!!!Общие курсы / Брилл Абрахам Арден - Лекции по психоаналитической психиатрии

ijhr_kl\bb ijb[ebabl_evgh ^_kylb e_l \ h^bg ba fhbo \bablh\ \ [hevgbpm y ijb\_lkl\h\Ze wlh]h iZpb_glZ©A^jZ\kl\mcl_ fbkl_j ;h]ª Gh hg ij_ajbl_evgh ihkfhlj_e gZ f_gy b kdZaZe ©G_ fbkl_j ;h] Z <k_e_gkdbc ;h]ªAZ ^_kylv e_l hg ijh^\bgmeky d \ukr_c kl_i_gb [h`_kl\Z

LZdbf h[jZahf ^ey iZjZghbdZ gZb[he__ oZjZdl_jgu b^_b \_ebqby >jm]bfb keh\Zfb hg eb[h hklZ_lky lZd kdZaZlv gZ gZjpbkkbq_kdhc klZ^bb eb[h j_]j_kkbjm_l d g_c ihke_ ]hfhk_dkmZevgh]h dhgnebdlZ Ijb bamq_gbb iZjZghbdh\ qZklh h[gZjm`b\Z_lky qlh hgb i_j_g_keb g_dhlhjmx ljZ\fm \ jZgg_f \hajZkl_ ² ljZ\fm \ dhlhjhc hl_p ku]jZe ]eZ\gmx jhev IZjZghbd beb kqblZ_l qlh g_^hklZlhqgh ihemqbe hl hlpZ beb \b^bl \ hlp_ kebrdhf

kbevgh]h khi_jgbdZ IZjZghbdb g_ \k_]^Z ^_k_dkmZebabjmxlky iheghklvx b ke_^h\Zl_evgh gZoh^ylky \ [hjv[_ k ]hfhk_dkmZevgufb l_g^_gpbyfb

Ihke_ him[ebdh\Zgby Nj_c^hf deZkkbq_kdhc klZlvb h iZjZghc_ y dZ`_lky [ue i_j\uf hibkZ\rbf wlb f_oZgbafu \ Zg]ehyauqghc gZmqghc ebl_jZlmj_ < dZq_kl\_ iZjZ^b]fu y \aye kemqZc < dhlhjuc gZ[ex^Ze hdheh r_klb e_l gZaZ^ \ Zckebikdhc [hevgbp_ I_j\hgZqZevgh y g_ ^mfZe qlh kemqZc kh^_j`bl [hevr_ fZl_jbZeZ q_f ex[hc ^jm]hc kemqZc aZ[he_\Zgby iZjZghc_c H^gZdh agZdhfkl\h k \a]ey^Zfb Nj_c^Z gZ ijh[e_fm ih gh\hfm hk\_lbeh ij_`g__ gZ[ex^_gb_ dZd ykgh ^_fhgkljbjmxs__ \k_ f_oZgbafu ijb\_^_ggu_ Nj_c^hf \ deZkkbq_kdhf hibkZgbb kemqZy Rj_[_jZ Iheguc hlq_l h kemqZ_ < bf__lky \ ^jm]hf fh_f ljm^_ b a^_kv y g_ [m^m ih\lhjylvky >Z\Zcl_ \f_klh wlh]h jZkkfhljbf bklhjbx aZ[he_\Zgby iZjZghc_c iZpb_glZ m dhlhjh]h ykgh ijhke_`b\Z_lky [hjv[Z f_`^m k_dkmZebaZpb_c b ^_k_dkmZebaZpb_c khpbZevguo qm\kl\ beb f_`^m ]hfhk_dkmZebafhf b iZjZghc_c

D e_lgbc fheh^hc q_eh\_d [ue ijb\_^_g gZ dhgkmevlZpbx klZjrbf [jZlhf lZd dZd \ukdZau\Ze fgh]hqbke_ggu_ b^_b oZjZdl_jgu_ ^ey [j_^Z hlghr_gby b ij_ke_^h\Zgby Hg \hh[jZ`Ze qlh g_dhlhju_ ex^b _]h g_^hex[eb\Zxl b ij_ke_^mxl GZqZevgbdZ hl^_eZ iZpb_gl ihjhc ih^haj_\Ze \ `_eZgbb aZklj_eblv _]h ba ibklhe_lZ ydh[u gZqZevgbd ^_j`Ze jmdm \ dZjfZg_ bf_\r_f \uimdehklv keh\gh lZf gZoh^behkv hjm`b_ GZ[ex^Zebkv b fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ n_ghf_gu ² kemoh\u_ b ikbohkhfZlbq_kdb_ ]ZeexpbgZpbb dhlhju_ g_khfg_ggh mdZau\Zeb gZ iZjZghb^gmx rbahnj_gbx

Dh]^Z klZ^by h[hklj_gby fbgh\ZeZ b \hkklZgh\beZkv g_dhlhjZy djblbqghklv iZpb_gl kh\_jr_ggh k\h[h^gh aZ]h\hjbe h k\h_f [j_^_ HlpZ hg ihl_jye \ jZgg_f \hajZkl_ FZlv hlebqZeZkv Zdlb\ghklvx mk_j^gh jZ[hlZeZ b mf_jeZ aZ q_luj_ ]h^Z ^h \hagbdgh\_gby m g_]h ikbobq_kdh]h aZ[he_\Zgby KlZjrbc [jZl iZpb_glZ \kdhj_ ihke_ kf_jlb fZl_jb `_gbeky <iehlv ^h `_gblv[u [jZlZ hgb kiZeb \ h^ghc ihkl_eb b iZpb_gl \k_]^Z ijhy\eye kbevgmx aZ\bkbfhklv hl g_]h Ba aZ keZ[h]h a^hjh\vy iZpb_gl ihklhyggh ij_ju\Ze h[mq_gb_ gh \ e_l ihemqbe f_klh gZ nZ[jbd_ ]^_ jZ[hlZe ^h gZklmie_gby ikbobq_kdh]h jZkkljhckl\Z JZkkijhku ihdZaZeb qlh [j_^h\u_ b^_b \jZsZebkv \hdjm] ® gZqZevgbdZ hl^_eZ dhlhjuc ij_^klZ\eyeky ]eZ\guf ij_ke_^h\Zl_e_f NZdlbq_kdb ® \k_]^Z hq_gv ^jm`_kdb hlghkbeky d iZpb_glm Hg [ue ^jm]hf k_fvb b \kyq_kdb iulZeky ihfhqv iZpb_glm ml\_j^blvky \ `bagb IZpb_gl kZf ijbagZ\Ze qlh r_n [eZ]h\hebe d g_fm ihdZ hg g_ ©\ex[bekyª \ fheh^mx `_gsbgm \ hnbk_ex[h\v ghkbeZ lbibqgh rbahnj_gbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j `_gsbgZ gbq_]h g_ agZeZ h g_c Lh]^Z iZpb_gl ihqm\kl\h\Ze g_^h\hevkl\h r_nZ b \ihke_^kl\bb r_n ydh[u gZqZe \ubkdb\Zlv hrb[db \ _]h jZ[hl_ b ijb^bjZlvky d g_fm IkbohZgZeba ^hdZaZe qlh iZpb_gl b^_glbnbpbjh\Ze ® kh k\hbf [jZlhf k dhlhjuf \ ^_lkl\_ \klmiZe \ ]hfhk_dkmZevgu_ b]u©<haex[e_ggZyª\uihegyeZ m r_nZ jZ[hlm k_dj_lZjrb ih \hajZklm [ueZ gZfgh]h klZjr_ iZpb_glZ b hg gZ kZfhf ^_e_ b^_glbnbpbjh\Ze __ k fZl_jvx <kx `bagv iZpb_gl khojZgye hq_gv kbevgmx ijb\yaZgghklv d fZl_jb b khi_jgbqZe k [jZlhf aZ __ [eZ]hkdehgghklv Ihke_ kf_jlb fZl_jb b `_gblv[u [jZlZ iZpb_gl \iZe \ ^_ij_kkbx b m g_]h ihkl_i_ggh jZa\bebkv hibkZggu_ kbfilhfu <hh[jZ`Z_fZy ex[h\v ij_^klZ\eyeZ kh[hc \k_]h ebrv keZ[mx ihiuldm bfblbjh\Zlv ih\_^_gb_ [jZlZ gh g_ fh]eZ ijbg_klb m^h\e_l\hj_gby \ j_amevlZl_ [u\r__ khi_jgbq_kl\h aZ fZlv [_kkhagZl_evgh h`b\behkv < khhl\_lkl\bb k f_oZgbafZfb b^_glbnbdZpbb b ijh_dpbb iZpb_gl ihjbpZe ®

r_nZ aZ g_gZ\bklv b ij_ke_^h\Zgb_ <f_klh lh]h qlh[u kdZaZlv©Y ex[ex fh_]h [jZlZ beb

