Oxford_Guide_to_English_Grammar

dWhen the object is a long phrase, the adverb goes before it.

I threw away that rather battered old briefcase. We woke upjust about everyone in the street. Neil never paid back all that money he borrowed.

eThe adverb usually goes before other adverbials (e.g. nervously, on time).

4 Phrasal verb or prepositional verb?

aThe adverb can go before or after the object, but the preposition goes before its object. Compare the adverb away and the preposition for.

Phrasal verb: Lisa gave away her computer.

Lisa gave her computer away.

Prepositional verb: Lisa paidfor the meal.

NOT Lisa paid the mealfor.

A pronoun goes before the adverb but after the preposition.

Lisa gave it away.

Lisa paidfor it.

NOTE

aThe preposition comes at the end in some patterns. • 224(4)

What did Lisa payfor?

bSome phrasal verbs can have as their object a gerund clause, a wh-clause or a that-clause.

I've given up drinking alcohol. I read through what I had written. Tom found out (that) the story was untrue.

Some prepositional verbs can have as their object a gerund clause or a wh-clause.

Don't you believe in paying your taxes? • 132(2)

The answer you get depends on who you ask. • 262(5)

bSome words are always adverbs, e.g. away, back, out.

Some words are always prepositions, e.g. at, for, from, into, of, with.

Some words can be either an adverb or a preposition, e.g. about, along, down, in, off, on, over, round, through, up.

cWith phrasal verbs, the stress usually falls on the adverb, especially when it comes at the end of a clause.

Lisa gave her computer a'way. What time did you get 'up?

With prepositional verbs, the stress usually falls on the verb.

Lisa 'paidfor the meal. It de'pends on the weather.

5 The passive

Many phrasal and prepositional verbs can be passive.

Phrasal: The rest of thefood was thrown away. The alarm has been switched off.

Prepositional: The children are being looked after by a neighbour. The matter has been dealt with.

We usually stress the adverb (thrown a'way) but not the preposition ('looked after).

c Some verbs can take a number of different adverbs.

The child took two steps andfell down.

Enthusiasm for the project hasfallen off. (= become less) Kevin and Diana havefallen out. (= quarrelled)

I'm afraid the dealfell through. (= didn't happen)

And the most common adverbs go with many different verbs.

The cat got up a tree and couldn't climb down.

I can't bend down in these trousers.

A pedestrian was knocked down by a car.

Interest rates may come down soon.

dA phrasal verb can have more than one meaning, often a concrete and an abstract meaning.

We've been to the supermarket. Gavin is bringing in the groceries. The government are bringing in a new law. (= introducing)

2 Some common adverbs

Here are some adverbs used in phrasal verbs.

back = in return

ring/phone you back later, invite someone back, get your money back down = to the ground

knocked down/pulled down the old hospital, burn down, cut down a tree, break down a door

down = on paper

write down the number, copy down, note down, take down down = becoming less

turn down the volume, slow down, afire dying down, let down the tyres down = stopping completely

a car that broke down, afactory closing down off=away, departing/removing

start off/set offon ajourney, clear off, a plane taking off, see someone off, sell goods off cheaply, strip off wallpaper

off = away from work

knocking off at five (informal), take a day off off= disconnected

put off/turn off/switch offthe heating, cut offour water, ring off off = succeeding

the plan didn't come off, managed to pull it off on = wearing

trying a coat on, had a sweater on, put my shoes on on = connected

put/turned/switched the cooker on on = continuing

go on/carry on a bit longer, work on late, hang on/hold on (= wait), keep on doing something

out= away, disappearing

rub out these pencil marks, cross out, wipe out, put out afire, turn out the light, blow out a candle, iron out the creases

out= completely, to an end

my pen has run out, it turned out all right in the end, clean out a cupboard, fill out a form, work out/think out/find out the answer, write out in full, wear out the motor, sort out the confusion

out= unconscious

the boxer was knocked out, I passed out/blacked out. out= to different people

gave out/handed out copies ofthe worksheet, shared out thefood between them out= aloud

read out the rulesfor everyone to hear, shout out, cry out, speak out (= express an opinion publicly)

out= clearly seen

can't make out the words, stand out in a crowd, pick out the best, point out a mistake

over= from start to finish

read over/check over what I've written, think over/talk over a problem, go over the details, get over an illness

up = growing, increasing

blowing up balloons, pump up a tyre, turn up the volume, step up production, bring up children

up = completely

lock up before leaving, eat/drink it up, clear up/tidy up the mess, use up all the sugar, pack up my things, sum up (= summarize), cut up into little pieces

3 More phrasal verbs

A car drew up/pulled up beside us.

