbpm gZ h[ke_^h\Zgb_©H g_l ² \hkdebdgmeZ hgZ²Fu ^he`gu _oZlv gZ \klj_qmª?keb [u hgZ \_jgmeZkv ^hfhc fh] [u jZa\blvky ly`_euc g_\jha b [he_agv [ueZ [u ijbibkZgZ dZlZkljhn_ Gh m `_gsbgu g_ gZrehkv \j_f_gb gZ ljZ\fZlbq_kdbc g_\jha

² <u jZkkdZau\Zeb h fheh^hc `_gsbg_ dhlhjZy gZ ihiuldm h[hevs_gby ijhj_Z]bjh\ZeZ g_\jhahf DZd _c ke_^h\Zeh k_[y \_klb \ hl\_l gZ ^hfh]Zl_evkl\h fm`qbgu qlh[u g_ \iZklv \ g_\jha"

² HgZ fh]eZ gZijbf_j kdZaZlv ©Fhc ^hjh]hc Lu [_amf_p _keb ^mfZ_rv \aylv f_gy kbehc >ey wlh]h kms_kl\mxl emqrb_ kihkh[uªGhjfZevgZy `_gsbgZ ^_ckl\h\ZeZ [u bf_ggh lZd b gbq_]h [u g_ kemqbehkv HgZ ih^h[gh fgh]bf g_\jhlbdZf hdZaZeZkv gZb\gZ \ k_dkmZevghf hlghr_gbb <hl ihq_fm \ ihke_^gb_ iylv^_kyl e_l hlklZb\Z_lky g_h[oh^bfhklv k_dkmZevgh]h ijhk\_s_gby Ih fh_fm fg_gbx h^gZdh iheh`_gb_ kms_kl\_ggh g_ baf_gbehkv dZd fgh]b_ ^mfZxl G_\jhlbdb khojZgyxl g_hk\_^hfe_gghklv \ k_dkmZevguo \hijhkZo g_kfhljy gZ ihegmx ^hklmighklv agZgby b bgnhjfZpbb

K ] y kZf mk_j^gh aZgbfZxkv ijhk\_s_gb_f b qm\kl\mx [hevrmx ihevam hl k\h_c ^_yl_evghklb hkh[_ggh ijb aZgylbyo k k_gkblb\gufb ex^vfb ?keb jh^bl_eb ihcfml agZq_gb_ k_dkZ b k jZgg_]h \hajZklZ j_[_gdZ m^_eyl k_dkmZevghfm \hkiblZgbx ^he`gh_ \gbfZgb_ lh \ ihke_^mxs_f [m^ml ba[Z\e_gu hl fgh]bo g_ijbylghkl_c H^gZdh ijhk\_s_gb_ ih k_dkmZevguf \hijhkZf \ l_q_gb_ ihke_^gbo iylb^_kylb e_l g_ mf_gvrbeh dhebq_kl\Z g_\jhlbdh\ b ikbohlbdh\ G_^Z\gh gZ \_q_jg_c e_dpbb f_gy kijhkbeb h lhf qlh kemqblky _keb aZ[he_\Zgby ikbohaZfb [m^ml m\_ebqb\Zlvky k l_i_j_rg_c [ukljhlhc AZ^Z\rbc \hijhk ijb\_e hq_gv \ukhdb_ pbnju ©G_ [_kihdhcl_kv² hl\_lbe y² dh]^Z [hevrbgkl\h \iZ^_l \ [_amfb_ ikbohlbdb [m^ml aZ[hlblvky h gZk dZd fu l_i_jv aZ[hlbfky h gbo Wlh g_ lZd m` iehohª

² <u mihfbgZeb h[ mgZke_^h\Zgbb rbahb^ghc kljmdlmju ebqghklb <q_jZ \_q_jhf y ijbkmlkl\h\Ze gZ kh[jZgbb rdhevguo

mqbl_e_c b \jZq_c h[s_]h ijhnbey Hgb g_ fh]eb jZah[jZlvky \ \hijhk_ mgZke_^h\Zgby rbahb^ghklb \ kljh]hf kfuke_ ihgylby H^bg ba ijbkmlkl\mxsbo jZkkdZaZe h k\h_f rmjbg_ d\Zebnbpbjh\Zgghf kem`Zs_f qvx k_fvx hg agZe fgh]b_ ]h^u < k_fv_ g_ gZ[ex^Zehkv ikbobq_kdbo aZ[he_\Zgbc \k_ jh^kl\_ggbdb [ueb \ukhdhh[jZah\Zggufb ex^vfb H^gZdh dZaZ\r__ky [eZ]hijbylguf hdjm`_gb_ g_ m[_j_]eh _]h hl aZ[he_\Zgby b qe_gu k_fvb wlh]h g_ ihgbfZeb

² <Zf ^hdlhj kZfhfm ke_^h\Zeh [u hl\_lblv gZ aZ^Zgguc \hijhk Rbahnj_gby g_ bf__l gbdZdh]h hlghr_gby d h[jZah\Zgbx Fg_ `Zev ex^_c klhev fZeh agZxsbo ijh[e_fm Y fh]m ijhklblv g_\_`_kl\h mqbl_eyf gh g_ \jZqZf DZd ikbobZlj \u ^he`gh [ulv qZklh keurbl_ hl deb_glh\ ijb[ebabl_evgh ke_^mxs__ ©M fh_]h [jZlZ beb kugZ g_ gZ[ex^Zehkv ^Z`_ fZe_crbo ijbagZdh\ rbahnj_gbb ihdZ aZ[he_\Zgb_ g_h`b^Zggh g_ ijhy\behkvª <u g_khfg_ggh agZ_l_ qlh dZ`^Zy fZlv j_[_gdZ k b^bhlb_c hij_^_e_gguf h[jZahf ij_^klZ\ey_l ijbqbgm ^_n_dlZ©Hg miZe b m^Zjbe ]heh\dm dh]^Z [ue kh\k_f fZe_gvdbfªGZ \Zr_f f_kl_ y [u kdZaZe gZ lhf kh[jZgbb©>`_glevf_gu \u gbq_]h g_ agZ_l_ h rbahnj_gbbª