® b ohqm [ulv _]h _^bgkl\_gguf \haex[e_ggufª

bkihevah\Zeky iZjZghb^guc f_oZgbaf ijh_dpbb b ml\_j`^Zehkv ©G_l y g_ ex[ex _]h y g_gZ\b`m _]h ihlhfm qlh hg aZ\eZ^_e fh_c fZl_jvxª ;j_^h\Zy b^_y h klj_fe_gbb ® aZklj_eblv iZpb_glZ [_amkeh\gh ijhke_`b\ZeZkv d \ul_kg_gghfm \ jZgg_f \hajZkl_ hiulm i_^_jZklbb \ hlghr_gbyo k [jZlhf

Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy \ky dZjlbgZ [he_agb ij_^klZ\eyeZ kh[hc khq_lZgb_ ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ b iZjZghcb IZpb_gl lZd b g_ ij_h^he_e w^bih\m kblmZpbx M g_]h hlkmlkl\h\Ze \ul_kg_gguc h[jZa hlpZ gZijZ\eyxsbc ih\_^_gb_ GZ [jZlZ hl kfhlj_e kgbam \\_jo hklZ\Zeky iZkkb\guf ih hlghr_gbx d g_fm b g_ kfh] k gbf b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlvky GZh[hjhl ikbohZgZeba ihdZau\Z_l qlh iZpb_gl \k_]^Z klj_fbeky b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlvky k fZl_jvx >jm]bfb keh\Zfb bf_eZ f_klh nbdkZpby gZ gZjpbkkbq_kdhc klZ^bb jZa\blby dhlhjZy \ ihke_^mxs_f dh]^Z iZpb_gl g_ h[j_e ijb_fe_fh]h ex[h\gh]h h[t_dlZ ihkem`beZ ijbqbghc \hagbdgh\_gby aZ[he_\Zgby kh kf_rZgghc debgbq_kdhc dZjlbghc ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ b iZjZghcb M lbibqguo iZjZghbdh\ ih Dj_i_ebgm g_ ijhbkoh^bl klhev kbevgh]h bkdZ`_gby dZd m rbahnj_gbdh\ b debgbq_kdZy dZjlbgZ kjZ\gbl_evgh ykgZ [j_^ ij_ke_^h\Zgby \k_]^Z y\ey_lky j_Zdpb_c gZ \ul_kg_ggh_ ]hfhk_dkmZevgh_ `_eZgb_ nZglZabx < ^Zgghf kemqZ_ iheh`_gb_ [he__ keh`gh_ [he__ aZimlZggh_

Ex[h\v b g_gZ\bklv dZd fu \b^_eb \ kemqZyo iZjZghcb l_kgh k\yaZgu WfhpbhgZevgZy Zf[b\Ze_glghklv oZjZdl_jgZ lZd`_ ^ey hlghr_gbc ghjfZevguo ex^_c \ ih\k_^g_\ghc `bagb < ghjfZevguo hlghr_gbyo h^gZdh ex[h\v gZklhevdh kbevgZ qlh iheghklvx kdju\Z_l g_gZ\bklv <ex[e_gguc fm`qbgZ gbdh]^Z g_ \b^bl g_^hklZldh\ \haex[e_gghc b \hafmsZ_lky _keb dlh gb[m^v k gbf g_ kh]eZk_g Dh]^Z ex[h\v ijhoh^bl iheh`_gb_ qZklh f_gy_lky fm`qbgZ ij_m\_ebqb\Z_l g_^hklZldb `_gsbgu b ijboh^bl d \u\h^m qlh hgZ m`Zkguc q_eh\_d < ex[\b \k_]^Z ijbkmlkl\m_l Zf[b\Ze_glghklv tv ihdZ ex[h\v ij_h[eZ^Z_l g_ijb]ey^gu_ klhjhgu ijhklh kdjulu Lh `_ kZfh_ hq_\b^gh \ iZjZghb^guo khklhygbyo ohly b \ ij_m\_ebq_gghf \b^_ D kljZ^Ze rbahnj_gb_c _]h ex[\b b g_gZ\bklb g_^hklZ\Zeh wfhpbhgZevghc kbeu ijbkms_c ghjfZevguf ex[h\gbdZf M gZklhys_]h iZjZghbdZ dZd ]h\hjbehkv jZkkfZljb\Z_fuc f_oZgbaf hq_jq_g ]hjZa^h hlq_leb\__ < jheb ij_ke_^h\Zl_ey lh]^Z fh`_l \uklmiZlv ij_ab^_gl fwj beb g_dhlhju_ ^jm]b_ gZ^_e_ggu_ \eZklvx kmjjh]Zlu hlpZ dlh ydh[u aZljZqb\Z_l \k_ \j_fy gZ dhagb ijhlb\ iZpb_glZ Wlhl f_oZgbaf g_baf_ggh h[gZjm`b\Z_lky m iZjZghbdh\ iulZxsboky kh\_jrblv ihdmr_gb_ gZ h[s_kl\_gguo eb^_jh\

< fy]dbo nhjfZo ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ b iZjZghcb g_ ijhy\ey_lky gb y\gh]h baf_g_gby k_dkmZevghc hjb_glZpbb gb kbfilhfh\ ikbohaZ gh \ l_q_gb_ \k_c `bagb ijhbkoh^bl kbevgZy [hjv[Z k nbdkZpb_c gZ fZl_jb LZdb_ iZpb_glu g_ ihiZ^Zxl \ [hevgbpm gh k gbfb qZklh klZedb\Z_rvky \ ijhp_kk_ qZklghc ijZdlbdb < h^gbo kemqZyo nbdkZpby gZ fZl_jb ij_iylkl\m_l \klmie_gbx \ [jZd \ ^jm]bo ijb\h^bl d ki_pbnbq_kdbf kmijm`_kdbf hlghr_gbyf D i_j\hc dZl_]hjbb ijbgZ^e_`Zl wdkp_gljbqgu_ klZju_ ohehklydb Ih\_^_gb_ lZdbo fm`qbg oZjZdl_jbam_lky g_^hklZldhf bgl_j_kZ d kh\j_f_gguf `_gsbgZf beb g_kijZ\_^eb\hc djblbdhc \ bo Z^j_k G_dhlhju_ ba klZjuo ohehklydh\ bgl_j_kmxlky \ `bagb lhevdh©\ukrbfb fZl_jbyfbªgZijbf_j wkl_lbdhc b bkdmkkl\hf Hgb h[uqgh ijh`b\Zxl kh klZjhc fZl_jvx \iehlv ^h __ kf_jlb M h^gbo `bagv ijhl_dZ_l \_kvfZ [eZ]hihemqgh ^jm]b_ ihke_ kf_jlb fZl_jb \iZ^Zxl \ g_\jha beb ikboha

H^gZ`^u y kijhkbe iylb^_kylbiylbe_lg_]h ohehklydZ ihq_fm hg gbdh]^Z g_ [ue `_gZl ©Y [u `_gbeky _keb [u kfh] gZclb `_gsbgm gZih^h[b_ fh_c fZl_jb <k_ kh\j_f_ggu_ `_gsbgu \_jlbo\hkldbª ²hl\_lbe hg Wlh]h q_eh\_dZ bgl_j_kh\Ze lhevdh iZjmkguc kihjl b h[uqgh hg ieZ\Ze \h Nehjb^m gZ ;_jfm^u beb ^jm]b_ dmjhjlu

?]h fmqbeb ihklhyggu_ [heb \ `b\hl_ b ijhklm^u Z kljZo fbdjh[h\ nZdlbq_kdb \ugm^be

g_jZaj_r_gghf w^bih\hf dhfie_dk_ Fbkl_j E [_kkhagZl_evgh aZnbdkbjh\Zgguc gZ fZl_jb

b^_glbnbpbjh\Ze k fZl_jvx `_gm < ijhp_kk_ ikbohk_dkmZevgh]h jZa\blby hg ^hklb]

]_gblZevghklb gh bkiulu\Ze aZljm^g_gby \ gZoh`^_gbb ]_l_jhk_dkmZevgh]h h[t_dlZ ^ey m^h\e_l\hj_gby iheh\hc ihlj_[ghklb Ih m[_`^_gbx fbkkbk E fm` gbdh]^Z g_ ex[be __ \ h[s_ijbgylhf kfuke_ Z ijhklh ^_ckl\h\Ze \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh k\h_c kdehgghklvx d ^_fhgkljZlb\ghklb Hg bkihevah\Ze ijb\e_dZl_evghklv `_gu qlh[u \uklZ\eylv __ \ ^hjh]bo j_klhjZgZo ghqguo dem[Zo \ p_eyo m^h\e_l\hj_gby kh[kl\_ggh]h gZjpbkkbafZ G_ \ ihke_^gxx hq_j_^v fm` \k_]^Z gZklZb\Ze gZ ijhy\e_gbb ^jm`_kdbo qm\kl\ d k\h_fm hq_j_^ghfm ^jm]m Fbkkbk E ^he]h_ \j_fy g_ ihgbfZeZ lZdh]h ih\_^_gby jZkp_gb\Zy _]h dZd ©ijbqm^u oZjZdl_jZª H[uqgh \ ^jmavy \u[bjZebkv `_gZlu_ fm`qbgu b fbkl_j E bkiulu\Ze kbevgmx ijb\yaZgghklv d gh\hfm ijbyl_ex hklZ\Zykv \_kvfZ jZ\gh^mrguf d _]h `_g_