We manage to get by on very little money.

What time did you get up?

You'd better look out/watch out or you'll be in trouble.

Look up the word in a dictionary.

We can put you up in our spare bedroom.

The cat was run over by a bus.

We're too busy to take on more work.

The company has taken over a number ofsmall firms.

Why not take up a new hobby?

No one washed up after the meal.

4 Be + adverb

We can use an adverb with be.

We'll be away on holiday next week. (= not at home)

Will you be in tomorrow? (= at home)

Long skirts are in at the moment. (= in fashion)

The match is off because of the weather. (= not taking place)

Is there anything on at the theatre? (= showing, happening)

I rang butyou were out. (= not at home)

The party's over. It's time to go. (= finished)

What's up? (= What's the matter?/What's happening?)

233Prepositional verbs

1A prepositional verb is a verb + preposition, e.g. askfor, depend on. • 231 (2) Which preposition goes after the verb is mainly a matter of idiom. Some verbs can take a number of different prepositions.

Come and look at the view.

We spent an hour looking round the shops.

Can you help me lookfor my cheque book?

I had to stay at home to look after the dog.

The police are looking into the incident.

People look on this neighbourhood as the least desirable in town.

NOTE

2 There are many prepositional verbs. Here are some examples.

The man admitted to/confessed to the crime. It all amounts to/comes to quite a lot ofmoney. We apologizefor the delay.

Tina has appliedfor dozens ofjobs.

We arrived at/in Ipswich ten minutes late. That's no way to behave to/towards yourfriends. I don't believe in eating meat.

Who does this bag belong to?

We should benefit from the tax changes. I came across the article in a magazine. The car collided with a van.

I want to concentrate on my maths. The flat consists offour rooms.

We managed to cope with all ofthese difficulties. The car crashed into a wall.

I'll have to deal with/see about the arrangements. We decided on a caravan holiday.

The price depends on when you travel. Can you dispose ofthe rubbish?

We have to do without/go without luxuries. You didn't fall for that trick, did you?

I don'tfeel like doing any work. Brown doesn't go with grey.

Has anything like that ever happened to you? We're hoping for an improvement in the weather. She insisted on playing her tape.

Why do other people always interfere in/with my affairs? Someone was knocking at/on the door.

I was listening to the weatherforecast.

PAGE 309 233 Prepositional verbs

You just can't live on £80 a week.

I objected to being kept waiting.

An idea has just occurred to me.

He hates parting with his money.

Seventy countries participated in the Games.

The man pointed at/to a sign.

I ran into/bumped intoAlexyesterday. (= metbychance)

What does this number refer to?

Please refrain from smoking.

The professor is researching into tropical diseases.

You can't rely on/count on the bus being on time.

Ifall elsefails, people will resort to violence.

I'm revising for/preparing for my exam.

I'll have to see to/attend to the arrangements.

We had to sendfor the doctor.

What does BBC standfor?

Let's stick to our original plan.

Simon succeeded in starting the car.

Tim suffers from back-ache.

The girl takes after her mother. (= is like)

You'll have to wait for the results.

You couldn't wishfor anything nicer.

For prepositional verb + gerund, e.g. insisted on playing, • 132(2).

NOTE

Sometimes the choice of preposition depends on the meaning.

aYes, you're right. I quite agree with you.

We all agreed to/with the suggestion.

bThe doctor is going to call on Mrs Phillips to see how she is.

Tony is giving me a lift. He's going to callfor me at ten.

The United Nations has called for a cease-fire. (= demanded)

cI don't care about the exam. It isn't important.

Ben doesn't carefor modern art. (= like)

Someone has to carefor the sick. (= look after)

dI'm sure Helen can deal with the situation. (= handle)

The company deals in commercial properties. (= buys and sells)

ePeople are dying of hunger.

I was dying for/ longing for a coffee. (= want very much) f Poor management resulted in huge losses.

The huge losses resulted from poor management.

3 We can use about, ofand to with some verbs expressing speech or thought.

b We can sometimes use of meaning about, but this is rather formal.

The Prime Minister spoke of / about prospects for industry.

Of can have a different meaning from about.

