- •TYPES OF TRANSLATION
- ••Mechanical copying, or transfer, of the source language words includes:
- ••Some linguists (V. Komissarov, for one) consider calque (blueprint) translation as mechanical copying.
- •Translation transformations
- •TRANSLATION
- •PRACTICAL TRANSCRIPTION
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing English sounds with Russian letters:
- •Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
- •Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
- •Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
- •Transcribing Asian sounds with English letters:
- •TRANSLITERATION
- •TRANSLITERATION
- •Rules (tips)
- •Rules (tips)
- •Rules (tips)
- •Rules (tips)
- •TRANSLITERATING CHINESE
- ••the difference between voiced and voiceless consonants is phonologically irrelevant in Chinese; therefore,
- ••care should be taken not to confuse the Pinyin palatalized J (Wade-Giles CH)
- ••the Pinyin palatalized Q
- •CАLQUE TRANSLATION
- •HALF-CALQUES
- ••Calque translation can be very tricky as it may result in “translator’s false
Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
•[j], represented in writing by the letter Й, corresponds to the English Y/I in the end of the word: Толстой – Tolstoy, Троцкий
– Trotsky/ Trotski; to I in the beginning of the word: Йошкар-Ола – Ioshkar-Ola.
•If [j] makes part and parcel of a vowel letter (Е, Ё, Ю, Я) it is represented by Y or I: Енисей – Yenisei, Порфирьевич – Porfirievich, Югославия – Yugoslavia, Ялта – Yalta.
Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
•The Russian [ж] is rendered by ZH: Житомир – Zhitomir.
•[х] corresponds to KH or, rarely, H: Находка – Nakhodka.
•[ц] is represented by TS: Целиноград
–Tselinograd. Care should be taken, however, with foreign words: they usually have their native form: Цюрих
–Zurich, Цейлон – Ceylon, Цзянси –
Jiangxi.
Transcribing Russian sounds with English letters:
•[ч] may correspond either to CH or to
TCH: Чехов – Chekhov, Чайковский
– Tchaikovsky.
•[щ] is represented by the cluster
SHCH or SCH: Щелково – Shchelkovo.
•[ы] usually corresponds to Y:
Куйбышев – Kuibyshev.
Transcribing Asian sounds with English letters:
•In Japanese words, the sound symbolized by the English sh is somewhere between [s] and [S]; therefore, in Russian it is transcribed by the letter C: e.g.,
Hiroshima – Хиросима, shogun – сёгун.
•The letter L can indicate the sound quality between [l] and [r]. For example, the name of the Korean president Kim Il Sung corresponds in Russian to Ким Ир Сен.
TRANSLITERATION
•Abroad, transliteration, defined as writing a word in a different alphabet.
•Different languages have different equivalents for Russian letters.
•Лапшин can be rendered
–in English as Lapshin or Lapšin,
–in French as Lapchine,
–in German as Lapschin,
–in Italian as Lapscin,
–in Polish as Lapszyn.
TRANSLITERATION
•The major systems for transliterating Russian words into English are
•the British Standards Institution (BSI),
•the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
•the Library of Congress (LC), and
•the Permanent Committee on Geographic Names (PCGN) systems.
Rules (tips)
•When transliterating, it is best to use the version which most closely approximates the source language word. Thus the forms ruble, kopek, tsar are preferable to the alternatives rouble, kopeck, czar.
Rules (tips)
•The mute r is always transliterated in Russian:
Morning Star – газета ’’Морнинг Стар” whereas the mute e is usually omitted: Fosse – Фосс
•Transliteration and transcription often compete, so that sometimes it is difficult to state how to render a word (especially a personal or place name) in the other language. But transliteration is preferred to transcription in bibliographical citations found in publications: Arakin, V. Sravnitelnaja tipologija anglijskogo i russkogo jazykov.
Rules (tips)
•Modern and outdated traditions: these days the English great physicist Newton is known in Russia as Ньютон (transcription), though in the 18th century M. Lomonosov wrote about Невтон (transliteration).
Rules (tips)
•National traditions: in the source language the form of a name can follow the spelling traditions of its original country.
•The target language form often follows the original pronunciation tradition: Mozart – Моцарт; Dvořak
– Дворжак, Singer – Зингер.