JZkkm`^Zy gZ yaud_ ikbohZgZebaZ E ihklhyggh klj_fbeky k ihfhsvx `_gu j_dhgkljmbjh\Zlv jZggxx k_f_cgmx kblmZpbx hl_p fZlv hg kZf >jm]bfb keh\Zfb E gZ\yaqb\h iulZeky kh_^bgblvky k ijbyl_e_f ihkj_^kl\hf `_gu Hg [_kkhagZl_evgh klZjZeky \hkklZgh\blv jZggbc k_f_cguc jhfZg Z bf_ggh ih^_eblvky `_ghc k ^jm]hf dZd ij_`^_ jZa^_eye fZlv kh k\hbf hlphf DjZcgxx nhjfm lZdbo kblmZpbc k_dkheh]b gZau\Zxl ©ljbhebafª

FZ]gmk =bjrn_ev^ gZau\Z_l ljbhebaf bkdZ`_gguf ]hfhk_dkmZebafhf Dhg_qgh ljbhebaf² kfy]q_ggZy nhjfZ ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ ij_^klZ\eyxsZy ihiuldm ih^_eblv fZlv k hlphf beb aZf_gbl_e_f hlpZ gZ hkgh\_ [bk_dkmZevghklb b [he__ ihegh]h w^bih\Z dhfie_dkZ G_evay aZ[u\Zlv qlh ijbkihkh[e_gb_ d w^bih\hc kblmZpbb b^_glbnbdZpby k hlphf beb fZl_jvx aZ\bkyl hl hlghkbl_evghc kbeu ^\mo k_dkmZevguo ij_^jZkiheh`_gghkl_c ;bk_dkmZevghklv bg^b\b^Z ² wlh dhgklblmpbhgZevguc nZdlhj dhlhjuc mqZkl\m_l \ km^v[_ w^bih\Z dhfie_dkZ ;he__ lh]h \ kemqZ_ E g_h[oh^bfh ij_^iheZ]Zlv kms_kl\h\Zgb_ [he__ ihegh]h \ZjbZglZ w^bih\Z dhfie_dkZ ih l_jfbgheh]bb Nj_c^Z FZevqbd lh]^Z g_ lhevdh ijhy\ey_l Zf[b\Ze_glgh_ hlghr_gb_ d hlpm b qm\kl\h ijb\yaZgghklb d fZl_jb gh h^gh\j_f_ggh \_^_l k_[y ih^h[gh ^_\hqd_ l _ bkiulu\Z_l `_gkl\_ggh_ qm\kl\h d hlpm b j_\gb\mx g_ijbyagv d fZl_jb Hg g_ fh`_l ihgylv ihq_fm hl_p ij_^ihqblZ_l kiZlv k fZl_jvx Z g_ k gbf

NhjfZ iZjZghcb dhlhjmx g_fpu gZa\Zeb ©Zedh]hevguc [j_^ j_\ghklbª \k_]^Z gZk haZ^Zqb\Z_l H ikboha_ khimlkl\mxs_f Zedh]hebafm fh`gh ijhqblZlv \ ex[hf mq_[gbd_ Y ohjhrh ihfgx lZdh]h iZpb_glZ ba P_gljZevghc Zckebikdhc [hevgbpu m\_jy\r_]h qlh hg lhevdh baj_^dZ \uib\Z_l djm`dm ib\Z Y g_ \_jbe \ wlh ihdZ _]h `_gZ g_ ih^l\_j^beZ ijZ\^b\hklv aZ\_j_gbc F_gy mqbeb qlh [j_^ j_\ghklb g_baf_ggh hkgh\u\Z_lky gZ Zedh]hebaf_ ihwlhfm \hagbdeh g_^hmf_gb_ H^gZdh y keurZe ZgZeh]bqgu_ aZ\_j_gby b hl ^jm]bo lZdbo iZpb_glh\ b gZqZe khfg_\Zlvky \ jheb nZdlhjZ Zedh]hebaZpbb \ jZa\blbb ^Zgghc nhjfu iZjZghcb AZjh`^Zehkv m[_`^_gb_ qlh qZklhlZ Zedh]hebafZ ijb wlhf aZ[he_\Zgbb ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kdhj__ ke_^kl\b_ q_f ijbqbgm Y h[tykgyx j_\ghklv hlghkbl_evghc beb Z[khexlghc bfihl_gpb_c klhev qZklh \klj_qZxs_cky \ debgbq_kdhc dZjlbg_ aZ[he_\Zgby Y kijZrb\Ze g_dhlhjuo iZpb_glh\ hldm^Z hgb agZxl h[ baf_g_ `_gu b qZklh ihemqZe ijbagZgby h[ hlkmlkl\bb ijyfuo ^hdZaZl_evkl\ j_qv reZ ijhklh h g_^hklZlhqghc k_dkmZevghc Zdlb\ghklb

`_gu H^bg ba iZpb_glh\ \ujZabeky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf ©?keb [u m g__ g_ [ueh ^jm]h]h fm`qbgu hgZ gm`^ZeZkv [u \ k_dk_ b aZ[hlbeZkv qlh[u k_dkmZevgh f_gy \ha[m^blvª>jm]bfb keh\Zfb hg ihjbpZe `_gm aZ k\hx bfihl_gpbx Dh]^Z y klZe nj_c^bklhf b gZmqbeky gZ \k_ kfhlj_lv ikboh]_g_lbq_kdb ijh[e_fZ Zedh]hebafZ ij_^klZeZ \ kh\_jr_ggh ^jm]hf k\_l_

J_\ghklv ² ghjfZevgh_ wfhpbhgZevgh_ khklhygb_ gZ[ex^Z_fh_ m \k_o `b\hlguo \ l_q_gb_ [jZqgh]h i_jbh^Z Y gbdh]^Z g_ \klj_qZe \ex[e_ggh]h g_ j_\gh\Z\r_]h ih imklydZf GZ kZfhf ^_e_ fg_ dZ`_lky qlh j_\ghklv nbeh]_g_lbq_kdbc n_ghf_g b mgZke_^m_lky GZrb agZgby h `b\hlguo b ijbfblb\guo ex^yo k\b^_l_evkl\mxl h [_kdhfijhfbkkghklb k_dkmZevghc dhgdmj_gpbb dhlhjZy klhev `_ [_a`ZehklgZ dZd b [hjv[Z aZ ibsm Dhgdmj_gpby [he__ ljm^gZ

q_f ij_^klZ\ey_lky ijb ih\_joghklghf \a]ey^_ Fm`qbgZf \k_ _s_ ijboh^blky aZ\h_\u\Zlv b m^_j`b\Zlv k\hbo ih^jm] Ohly kh\j_f_ggh_ h[s_kl\h qbgbl ij_iylkl\by ©bgl_j\_glZfª k_f_cgu_ jZa^hju \j_fy hl \j_f_gb ijb\h^yl d jZa\h^Zf DZ`^uc fm`qbgZ ^hjh`bl k\hbf bf_g_f b ihwlhfm ijhy\ey_l ^jZqeb\hklv gZau\Z_fmx gZfb j_\ghklvx b qZklh ijb[_]Z_l d g_c [_a j_Zevghc ijbqbgu < djZcgbo kemqZyo khi_jgbdb ijb^mfu\Zxlky b nZglZabb g_j_^dh ij_\jZsZxlky \ k\_jop_ggu_ b^_b

Y gZ[ex^Ze lZdh]h iZpb_glZ dhlhjuc `_gbeky gZ [u\r_c ©lheklmo_ª ba ohjhrh ba\_klgh]h pbjdZ IZpb_gl gZklZb\Ze qlh `_gZ ih^kuiZeZ _fm \ ibsm kghl\hjgh_ b ihdZ hg kiZe \ue_aZeZ \ hdgh ^ey \klj_qb k ex[h\gbdZfb Y h[jZlbe \gbfZgb_ iZpb_glZ gZ g_\hafh`ghklv ijb \_k_ \ q_luj_klZ iylv^_kyl nmglh\ \u[jZlvky ba hdgZ aZ]hjh^gh]h dhll_^`Z Ohly hg ijbagZ\Ze wlhl nZdl gh \k_ `_ ijb^_j`b\Zeky fg_gby qlh \ueZadb ijhbkoh^beb ^x`bgu jZa b ^h[Z\eye ©IZj_gv ^he`gh [ulv ^hklZlhqgh kbe_g qlh[u k^\bgmlv kl_gmª Dhg_qgh iZpb_gl [ue [_amf_g gh y keurZe ih^h[gu_ Zj]mf_glu hl \iheg_ jZamfguo fm`qbg dhlhju_ h[tykgyeb fgbfu_ obljhkie_l_gby gZ [he__ jZpbhgZevghc hkgh\_

