Librarian: No, that's the class number. The number - the accession number - you'll find ifyou open the book on thefly-leaf.It's usually about six numbers at least. And if you'd give us that, the date that is stamped on the date label - the last date stamped - and your name and address.
Reader: Uh-huh. If I do that, how do I know that it's all right? I mean, if you want the book back, do you write to me?
Librarian: Yes, we would do that if you had written in, but of course, if you'd telephoned or called in we could tell you then.
(from M. Underwood Listen to This!)
Conditions express different degrees of reality. For example, a condition can be open or unreal.
Open: If you join the library, you can borrow books.
Unreal: If you'd arrived ten minutes later, we would have been closed.
An open condition expresses something which may be true or may become true. (You mayjoin the library). An unreal condition expresses something which is not true or is imaginary. (You did not arrive later.)
NOTE
A condition can also be definitely true.
I'm tired. ~ Well, if you're tired, let's have a rest.
The meaning here is similar to You're tired, so let's have a rest.
2We can use conditional sentences in a number of different ways: for example to request, advise, criticize, suggest, offer, warn or threaten.
If you're going into town, could you post this letter for me?
If you need more information, you should see your careers teacher. If you hadn't forgotten your passport, we wouldn't be in such a rush. We can go for a walk if you like.
If I win the prize, I'll share it with you.
If you're walking along the cliff top, don't go too near the edge.
If you don't leave immediately, I'll call the police.
257 Verbs in conditional sentences
1 Introduction
aWe can use many different verb forms in conditional sentences. Here are some real examples.
If you haven't got television, you can't watch it.
If you go to one of the agencies, they have a lot of temporary jobs. Ifsomeone else has requested the book, you would have to give it back.
If you lived on the planet Mercury, you would have four birthdays in a single Earth year.
In general we use verb forms in conditional sentences in the same way as in other kinds of sentences. In open conditions we use the present to refer to the future (if you go to one ofthe agencies). When we talk about something unreal we often use the past (if you lived) and would (you would havefour birthdays).
NOTE
When the condition is true, we use verb forms in the normal way.
Well, if your friends left half an hour ago, they aren't going to get to Cornwall by tea time.
PAGE 335
257 Verbs in conditional sentences
bThere are some verb forms which often go together. These patterns are usually called Types 1, 2 and 3.
Type 1:
If the companyfails, we will lose our money.
Type 2: If the company failed, we would lose our money.
Type 3:
If the company hadfailed, we would have lost our money.
There is another common pattern which we can call Type 0.
Type 0: If the companyfails, we lose our money.
cThe if-clause usually comes before the main clause, but it can come after it.
•249(2,3)
We lose our money ifthe companyfails.
2 Type 0 conditionals
a The pattern is if...+ present... + present.
Ifthe doorbell rings, the dog barks. If you heat iron, it expands.
Here the pattern means that one thing always follows automatically from another. We can use when instead of if.
If/WhenI reverse the car, it makes afunny noise.
(= Every time I reverse the car,...)
b We can also use Type 0 for the automatic result of a possible future action.
If the team win tomorrow, they get promotion to a higher league.
This is an open condition. It leaves open the question of whether the team will win or not.
NOTE
As well as the present simple, we can use the continuous.
Ifyou'repractisingonthedrums,I'mgoingout.
3
Type 1 conditionals
a
The pattern is if...'+ present... + will.
Ifit rains, the reception will take place indoors.
Ifwe don't hurry, we'll miss the train.
The milk will go off if you leave it by the radiator.
The if-clause expresses an open condition. It leaves open the question of whether
it will rain or not. Here the present simple (if it rains) expresses future time; • 77.
We do not normally use will in an open condition.
NOT ifit will rain But • (3d).
NOTE
aWe can use will in the if-clause for a result, something further in the future than the main clause.
b As well as the present simple, we can use the continuous or perfect.
Ifwe're having ten people to dinner, we'll need more chairs. IfI'vefinished my work by ten, I'll probably watch afilm on TV.
32 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
PAGE 3
As well as will, we can use other modal verbs and similar expressions in the main clause.
Ifwe miss the train, we can get the next one.
IfSimon is hoping to borrow the car, he's going to be disappointed. If you phone at six, they might be having tea.
We can also use the imperative.
If you're going out, take your key. If you drink, don't drive.
c A present tense in the if-clause can refer to the present.
If you like tennis, you'll be watching Wimbledon next week, I suppose. Ifit's raining already, I'm definitely not going out.
d We can use will in the if-clause for willingness and won't for a refusal.