Jhev Zedh]hey \ [j_^_ j_\ghklb klZgh\blky kh\_jr_ggh hq_\b^gZ _keb mq_klv qlh Zedh]hev kgb`Z_l lhjfh`_gb_ b lZdbf h[jZahf mf_gvrZ_l kbem km[ebfZpbb Ih^ \ebygb_f Zedh]hey lZd kdZaZlv q_eh\_d aZ[u\Z_l k\hb [_^u b fh`_l j_Zebah\u\Zlv kZfu_ ^bdb_ nZglZabb Bamq_gb_ lZdbo kemqZ_\ iha\hebeh \uy\blv g_baf_ggh_ `_eZgb_ mkljZgblvky hl ]_l_jhk_dkmZevghklb <k_ h[ke_^h\Zggu_ fghx ojhgbq_kdb_ Zedh]hebdb eb[h gbdh]^Z g_ ^hklb]Zeb ]_gblZevghklb b klZ^bb gZoh`^_gby h[t_dlZ eb[h h[gZjm`b\Zeb aZf_lgmx keZ[hklv \ jZa\blbb dhlhjZy jZgh beb iha^gh ijb\h^beZ d j_]j_kkbb gZ hjZevgmx klZ^bx G_dhlhju_ ba gbo jZkkdZau\Zeb h g_m^ZqZo k `_gsbgZfb g_kqZklghf [jZd_ beb ex[\b aZ qlh hgb g_baf_ggh ihjbpZeb `_gsbg < hijZ\^Zgb_ ivygkl\Z hgb ]h\hjbeb h[ h^bghq_kl\_ b ihk_s_gbb [Zjh\ dem[h\ \ p_eyo ihbkdZ dhfiZgbb Gh ]hfhk_dkmZevguc we_f_gl dZd ba\_klgh yjdh \uklmiZ_l gZ ih^h[guo k[hjbsZo g_aZ\bkbfh hl mqZklby \ bbo ij_^klZ\bl_e_c \ukr_]h beb gbar_]h kehy h[s_kl\Z

Fg_ ohl_ehkv [u ij_^klZ\blv \Zf ZgZeba kemqZy iZjZghcyevgh]h [j_^Z j_\ghklb gh d kh`Ze_gbx a^_kv wlh]h k^_eZlv g_evay DeZkkbq_kdbc kemqZc lZdhc iZjZghcb hibkZg Nj_c^hf b iha^g__ \ k`Zlhc nhjf_ ijb\h^blky fghc IZpb_gl h[jZlbeky dh fg_ k ijhkv[hc h e_q_gbb h^gZdh hkh[_gghklv [j_^h\uo b^_c g_ ^himkdZeZ ij_[u\Zgby \ ^hfZrgbo mkeh\byo b y hlijZ\be iZpb_glZ d Nj_c^m Hg ijh[ue \ <_g_ hdheh ^\mo k iheh\bghc e_l b \_jgmeky ^hfhc kh agZqbl_evguf memqr_gb_f gh \k_ `_ kh kdehgghklvx d gZ\yaqb\hfm ^hijZrb\Zgbx `_gu Nj_c^ ihkh\_lh\Ze ijh^he`blv ikbohZgZeba Ihke_ r_klb f_kyp_\ jZ[hlu y fh] dhgklZlbjh\Zlv bae_q_gb_ b k l_o ihj

iZpb_gl qm\kl\m_l k_[y ohjhrh < im[ebdZpbb ih ^Zgghfm kemqZx Nj_c^ ]em[hdh hkfukeb\Z_l n_ghf_g j_\ghklb Hg ]h\hjbl h lj_o nhjfZo j_\ghklb

GhjfZevgZy j_\ghklv²wlh wfhpbhgZevgh_ khklhygb_ ijhy\eyxs__ky ]eZ\guf h[jZahf \ qm\kl\_ i_qZeb Bg^b\b^ gZoh^blky \ mgugbb b bkiulu\Z_l lj_\h`ghklv hiZkZykv mljZlu ex[h\gh]h h[t_dlZ Hg \_^_l k_[y ih^h[gh l_f dlh kljZ^Z_l hl ljZ\fbjh\Zggh]h gZjpbkkbafZ _]h ls_keZ\b_ djZcg_ mya\e_gh Ij_g_[j_`_gb_ d k_[_ aZ mljZlm `_gsbgu khq_lZ_lky k g_gZ\bklvx d khi_jgbdm >Z`_ wlZ nhjfZ j_\ghklb g_ \k_]^Z iheghklvx dhgljhebjm_lky w]h kl_i_gv j_\ghklb dZd ijZ\beh g_ khhl\_lkl\m_l bklbgghfm iheh`_gbx ^_e

Ijh_dlb\gZy j_\ghklv² h[gZjm`b\Z_lky m fm`qbg b `_gsbg WlZ nhjfZ j_\ghklb khhl\_lkl\m_l i_j_f_s_gbx kh[kl\_gghc ^_ckl\bl_evghc g_\_jghklb beb l_g^_gpbb d baf_g_ gZ kmijm]m Z Dhg\_gpbhgZevgh_ h[s_kl\h hkh[_ggh \ Zg]ehkZdkhgkdbo kljZgZo iha\hey_l dhd_lkl\h `_gZluf ex^yf \ qZklghklb gZ kh\f_klguo lhj`_kl\Zo @_gZluc fm`qbgZ ij_^Z_lky e_]dhfm ih^^jZagb\Zgbx iZjlg_jrb kb^ys_c jy^hf aZ ijZa^gbqguf klhehf Hg ^Z`_ fh`_l ihkj_^kl\hf rmlhd dhk\_ggh ]h\hjblv h k_dk_ \u^Z\Zy kdjulu_ \ ^jm]bo h[klhyl_evkl\Zo fukeb J_\gb\uc iZjZghbd g_ kihkh[_g kfbjblvky k lZdbf ih\_^_gb_f b g_

\_jbl qlh hgh g_ i_j_oh^bl hij_^_e_ggh]h ij_^_eZ Hg \ul_kgy_l kh[kl\_ggmx g_\_jghklv b ljZdlm_l ex[u_ gZf_db gZ ^jm`_kdb_ qm\kl\Z `_gu d ^jm]bf fm`qbgZf dZd k_dkmZevgu_ ^_ckl\by

;j_^h\Zy j_\ghklv ² ih^h[gh ijh_dlb\ghc j_\ghklb khhl\_lkl\m_l \ul_kg_gguf ih[m`^_gbyf d g_\_jghklb gh h[t_dlZfb nZglZabc y\eyxlky ebpZ h^bgZdh\h]h iheZ Nj_c^ ml\_j`^Zxl qlh [j_^h\Zy j_\ghklv \hagbdZ_l \ke_^kl\b_ g_m^h\e_l\hj_ggh]h ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ b ijbgZ^e_`bl d deZkkbq_kdbf nhjfZf iZjZghcb < [j_^_ ijhy\ey_lky ihiuldZ aZsblblv k_[y hl kbevghc ]hfhk_dkmZevghc kdehgghklb Kh^_j`Zgb_ [j_^Z mdeZ^u\Z_lky \ nhjfmem ©Y g_ ex[ex _]h hgZ ex[bl _]hªDZ`^uc bamq_gguc fghx kemqZc ^hdZau\Ze gZijZ\e_gghklv [j_^Z gZ fm`qbg dhlhju_ \uau\Zeb m iZpb_glZ \hkobs_gb_ b ex[h\v LZd h^bg ba fhbo iZpb_glh\ ij_^Z\Zeky nZglZabyf h[ baf_gZo `_gu k djmigufb nbgZgkbklZfb \h_gZqZevgbdZfb kihjlkf_gZfb >jm]hc iZpb_gl gZqbgZe j_\gh\Zlv ZgZeh]bqguf h[jZahf gh aZl_f jZkijhkljZgbe j_\ghklv b ih^hajbl_evghklv gZ \k_o fm`qbg \klj_qZ\rboky k _]h `_ghc Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy fh`gh k^_eZlv \u\h^ qlh j_\ghklv ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc \g_rg__ \ujZ`_gb_ [hjv[u \ ijhp_kk_ gZoh`^_gby h[t_dlZ GhjfZevgZy j_\ghklv ihwlhfm eh]bq_kdb ^_l_jfbgbjh\ZgZ b djZldh\j_f_ggZ Dh]^Z fm`qbgZ ih bkl_q_gbb g_dhlhjh]h \j_f_gb ^hklb]Z_l m^h\e_l\hj_gby _]h j_\ghklv m[u\Z_l

Ijb iZlheh]bq_kdhc j_\ghklb g_baf_ggh h[gZjm`b\Z_lky nbdkZpby ij_iylkl\mxsZy iheghp_gghfm gZoh`^_gbx ex[h\gh]h h[t_dlZ J_\ghklv ke_^h\Zl_evgh y\ey_lky \g_rg_c ijh_dpb_c \ul_kg_ggh]h ]hfhk_dkmZebafZ dhlhjuc bgbpbbjm_lky eb[h jZgg_c ]hfhk_dkmZevghc ljZ\ghc eb[h nZdlhjZfb gZke_^kl\_gghklb b hdjm`Zxs_c kj_^u IZjZghbdb dZd ]h\hjbehkv \ur_ ^_k_dkmZebabjmxlky hl\e_dZy eb[b^h h[jZlgh d w]h Rbahnj_gbdb \ kbem ]_ghlbiZ g_ kihkh[gu d iheghp_gghfm jZa\blbx b bo dhgnebdl ij_^klZ\ey_l dhg]ehf_jZl `_eZgby b hl\_j`_gby ]hfhk_dkmZevguo beb ]_l_jhk_dkmZevguo h[t_dlh\ DZd ^hdZau\Z_l kbfilhfZlbdZ ikbohlbq_kdbc [j_^ j_\ghklb fh`_l hlghkblvky d h[t_dlZf h^bgZdh\h]h beb ijhlb\hiheh`gh]h iheZ DhgklblmpbhgZevguc nZdlhj bgh]^Z kihkh[kl\m_l ghjfZevghfm ]_l_jhk_dkmZevghfm ijbkihkh[e_gbx ©[hjv[Z ijhlb\hj_qb\uo l_g^_gpbc g_ ijhy\ey_lky ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy Y gZ[ex^Ze fm`qbgm k_fb^_kylb r_klb e_l iZlheh]bq_kdb j_\gh\Z\r_]h k_fb^_kylb^_\ylbe_lgxx `_gm < l_q_gb_ ij_^u^msbo ^_kylb e_l hg ihkl_i_ggh klZgh\beky bfihl_glhf b gZdhg_p j_]j_kkbjh\Ze d \ul_kg_gghfm \

jZgg_f \hajZkl_ ]hfhk_dkmZevghfm hiulm Ihkj_^kl\hf f_oZgbafZ ijh_dpbb hg klZe h[\bgylv `_gm \ k_dkmZevguo hlghr_gbyo k fheh^ufb ex^vfb GZ <hklhd_ ]^_ gZ ]hfhk_dkmZebaf g_ gZeZ]Z_lky lZ[m dZd \ aZiZ^ghc pb\bebaZpbb ih`beu_ fm`qbgu qZklh ijZdlbdmxl wlm nhjfm k_dkmZevgh]h h[s_gby dh]^Z ih g_dhlhjuf ijbqbgZf ]_l_jhk_dkmZevgZy j_ZebaZpby klZgh\blky g_\hafh`ghc

Kms_kl\mxl ^jm]b_ \ZjbZglu nbdkZpbb gZ fZl_jb dhlhju_ kiehrv b jy^hf ihiZ^Zxl \ ihe_ aj_gby LZd y gZ[ex^Ze iZpb_glh\ agZqbl_evgh_ \j_fy [eZ]hihemqgh `b\rbo \ [jZd_ gh g_h`b^Zggh ihqm\kl\h\Z\rbo ihlj_[ghklv \ ^jm]bo `_gsbgZo b mfm^jb\rboky ijb\e_qv k\hbo `_g ihfh]Zlv bf \ ih]hg_ aZ gh\ufb ex[h\gufb h[t_dlZfb Wlb iZpb_glu hlebqZebkv \_kvfZ \ukhdhc dmevlmjhc hgb dhgkmevlbjh\Zebkv kh fghc ihlhfm qlh g_ ihgbfZeb k\h_]h kljZggh]h ih\_^_gby beb ]em[hdh aZimlZebkv \ jZagh]h jh^Z ljm^ghklyo <h \k_o kemqZyo `_gZ eb[h k kZfh]h gZqZeZ \_eZ k_[y dZd j_ZevgZy aZf_klbl_evgbpZ fZl_jb eb[h ihkl_i_ggh ijbgbfZeZ lZdmx jhev H^bg ba kemqZ_\ dhlhjuc fh`_l \uklmiZlv \ dZq_kl\_ iZjZ^b]fu ih^h[gh]h ih\_^_gby k\h^beky d ke_^mxs_fm Fm` \_e k_[y dZd \a[Zefhrguc j_[_ghd Hg bgnhjfbjh\Ze `_gm h ©[_amfghc \ex[e_gghklbª\ fbkk beb fbkkbk Ihke_ fgh`_kl\Z kihjh\ `_gZ klZjZeZkv k\_klb fm`Z k ijb]ey^_\r_cky _fm `_gsbghc ijb]eZrZy __ gZ qZ_iblby b h[_^u >hklb]gm\ p_eb fm` bkiulu\Ze m]jua_gby kh\_klb b klj_fbeky ba[Z\blvky hl `_gsbgu Hg agZdhfbe __ kh k\hbf emqrbf ^jm]hf b kihkh[kl\h\Ze \hagbdgh\_gbx f_`^m gbfb bglbfguo hlghr_gbc >jm] [ue iheghklvx \ dmjk_ ^_e b kh^_ckl\h\Ze hkms_kl\e_gbx

aZfukeZ Ko_fZ g_ \k_]^Z jZ[hlZeZ [_amdhjbag_ggh `_gsbgZ g_ \k_]^Z kh]eZrZeZkv k ij_^eh`_gb_f < i_jbh^ g_\a]h^ \hagbdrbo ba aZ h^ghc ba `_gsbg dhlhjZy ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh hl g__ ohlyl ba[Z\blvky ihlj_[h\ZeZkv fhy dhgkmevlZpby @_gZ \_eZ k_[y dZd g_kqZklgZy fZlv kbevgh h[_kihdh_ggZy l_f qlh[u aZ[em^rbc kug ba[_`Ze g_ijbylghkl_c Gb hgZ gb __ kmijm] g_ hkhagZ\Zeb iZlheh]bq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ lhc jheb dhlhjZy \uiZeZ gZ ^hex `_gu \ ^Zgghc kblmZpbb Ih^\h^y blh] fg_ ohl_ehkv [u ih^q_jdgmlv qlh b^_Ze ghjfZevghklb ij_^eZ]Z_fuc Nj_c^hf Z bf_ggh ² ^hklb`_gb_ ]_gblZevghklb b gZoh`^_gb_ gZ^e_`Zs_]h ex[h\gh]h h[t_dlZ qZklh klZedb\Z_lky kh fgh`_kl\hf ij_iylkl\bc A^_kv y mihfygme h keh`ghklyo g_j_^dh ih^`b^Zxsbo ikbobZljZ aZgbfZxs_]hky qZklghc ijZdlbdhc Gh ikbobZlj dhlhjuc h]jZgbqb\Z_lky lhevdh hibkZgb_f b deZkkbnbdZpb_c b g_ m]em[ey_lky \ nj_c^bklkdmx ikboheh]bx g_ ihcf_l ijh[e_f khklZ\eyxsbo hkgh\m lZdbo kemqZ_\ Ijb\_^_ggu_ fghx kemqZb ij_^\Zjbl_evgh [_aj_amevlZlgh dmjbjh\Zeb g_kdhevdh ikbobZljh\ b g_\jhiZlheh]h\ ijb^_j`b\Zxsboky ljZ^bpbhgghc f_lh^heh]bb JZgh beb iha^gh iZpb_glu gZqbgZeb qm\kl\h\Zlv qlh wlb ^hdlhjZ bo g_ ihgbfZxl b h[jZsZebkv d dhfm gb[m^v _s_ Y g_ bf_x \ \b^m agZgb_ iZpb_glZfb ]em[bgguo f_oZgbafh\ k\hbo aZ[he_\Zgbc ² f_oZgbafu iZlheh]bb dhg_qgh g_ [ueb bf ba\_klgu Gh hgb dZdbf lh h[jZahf qZklh qm\kl\h\Zeb kihkh[ghklv \jZqZ ijhgbdgmlv \ bo [_kkhagZl_evgh_ Ih`ZemcklZ g_ ijb^Z\Zcl_ fhbf keh\Zf fbklbq_kdh]h kfukeZ Y g_ khfg_\Zxkv \ kms_kl\h\Zgbb b ihklhygghf ^_ckl\bb lZdh]h n_ghf_gZ hkh[_ggh m k_gkblb\guo g_\jhlbdh\ b \ ijhp_kk_ ikbohZgZebaZ f_`^m ^hdlhjZfb b iZpb_glZfb

E?DPBY ;

NbdkZpby gZ fZl_jb ijh^he`_gb_ Kmijm]b k ZgZevgh kZ^bklbq_kdbfb oZjZdl_jZfbdebgbq_kdbc kemqZc² G_\jhlbq_kdZy lj_\h]Z b ZgZevgZy ahgZ KemqZc dhijhnbebq_kdhc fbdkhkdhibb² W\hexpby dehZdb \ nbeh]_g_a_ Ihimeyjgu_ ijb]eZr_gby ZgZevgh]h ]_g_aZ Ijhbkoh`^_gb_ i_gbkZ b \eZ]ZebsZ ba dehZdb² Bgklbgdlu `bagb b kf_jlb H[fhjhdb Ke_^u nbeh]_g_aZ \ gZjh^guo \ujZ`_gbyo Ijhy\e_gby wjhlbq_kdh]h b kZ^bklkdh]h bgklbgdlh\ \ h[u^_gghc `bagb ijb g_\jhaZo b ikbohaZo² J_Zdpby gZ f_ghiZmamdebgbq_kdbc kemqZc Hlghr_gb_ f_`^m bgklbgdlZfb `bagb b kf_jlb m gbarbo `b\hlguo b q_eh\_dZ² G_\jhau b ikbohau \ Zki_dl_ bgklbgdlh\ `bagb b kf_jlb²