Ifeveryone will help, we'll soon get thejob done. Ifthe car won't start, I'll have to ring the garage.
We can also use will in the if-clause for a request.
If you'll just take a seat, Mr Parsons will be with you in a moment.
4 Type 2 conditionals
a The pattern is if...+ past ... + would.
IfI had lots of money, I would travel round the world.
IfPhil lived nearer his mother, he would visit her more often. I'd tell you the answer if I knew what it was.
Here the past tense expresses an unreal condition. IfI had lots of money means that really I haven't got lots of money, but I am only imagining it.
We do not use would for an unreal condition. NOT if I would have lots of money But • (4e).
NOTE
We can use should instead of would after I/we.
If had lots of money, I would/should travel round the world.
b We do not usually mix the patterns for open and unreal conditions. NOT If I had lots of money, I will travel round the world.
cWe also use the Type 2 pattern for a theoretical possibility in the future.
If you lost the book, you would have to payfor a new one.
Ifwe caught the early train, we'd be in Manchester by lunch time.
Here the past tense expresses an imaginary future action such as losing the book.
Compare Types 1 and 2 for possible future actions.
Type 1:
If we stay in a hotel, it will be expensive.
Type 2: If
we stayed in a hotel, it would be expensive.
Type 1 expresses the action as an open possibility. (We may or may not stay in a hotel.) Type 2 expresses the action as a theoretical possibility, something more distant from reality.
NOTE
It can be more polite to use the Type 2 pattern because it is more tentative.
Would it be OK if 1 brought a friend? ~ Yes, ofcourse.
Shall we go along the by-pass? ~ Well, if we went through the town centre, it would probably be quicker.
PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional sentences
d As well as the past simple, we can use the continuous or could. If the sun was shining, everything would be perfect.
IfI could help you, I would, but I'm afraid I can't.
As well as would, we can use other modal verbs such as could or might in the main clause.
IfI had a light, I could see what I'm doing.
Ifwe could roll the car down the hill, we might be able to start it.
e We can use would in the if-clause for a request.
If you wouldn't mind holding the line, I'll try to put you through.
Sometimes there is no main clause.
If you'd just sign here, please.
We can also use would like.
If you'd like to see the exhibition, it would be nice to go together.
5 Open conditions in the past
a We can use the past tense for an open condition in the past.
Perhaps Mike took a taxi. ~ Well, ifhe took a taxi, he ought to be here by now. I used to live near the library. IfI wanted a book, I went and got one/I would go and get one.
b We can use a Type 2 pattern as the past of a Type 1.
Type 1: Don't go. If you accept the invitation, you will regret it.
Type 2: I told you that if you accepted the invitation you would regret it. And now you are regretting it, aren'tyou?
c We can combine a past condition with a future result.
Ifthey posted the parcel yesterday, it won'tget here before Friday.
6 Type 3 conditionals
a The pattern is if... + past perfect... + would + perfect.
If you had taken a taxi, you would have got here in time.
If I'd phoned to renew the books, I wouldn't have had to pay a fine. The man would have died if the ambulance hadn't arrived so quickly. We'd have gone to the talk if we'd known about it.
(= We would have gone if we had known.)
Here the past perfect refers to something unreal, an imaginary past action. Ifyou had taken a taxi means that you didn't take one.
We cannot use the past simple or perfect in the main clause.
NOT If you had taken a taxi, you got/had got here in time.
NOTE
Would have (or had have) is not used in the if-clause except in very informal speech.
If you'd have taken a taxi, you'd have got here on time.
But many people regard this as incorrect.
32 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES PAGE 338
b We can use could + perfect in the if-clause.
IfI could have warned you in time, I would have done.
We can use other modal verbs such as could or might+ perfect in the main clause.
IfI'd written the address down, I could have saved myselfsome trouble. The plan might not have worked if we hadn't had one great piece of luck.
NOTE
We can also use continuous forms.
Ifhe hadn't been evicted by his landlord, he wouldn't have been sleeping in the streets.
c We can mix Types 2 and 3.
If Tom was a bit more ambitious, he would havefound himselfa better job years ago.
If you hadn't woken me up in the middle of the night, I wouldn't feel so tired now.
NOTE
We can also use a Type 1 condition with a Type 3 main clause.
If you know London so well, you shouldn't have got lost.
258 Should, were, had and inversion
The following types of clause are rather formal.