IkbohZgZeblbq_kdZy ikbobZljby \ kjZ\g_gbb k hibkZl_evghc ikbobZljb_c >bohlhfbb k_dkmZevghklb ;bk_dkmZevghklv \ ]j_q_kdbo _\j_ckdbo b ^jm]bo fbnZo Ke_^u nbeh]_g_aZ \ fbnZo b ijb ikbohaZo² J_]j_kkby d nhjfZf kZfh\ujZ`_gby bf_\rbf f_klh \ nbeh]_g_a_ l_eh^\b`_gby \ g_dhlhjuo lZgpZo hkljhmfb_ ^_dZf_jhgh\kdh]h lbiZ

Ihke_^gyy e_dpby \k_]^Z kZfZy ljm^gZy HklZehkv lZd fgh]h g_jZkdjuluo l_f qlh \hagbdZ_l jZkl_jygghklv aZ dZdmx ba gbo \aylvky Dhg_qgh y ]h\hjbe \ i_j\hc e_dpbb qlh g_ kh[bjZxkv ^_eZlv ba \Zk ikbohZgZeblbdh\ b aZ^ZqZ fh_]h dmjkZ e_dpbc mdZaZlv gZ g_dhlhju_ kdjulu_ fhlb\u ihjh`^Zxsb_ dhgnebdlu m \Zrbo iZpb_glh\ Qlh[u k^_eZlv wlh y \hkihevah\Zeky f_lh^Zfb jZajZ[hlZggufb Nj_c^hf b _]h mq_gbdZfb

<u gZ\_jgydZ aZf_lbeb qlh y g_ \k_]^Z l\_j^h ijb^_j`b\Zeky l_fu h[km`^_gby Z ^_eZe wdkdmjku hl ih\_^_gby ghjfZevguo ex^_c \ mkeh\byo kh\j_f_gghc pb\bebaZpbb d ih\_^_gbx ijbfblb\guo gZjh^ghkl_c hl ih\_^_gby ^_l_c ² d hkh[_gghklyf ih\_^_gby g_\jhlbdh\ dZaZehkv [u g_ aZ[hlykv h[ mihjy^hq_gghklb baeh`_gby fZl_jbZeZ H^bg ba fhbo [u\rbo klm^_glh\ ihiulZeky h[tykgblv fhx hjlh^hdkZevgmx g_ijyfhebg_cghklv klj_fe_gb_f baeh`blv kebrdhf fgh]h fZl_jbZeZ aZ fZeuc hlj_ahd \j_f_gb Wlh kijZ\_^eb\h gh ^h[Z\ex qlh _^\Z eb \hafh`gh ihklbqv ikbobq_kdb_ jZkkljhckl\Z g_ \lhj]Zykv \j_fy hl \j_f_gb gZ g_agZdhfmx l_jjblhjbx bgh]^Z ^Z`_ \ ijh[e_fm nbeh]_g_aZ GZ kZfhf ^_e_ nj_c^baf b knhjfbjh\Zeky lZdbf h[jZahf JZajZ[hldZ ikbohiZlheh]bb bkl_jbb ijb\_eZ Nj_c^Z \ h[eZklv

bamq_gby kgh\b^_gbc ^_lkl\Z `bagb ie_f_g©Lhl_f b lZ[mªb gZdhg_p \ ij_^uklhjbq_kdb_

\j_f_gZ©Fhbk_c b fhghl_bafª

< ijhp_kk_ gZr_]h h[km`^_gby y qZklh ij_ju\Ze bgl_j_kgmx fukev ba [hyagb kebrdhf hl^Zeblvky hl l_fu Bgh]^Z h^gZdh f_lh^bq_kdb_ ijZ\beZ gZjmrZebkv _keb g_h`b^Zggh \hagbdZeZ b^_y h g_h[oh^bfhklb baeh`_gby q_]h lh \Z`gh]h QblZy dmjk fgh]h e_l y ihgye qlh [_kkhagZl_evgh ih\lhjyx imlv ijhc^_gguc fghx gZ ihijbs_ ikbobZljbb k ] b ^h gZklhys_]h \j_f_gb ?^\Z eb bf__lky \hafh`ghklv ijh^_eZlv \kx ^ZklZgpbx aZ ij_^hklZ\e_ggu_ fg_ ^_kylv qZkh\ Y g_ ijhrm ba\bg_gby ² qlh _klv lh _klv Y ijhklh \ujZ`Zx kh`Ze_gb_ h y\ghc g_[j_`ghklb L_f g_ f_g__ \ ihke_^gbc qZk ihklZjZxkv k\_klb dhgpu k dhgpZfb Y ihk\ylbe ij_^u^msmx e_dpbx ZghfZevguf kblmZpbyf \hagbdZxsbf \ j_amevlZl_ nbdkZpbb gZ fZl_jb b iulZeky ihdZaZlv qlh lZdb_ nbdkZpbb hlghkylky d ij_]_gblZevguf nZaZf jZa\blby ?keb njZ]f_glu bgnZglbevghc k_dkmZevghklb ijb\ghkylky \h \ajhkemx `bagv nhjfbjm_lky g_\jha < ^hiheg_gb_ d m`_ ijb\_^_gguf kemqZyf jZkkfhljbf _s_ h^bg K ijhkv[hc h dhgkmevlZpbb dh fg_ h^gh\j_f_ggh h[jZlbebkv fm` b `_gZ Fm` h[tykgbe ijbqbgm \bablZ ^bk]Zjfhgb_c k_f_cguo hlghr_gbc ihqlb ihklhyggufb kkhjZfb k `_ghc Gh g_ mki_e hg aZdhgqblv \lhjh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ dZd ijhbahreZ `b\Zy ^_fhgkljZpby ijh[e_fu @_g_ g_ ihgjZ\behkv qlh lh ba kdZaZggh]h b hgZ aZdjbqZeZ©Wlh g_ lZdª^Ze__ \ l_q_gb_ iylb fbgml ke_^h\ZeZ i_j_[jZgdZ ihdZ y g_ ij_j\Ze kmijm]h\

Mkihdhb\ bo y magZe qlh kluqdb gZau\Zy fy]dh wlb wibah^u ijh^he`Zebkv \kx kh\f_klgmx `bagv b gZqZebkv kh keh\ `_gu _s_ ^h hnhjfe_gby [jZdZ Hgb khklhyeb \ [jZd_ m`_ ]h^Z b bf_eb _^bgkl\_ggh]h

j_[_gdZ e_l Fm`m [ueh ]h^Z `_g_ ² e_l @_gsbgZ bkdj_gg_ kdZaZeZ qlh g_ `^_l fgh]h]h hl \bablZ©Y ijhoh^beZ ikbohZgZeba b agZx _]h ijb_fu gZ f_gy ih^h[gh_ e_q_gb_ g_ hdZau\Z_l \ha^_ckl\byª Y hlf_lbe hlkmlkl\b_ ij_l_gabc m ikbohZgZebaZ gZ \k_kbeb_ gh ihh[_sZe ij_^ijbgylv \k_ \hafh`gh_ I_j_[jZgdZ kmijm]h\ g_ ij_djZsZeZkv LZd iZpb_gldZ \kihfgbeZ qlh h^gZ`^u fm` kehfZe _c ghk b gh]m < hl\_l ihke_^h\Ze \aju\ g_]h^h\Zgby b djbd ©HgZ e]mgvy Y lhevdh m^Zjbe __ ih ghkm b \k_]h ebrv [jhkbe lZ[mj_ldm dhlhjZy ihpZjZiZeZ gh]mª

Y kgh\Z mkihdhbe rmfgmx iZjm b magZe qlh ^jZdb gZqZebkv \kdhj_ ihke_ agZdhfkl\Z H^gZdh g_kfhljy gZ ihklhyggu_ jZa^hju ih djZcg_c f_j_ \ l_q_gb_ \hkvfb f_kyp_\ ^h [jZdZ hgb \k_ `_ ih`_gbebkv K_dk dZ`_lky b]jZe g_agZqbl_evgmx jhev \ bo kmijm`_kdhc `bagb I_j\u_ ^\Z ]h^Z `_gsbgZ g_ ohl_eZ bf_lv j_[_gdZ aZl_f ihke_ hq_gv ly`_ehc [_j_f_gghklb aZj_deZkv [hevr_ g_ bf_lv ^_l_c < hl\_l gZ \hijhk h ihke_^mxs_c k_dkmZevghc `bagb hgZ kijhkbeZ©DZdb_ fh]ml [ulv hlghr_gby k g_gZ\bklguf fm`qbghc"ª

Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy \ l_q_gb_ e_l kmijm]b lh kkhjbebkv lh g_ jZa]h\Zjb\Zeb ^jm] k ^jm]hf Hgb qZklh jZat_a`Zebkv b `beb ihjhagv hl g_kdhevdbo ^g_c ^h g_kdhevdbo f_kyp_\ gh ih g_dhlhjhc ijbqbg_ hiylv koh^bebkv <jZqb b Z^\hdZlu ijh[h\Zeb hdZaZlv ihfhsv ihkj_^kl\hf e_dZjkl\ b khpbZevguo f_jhijbylbc gh gZdhg_p ihkh\_lh\Zeb jZa\_klbkv Dh]^Z y kijhkbe iZpb_glZ ihq_fm hg wlh]h g_ k^_eZe ihke_^h\Ze hl\_l©Y ^mfZe h jZa\h^_ ^x`bgu jZa b fgh]h jZa hklZ\eye __ gh \k_]^Z \ha\jZsZeky Qlh lh \ g_c fg_ gjZ\blkyªDh]^Z y h[km`^Ze lhl `_ \hijhk k _]h `_ghc hgZ ]h\hjbeZ h g_gZ\bklb d fm`m gh g_ fh]eZ h[tykgblv ihq_fm g_kfhljy gZ nbgZgkh\mx g_aZ\bkbfhklv g_ kihkh[gZ jZkklZlvky k gbf Ihke_ i_j\h]h \bablZ kmijm]h\ y gZqZe ijbgbfZlv bo ihjhagv b lh]^Z ihemqbe ^hklZlhqgh bgnhjfZpbb qlh[u h[tykgblv g_dhlhju_ [_kkhagZl_evgu_ nZdlhju wlh]h kljZggh]h kemqZy IZpb_gldZ ml\_j`^ZeZ qlh hgZ g_ bkiulu\ZeZ m^h\hevkl\by hl k_dkZ b ke_^h\Zl_evgh g_baf_ggh ba[_]ZeZ k_dkmZevguo k\ya_c ba aZ g_ex[\b d fm`m ohly kqblZeZ k_[y kh\_jr_ggh ghjfZevghc `_gsbghc Dhblmk bf_e f_klh hq_gv j_^dh h[uqgh ihke_ ^ebl_evghc i_j_[jZgdb beb gZklhys_c ^jZdb Ihke_^gb_ ^_kylv e_l f_`^m kmijm]Zfb nZdlbq_kdb g_ [ueh k_dkmZevguo hlghr_gbc IZpb_gl ijbagZeky qlh ijb[_]Ze d mkem]Zf ijhklblmlhd

>_kylv ihk_s_gbc dZ`^h]h ba kmijm]h\ ijb\_eb f_gy d \u\h^m h lbibqghc ZgZevgh kZ^bklbq_kdhc kblmZpbb B fm` b `_gZ h[eZ^Zeb \ujZ`_ggufb ZgZevgh kZ^bklbq_kdbfb q_jlZfb oZjZdl_jZ Lhevdh lZdbf h[jZahf h[tykgyebkv klhev ijh^he`bl_evgu_ hlghr_gby f_`^m gbfb b g_\hafh`ghklv h[oh^blvky ^jm] [_a ^jm]Z g_kfhljy gZ \aZbfgmx g_gZ\bklv Khfg_\Zxkv fh`gh eb hljZablv ih\_^_gb_ kmijm]h\ \ ijb_fe_fhc ^ey i_qZlb nhjf_ >_ebdZlghklv m^_j`b\Z_l f_gy hl i_j_^Zqb bo \aZbfguo hkdhj[e_gbc k^_eZgguo \ fh_f ijbkmlkl\bb <ukdZau\Zgby \h \j_fy kkhj hlebqZebkv i_j_gZkus_gghklvx jm]Zl_evkl\Zfb k\yaZggufb k wdkdj_f_glZfb b khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb h[eZklyfb l_eZ

Y _kl_kl\_ggh ihiulZeky jZkdjulv g_dhlhju_ ba ]em[bgguo f_oZgbafh\ wlh]h kljZggh]h ih\_^_gby ;hevrZy qZklv k\_^_gbc ihemq_gguo fghx bkoh^beZ hl iZpb_glZ H^gZ`^u \kihfbgZy h k\h_f ^_lkl\_ hg kbevgh jZa\hegh\Zeky b ih\_^Ze ke_^mxsmx bklhjbx©Y ^he`_g jZkkdZaZlv \Zf h k\h_c fZl_jb HgZ mf_jeZ gh y g_m\_j_g \ __ mfbjhl\hj_gbb HgZ [ueZ gZklhevdh w]hbklbqghc l\Zjvx qlh \Zf ^Z`_ ljm^gh ij_^klZ\blv G_ohjhrh lZd ]h\hjblv h fZl_jb gh wlh ijZ\^Z Hl_p mf_j dh]^Z fg_ bkihegbehkv ^_kylv e_l hgZ \ugm^beZ f_gy [jhkblv rdhem b ihclb jZ[hlZlv ohly y g_ ^hklb] _s_ h^bggZ^pZlbe_lg_]h \hajZklZ FZlv bf_eZ fgh]h ^_g_]

gh hlebqZeZkv bkdexqbl_evghc f_ehqghklvx b `Z^ghklvx HgZ g_ ihdmiZeZ fg_ h^_`^m b hldZau\ZeZ \h \k_f djhf_ ih[h_\ª

IZpb_gl ijh^he`Ze hibku\Zlv k\hx fZlv \ hl\jZlbl_evguo ihgylbyo b aZdhgqbe ©HgZ mf_jeZ b gZ^_xkv `Zjblky \ Z^m g_gZ\b`m __ªDZd y ihgye ZgZevgh kZ^bklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j iZpb_glZ knhjfbjh\Zeky \ke_^kl\b_ dhgklblmpbb b km^v[u Km^y ih ih\_^_gbx _]h fZl_jb m g__ lh`_ [ue ZgZevgh kZ^bklbq_kdbc oZjZdl_j b hdjm`_gb_ iZpb_glZ kihkh[kl\h\Zeh hij_^_e_gghfm jZa\blbx Hg g_gZ\b^_e fZlv gh gZ [_kkhagZl_evghf mjh\g_ jmdh\h^kl\h\Zeky __ gZklZ\e_gbyfb Qlh [u iZpb_gl gb hkms_kl\eye hg \ ihablb\ghf beb g_]Zlb\ghf kfuke_ gZoh^beky ih^ \ha^_ckl\b_f nbdkZpbb gZ fZl_jb LZd \kx `bagv gZ^ gbf ^hfbgbjh\ZeZ b^_y ijbh[j_l_gby ^_g_] klhev g_gZ\bklgZy hkh[_gghklv fZl_jb Hg \u[jZe \ `_gu `_gsbgm dZaZehkv [u [he__ \ukhdh]h dmevlmjgh]h mjh\gy gh hgZ hdZaZeZkv ih oZjZdl_jm lhqghc dhib_c fZl_jb G_^Zjhf ]h\hjyl©Jh^kl\_ggu_ ^mrb lygmlky ^jm] d ^jm]mª

:gZevguc wjhlbaf \uihegye jhev g_dh_]h iZl_glZ \ hlghr_gbyo k ex^vfb IZpb_gl ijbagZ\Ze qlh \hh[s_ _]h g_^hex[eb\Zeb lZd dZd hg bkihevah\Ze \ujZ`_gby aZ dhlhju_ \ihke_^kl\bb ijboh^behkv ba\bgylvky G_aZ\bkbfh hl kl_i_gb kZfhdhgljhey m g_]h \uju\Zebkv \hkdebpZgby gZf_dZxsb_ gZ aZ^gb_ h[eZklb l_eZ Wlb \hkdebpZgby h^gh\j_f_ggh \uau\Zeb hl\jZs_gb_ b hqZjh\Zgb_ <hkobs_gb_ h[tykgyehkv l_f qlh \k_ _]h ih\_^_gb_ b j_qv iheghklvx ih^l\_j`^Zeb l_hj_lbq_kdb_ iheh`_gby Nj_c^Z dhlhju_ ljm^gh [ueh ijbgylv ijb i_j\hf hagZdhfe_gbb <i_j\u_ y ijhqblZe klZlvx Nj_c^Z h[ ZgZevghf wjhlbaf_ b oZjZdl_j_ dh]^Z k Wjg_klhf >`hgkhf m_a`Ze ba <_gu dZ`^hfm ba gZk Nj_c^ \jmqbe dhibx k\h_c klZlvb Y \ha\jZsZeky ^hfhc \ Gvx Chjd Z >`hgk ² \ Ehg^hg KgZqZeZ fu \f_kl_ ^h[bjZebkv gZ ih_a^_ ^h Fxgo_gZ b >`hgk lh]^Z _s_ g_ \eZ^_\rbc g_f_pdbf yaudhf ih ijhkbe f_gy qblZlv b i_j_\h^blv klZlvx Ihke_ ijhql_gby fu i_j_]eygmebkv b y aZf_lbe ©G_ m^b\bl_evgh qlh ex^b lZd kbevgh ijhlb\ylky L_hjbyf Nj_c^Zª