1 We can use should in an if-clause to talk about something which is possible but not very likely.
I'm not expecting any calls, but ifanyone should ring, could you take a message? If you should fail ill, we will pay your hospital expenses.
2 Sometimes we use the subjunctive were instead of was. • 242(3)
If the picture was/were genuine, it would be worth thousands ofpounds. If it wasn't/weren'tfor Emma, I'd have no friends at all.
(= Without Emma,...)
We can also use were to for a theoretical possibility.
Ifthe decision were to go against us, we would appeal.
3We can express a condition with should or the subjunctive were by inverting the subject and verb.
Should anyone ring, could you take a message?
Should we not succeed, the consequences would be disastrous. Were the picture genuine, it would be worth thousands ofpounds. Were the decision to go against us, we would appeal.
We can do the same with the past perfect (Type 3, • 257(6)).
Had you taken a taxi, you would have got here on time.
Had the guests not complained, nothing would have been done.
But an if-clause is more common, especially in informal English.
PAGE 339
259 If, as long as, unless, in case etc
259 If, as long as, unless, in case etc
1 If and when
Ifthe doctor comes, can you let her in? (The doctor might come.)
When the doctor comes, can you let her in? (The doctor will come.)
We use if (not when) for an unreal condition.
If I could see into the future, I'd know what to do.
(I can't see into the future.)
But in some contexts we can use either ifor when. • 257(2a)
2 Short clauses
We can use a short clause with if but without a verb.
I'd like a room facing the street if (that is) possible.
If(you are) in difficulty, ring this number.
For if so and ifnot, • 43(3e).
3 Then
After an if-clause we can use then in the main clause.
Ifthefigures don't add up, (then) we must have made a mistake.
Ifno one else has requested the book, (then) you can renew it.
4 As long as, provided etc
As well as if, we can also use as/so long as and provided/providing (that) to express a condition.
You can renew a book in writing as long as/so long as you give its number. I don't mind you using my bike provided (that) you take care ofit.
We are willing to accept your offer providing (that) payment is made within seven days.
Provided/Providing (that) is a little formal.
NOTE
a On condition that is formal.
We are willing to accept your offer on condition that payment is made within seven days.
b
We can use the adverbial in that case (= if that is so).
I've lost my timetable. ~ Well, in that case I'll give you another one.
c
We can use the prepositions in case of and in the event of.
In case ofdifficulty, ring this number. (= If you have any difficulty,...)
The prepositions with, without and butfor can also express a condition.
With a bit more time, we could do a properjob. (= If we had a bit more time,...)
But for the climate, Edinburgh would be a perfect place to live.
5 What if and suppose/supposing
After a conditional clause with these expressions, there is often no main clause.
What if the tickets don't get here in time? Suppose/Supposing there's nowhere to park?
32 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES PAGE 340
6 Unless
a Unless means 'if... not'.
We're going to have a picnic unless it rains/if it doesn't rain.
You can renew a book unless another reader has requested it.
Unless you refund my money, I shall take legal action.
NOTE
We can use not unless meaning 'only if'.
We won't have a picnic unless it's fine.
Aren't you going to join us?~ Not unless you apologize first.
b When an unreal condition comes before the main clause, we cannot use unless. The horse fell. If it hadn'tfallen, it would have won the race.
NOT Unless it hadfallen, it would have won.
But we can use unless after the main clause, as an afterthought.
The horse won easily. No one could have overtaken it, unless it hadfallen.
We do not use unless when we talk about a feeling which would result from something not happening.
Alex wlll be upset if you don't come to the party. I shall be very surprised if it doesn't rain.
NOTE
The adverb otherwise means 'if not'.
You are obliged to refund my money. Otherwise I shall take legal action.
c We can use and and or to express a condition, especially in informal speech. Touch me and I'll scream. (= If you touch me, I'll scream.)
Go away or I'll scream. (= Unless you go away, I'll scream.)
7 In case
You should insure your belongings in case they get stolen.
(= ... because they might get stolen.)
I took three novels on holiday in case Ifelt like doing some reading.
We can use should.
Take a pill in case the crossing is rough/should be rough.
Compare if and in case.
I'll draw some money out of the bank if I need it.
(= I'll draw it out at the time when I need it.)
I'll draw some money out of the bank in case I need it.
(= I'll draw it out because I might need it later.)
But for in case of, • (4) Note c.
NOTE For in casein American English, • 307(2).
8 Even if and whether ...or
I wouldn't go on a camping holiday, even if you paid me. NOT I wouldn't go even you paid me.