Y kdZaZe wlh ihlhfm qlh \a]ey^u \ujZ`_ggu_ \ klZlv_ [ueb gZf kh\_jr_ggh qm`^u b dZkZebkv g_ijbylghc l_fu gZ dhlhjmx gZeZ]Z_lky lZ[m H^gZdh \kdhj_ ihke_ \ha\jZs_gby \ Gvx Chjd ^hdlhj Nj_^_jbd I_l_jkhg ij_^eh`be fg_ ijhZgZebabjh\Zlv kemqZc iheghklvx ih^l\_j^b\rbc l_hj_lbq_kdb_ iheh`_gby Nj_c^Z kf e_dpbx DZd ]h\hjbehkv \ur_ kemrZy hf_jabl_evgmx i_j_[jZgdm kmijm`_kdhc iZju y g_ fh] m^_j`Zlvky hl fukeb qlh klhev hl\jZlbl_evgZy ^ey hdjm`Zxsbo Zlfhkn_jZ ^hklZ\ey_l kmijm]Zf g_hkhagZ\Z_fh_ m^h\hevkl\b_ Dh]^Z hgb \ha[m`^Zebkv b djbqZeb ^jm] gZ ^jm]Z lh ijb[_]Zeb d jZkijhkljZg_gghc kj_^b gbarbo keh_\ h[s_kl\Z mebqghc [jZgb gZijyfmx ijbau\Z\r_c ijhlb\gbdZ ihp_eh\Zlv hij_^_e_ggu_ h[eZklb l_eZ ^Z`_ hiulguc ikbohZgZeblbd dZd \u \b^bl_ m^_j`b\Z_lky hl

bkihevah\Zgby keh\ lZ[m

M f_gy qZklh \hagbdZeh m^b\e_gb_ dh]^Z q_eh\_d ijbau\Ze ijhba\_klb ih hlghr_gbx d g_fm g_db_ ^_ckl\by dhlhju_ hg kZf kqblZ_l hl\jZlbl_evgufb Km^y ih ihimeyjghklb ih^h[guo lj_[h\Zgbc \ l_q_gb_ klhe_lbc kms_kl\h\Zgby pb\bebaZpbb bo fh`gh mkeurZlv \h \k_o m]hedZo fbjZ gZijZrb\Z_lky ij_^iheh`_gb_ h g_dhlhjuo [_kkhagZl_evguo mklj_fe_gbyo d ij_^eZ]Z_fhfm g_ijbyl_ex ih\_^_gbx Ohly ijb\h^bfh_ \ukdZau\Zgb_ a\mqbl g_ijbylgh gh \hafh`gh aZ lZdh]h jh^Z ijbau\Zfb kdju\Z_lky aZ[ulZy j_ZebaZpby ^Z\gbo \j_f_g

DZd ihdZaZgh \ur_ ba bkke_^h\Zgbc ^jm]bo f_oZgbafh\ \ul_kg_gby ba\_klgh qlh ^_ckl\by \uau\Zxsb_ m kh\j_f_gguo ex^_c hl\jZs_gb_ ijZdlbdh\Zebkv b ^hklZ\eyeb m^h\hevkl\b_ \ hl^Ze_gghf ijhrehf LZd q_eh\_q_kdb_ aZiZob klhev hl\jZlbl_evgu_ l_i_jv dmevlmjguf ex^yf dh]^Z lh b]jZeb ijb\e_dZxsmx jhev b \k_ _s_ g_h[oh^bfu \ h[s_gbb `b\hlguo Ij_`gb_ [h]b

gba\_^_gu ^h ^vy\heh\ G_ [m^_l ihwlhfm bkdmkkl\_gguf ij_^iheh`_gb_ qlh [jhkZ_fuc \jZ]m ij_ajbl_evguc \uah\ g_dh]^Z kh^_j`Ze [he_ag_ggu_ beb ijbylgu_ we_f_glu \ gZklhys__ \j_fy iheghklvx \ul_kg_ggu_ b h`b\ey_fu_ \ ijhp_kk_ \kiur_d ]g_\Z Ij_^klZ\e_gb_ h keZ[hklb b gbqlh`ghklb g_ijbyl_ey ih \b^bfhfm kem`bl hkgh\Zgb_f qlh[u ijbdZaZlv _fm h`b\blv ^ebl_evgh_ \j_fy \ul_kgy_fu_ b hl\jZlbl_evgu_ j_ZebaZpbb =g_\ wdnhjbjm_l ]em[hdh ih]j_[_ggu_ wg]jZffu dhlhju_ bkihevah\Zebkv \ koh^guo kemqZyo ^Ze_dbfb ij_^dZfb

GZ kZfhf ^_e_ g_ ijboh^blky ^he]h bkdZlv kdjulu_ qm\kl\Z Ba\_klgh qlh ba ZgmkZ ijhbkoh^yl gZb[he__ \Z`gu_ wjh]_ggu_ ahgu i_gbk b \eZ]Zebs_ Z kh[kl\_ggh Zgmk \k_ _s_ hklZ_lky wdkdj_lhjgh wdkimevkb\guf hj]Zghf ;he__ lh]h _keb h[jZlblvky d hglh]_g_am gZf ba\_klgh qlh j_[_ghd gZkeZ`^Z_lky k\hbfb ZgZevgufb nmgdpbyfb b ^Z`_ bkihevam_l bo \ dZq_kl\_ kihkh[Z aZsblu b \ujZ`_gby g_]h^h\Zgby ijhlb\ \ajhkeuo :gZevgh_ hl\_jklb_ lZd`_ kem`bl g_dhlhjuf ex^yf \ dZq_kl\_ aZf_gu \eZ]ZebsZ qlh[u ba[_`Zlv [_j_f_gghklb g_dhlhjuf ]hfhk_dkmZebklZf i_^_jZklby b fZklmj[ZglZf h[hbo iheh\ GZdhg_p \_kvfZ kms_kl\_ggZ nhjfZ j_]j_kkbb k\yaZggZy k ZgZevghc h[eZklvx dZd f_klhf h[jZah\Zgby g_\jhlbq_kdbo kbfilhfh\ gZijbf_j am^Z ZgmkZ ]_fhjjhy jblmZevguo aZihjh\ Dhjhq_ ]h\hjy g_khfg_ggh ZgZevgZy ahgZ \k_ _s_ khojZgy_l ij_`gxx wjh]_gghklv b aZsblguc oZjZdl_j

>Z\Zcl_ ihdZ g_ jbkdmy ^Ze__ m]em[eylvky \ nbeh]_g_a jZkkfhljbf _s_ h^bg lbi g_\jhlbq_kdbo jZkkljhckl\ k\yaZgguo k ZgZevghc ahghc Y bf_x \ \b^m kemqZb koh^gu_ \ [hevr_c f_j_ k i_j\_jkbyfb q_f k h[uqgufb g_\jhaZfb ihkdhevdm eb[b^h \ gbo ohly ke_]dZ bkdZ`_gh ijhy\ey_l k_[y ihqlb \ i_j\hgZqZevghc nhjf_

Ba fgh]hqbke_gguo ijbf_jh\ wlh]h lbiZ hklZgh\exkv gZ kemqZ_ e_lg_]h fheh^h]h q_eh\_dZ N k ^bZ]ghahf ©ikbohiZlbyª ihklZ\e_gguf \ gZr_c kljZg_ b ih^l\_j`^_gguf aZ jm[_`hf Y iheghklvx kh]eZk_g k ^bZ]ghahf aZ g_bf_gb_f emqr_c deZkkbnbdZpbb G_ \^Z\Zykv \ ^_lZeb kemqZy hlf_qm qlh ih\_^_gb_ iZpb_glZ \k_]^Z kha^Z\Zeh ijh[e_fu Hg g_ \hjh\Ze g_ m\e_dZeky baebrg_ `_gsbgZfb b nZdlbq_kdb g_ gZjmrZe fhjZevguo ij_^ibkZgbc gh ihklhyggh ijbqbgye g_ijbylghklb k\h_fm hlpm K jZgg_]h ^_lkl\Z iZpb_gl hlebqZeky hahjkl\hf b g_ihkemrZgb_f iehoh mqbeky lhevdh g_ijh^he`bl_evgh_ \j_fy fh] m^_j`Zlvky gZ h^ghf f_kl_ jZ[hlu Hg [ue lbibqguf _^bgkl\_gguf j_[_gdhf wdkp_gljbqghc \hafh`gh ikbohlbqghc fZl_jb K ^jm]hc klhjhgu hl_p iZpb_glZ aZgbfZe ihq_lgh_ iheh`_gb_ \ h[s_kl\_ b ^h[beky [hevrbo mki_oh\ \ ijhn_kkbhgZevghc ^_yl_evghklb

<kdhj_ y h[gZjm`be m iZpb_glZ lbibqgh_ ijhy\e_gb_ iZlheh]bq_kdh]h nZglZabjh\Zgby < jZgg_f ^_lkl\_ hg g_ fh] hlebqblv j_Zevghklv hl nZglZabb Z dh]^Z ih\ajhke_e ijh^he`Ze \k_ bkdZ`Zlv b ij_m\_ebqb\Zlv < l_q_gb_ jy^Z e_l hg jZkkdZau\Ze bklhjbb h [ebadhf agZdhfkl\_ kh agZf_gblufb ex^vfb <kydbc jZa ihk_sZy f_gy hg ]h\hjbe qlh ijbr_e ihke_ h[_^Z k ba\_klghc Zdljbkhc beb ^jm]hc agZf_gblhklvx Hg ijbgZ^e_`Ze d hq_gv [eZ]hjh^ghc k_fv_ b kgZqZeZ y g_ khfg_\Zeky \ ^hklh\_jghklb wlbo ml\_j`^_gbc H^gZdh ih ijhr_kl\bb \j_f_gb