Joanne wouldn't want a dog even if she had room to keep one. She wouldn't want a dog whether she had room for one or not.
Whether it's summer or winter, our neighbour always wears a pullover.
PAGE 341
33
Noun clauses
260 Summary
Introduction to noun clauses • 261
A noun clause begins with that, a question word or if/whether. Joanne remembered that it was Thursday.
I can't imagine where Peter has got to.
No one knew if/whether the rumour was true.
We can sometimes leave out that.
I hope (that) everything will be OK.
Patterns with noun clauses • 262
Noun clauses come in these patterns.
As object
I noticed that the door was open.
As complement
The idea is that we take it in turns.
As subject
That he could be mistaken didn't seem possible.
With the empty subject it
It didn't seem possible that he could be mistaken.
After a preposition
We had a discussion about who should be invited.
After an adjective
I was ashamed that I'd let my friends down.
After a noun
You can't deny thefact thatyou received the message.
261 Introduction to noun clauses
1A noun clause begins with that, a question word or if/whether. I expected that we would be late.
We didn't know what time it was.
We'll have to decide if/whether we can afford it.
Here the noun clauses are the object of the sentence.
33 NOUN CLAUSES
PAGE 342
Compare a noun phrase and noun clause as object.
Phrase:
We didn't know the time.
Clause:
We didn't know what time it was.
A that-clause relates to a statement.
We would be late.
that we would be late
A wh-clause relates to a wh-question.
What time was it?
what time it was
A clause with if/whether relates to a yes/no question.
Can we afford it? if/whether we can afford it
In a clause relating to a question we normally use the same word order as in a statement. • 269(2)
NOT We didn't know what time was it.
In informal English we can often leave out that.
I knew (that) you wouldn't like this colour.
We often use noun clauses in indirect speech. • 263
You said you had the number. Mike asked what the matter was.
We can sometimes use a to-infinitive with a question word or whether. • 125
The problem was how to contact everyone.
262 Patterns with noun clauses
1 The pattern You know that we haven't any money
aA noun clause can be the object of a verb.
Tim wouldn't say where he was going.
No one believes (that) the project will go ahead.
We regret that you did not find our product satisfactory.
I wonder whether that's a good idea.
NOTE
We can use a wh-clause or if/whetherwhen the noun clause expresses a question or the answer to a question.
bWith think and believe, we usually put a negative in the main clause, not in the noun clause.
I don't think we've got time.
I think we haven't got time is less usual.
With suppose, imagine and expect, we can put the negative in either clause.
I don't suppose you're used to this weather. I suppose you aren't used to this weather.
PAGE 343
262 Patterns with noun clauses
c Here are some verbs we can use before a noun clause.
accept
demonstrate
mean
reply
add
discover
mention
report
advise
doubt
mind
request
agree
dream
notice
reveal
announce
estimate
object
say
answer
expect
observe
see
anticipate
explain
order
show
argue
fear
point out
state
arrange
feel
predict
suggest
ask
find
prefer
suppose
assume
forecast
presume
suspect
beg
forget
pretend
swear
believe
guarantee
promise
teach
check
guess
propose
think
claim
hear
protest
threaten
command
hope
prove
understand
complain
imagine
realize
undertake
confirm
imply
recognize
urge
consider
indicate
recommend
warn
decide
insist
regret
wish
declare
know
remark
worry
demand
learn
remember
write
Some of these verbs can also take a to-infinitive or gerund; • 121. Some verbs take a to-infinitive or gerund but not a noun clause, e.g. aim, avoid, finish, involve, offer,refuse.
NOTE For require, intend, allow, permit and forbid, • 122(2b) Note a.
d Sometimes there is a phrase with to.
. . .
We explained (to the driver) that we hadn't any money.
In this pattern we can use announce, complain, confirm, declare, demonstrate, explain, imply, indicate, mention, observe, point out, pretend, propose, protest, prove, recommend, remark, report, reveal, show, state, suggest, swear, write.
Sometimes there is an indirect object.
We told the driver that we hadn't any money.
In this pattern we can use advise, assure, convince, inform, notify, persuade, promise, reassure, remind, show, teach, tell, warn. With most of these verbs we cannot leave out the indirect object. • 265(3)
For details about tell and say, •266(1).
.
2 The pattern The problem is that we haven't any money
A noun clause can be a complement of be.
The truth is (that) I don't get on with myflat-mate.
The difficulty was how Emma was going to find us in the crowd.