I was thinking about that problem. (= turning it over in my mind)

I couldn't think ofthe man's name. (= it wouldn't come into my mind)

We're thinking of/about taking a holiday. (= deciding) What did you think ofthe hotel? (= your opinion)

I heard aboutyour recent success. Congratulations. I've never heard of Woolavington. Where is it?

Last night I dreamt about something that happened years ago.

I wouldn't dream of criticizing you. (= it wouldn't enter my mind)

NOTE I've heard from Max means that Max has written to me or phoned me.

Bruce shouted to his friends across the street.

4We do not normally use a preposition after these verbs: accompany, answer, approach, control, demand, desire, discuss, enter, expect, influence, lack, marry, obey, reach, remember, request, resemble, seek, suit.

Elizabeth Taylor entered the room. NOT She entered into the room. The rebels control the city. NOT They control over the city.

NOTE

a But a noun takes a preposition.

her entry into the room their control over the city b Compare leave (= depart) and leavefor (a destination).

The train leaves Exeter at ten fifteen. (= goes from Exeter)

The train leavesfor Exeter at ten fifteen. (= departs on its journey to Exeter) For has the same meaning in this example.

The walkers were heading for/making for the coast. c Compare search and search for.

The police searched the whole house. They were searching for/ lookingfor drugs.

234 Verb + object + preposition

In the passive, the preposition comes directly after the verb.

A lot ofmoney is spent on advertising.

We've been invited to the wedding.

4Sometimes the verb + object + preposition has an idiomatic meaning.

You'd better take care of your passport. (= look after)

You have to give way to traffic on the main road. (= allow to pass) The speaker took no notice ofthe interruption. (= ignored)

5We can use about, of and to after some verbs expressing speech and thought.

a We can use about after tell and ask.

Has anyone told you about the new timetable? I asked Dave about his plans.

After inform, and warn we can use about or of.

The management will inform the staffabout/of the proposed changes. I should warn you about/ofthe difficulties you mayface.

NOTE

a We can also use against after warn.

The pupils were warned against taking drugs. b Compare remind about and remind of.

Tracy reminded me about the meeting. (= told me not to forget)

Tracy reminds me ofher elder sister. (= is like, makes me think of)

b After write, explain and describe we use to before a person.

Lots ofpeople write letters to the Queen. I explained our problem to the official.

NOTE

Compare throw to and throw at.

Wayne threw the ball to Gary, who caught it.

Rachel was so angry with Tom that she threw a plate at him.

235Verb + adverb + preposition

1A verb can have both an adverb and a preposition after it. This is sometimes called a 'phrasal-prepositional verb'.

Sometimes the meaning is idiomatic. Here are some examples. I might call/drop in on Paul. (= pay a short visit)

Martin left halfan hour ago. I'll never catch up with him now.

We were makinggood progress until we came up against the bureaucracy. A scientist has come up with an interesting new invention.

I'm trying to cut down on sugar. (= reduce)

The Old Greater London Council was done away with. (= abolished) You've got toface up to the situation. (= not avoid)

I've got no job and no savings tofall back on. (= use if necessary) I've got back-ache. I don't feel up to physical work.

I don't mind. I'll fit in with what you want to do.

PAGE 313 236 Adjective + preposition

The gang got away with several valuable works ofart. I'd better get on with the tea. (= do a job)

Do you get on with your flat-mate? (= Are you good friends?)

I'll get round to fixing that door one day. (= find time for a job) / suppose we'll go along with the proposal. (= accept)

You can't go back on whatyou promised. (= do something different)

Mike has gone down with flu. (= suffering from)

Ben has decided to go infor teaching.

Just go/carry on with your work. (= continue)

You drive so fast I'll never keep up with you.

You've got quite a reputation to live up to. (= behave as expected) Are you looking forward to your holiday?

Slow down. Look/Watch out for children crossing. We need heroes to look up to. (= respect)

I got up late, and I've spent all day trying to make upfor lost time. The man owned up to a number ofburglaries. (= admitted)

Why should we have to put up with this noise?(=tolerate) The car's run out of petrol.

I'm going to send off/awayfor myfree map. (= write to ask for) Stand up to the dictator! Stand upforyour rights!

3 There is also a pattern with an object between the verb and adverb.

236 Adjective + preposition

1 Some adjectives can take a preposition.

2 Many of these adjectives express feelings.

We can use at or by with alarmed, amazed, astonished, confused, shocked, and surprised.

We were very surprised at/by the news.

For the pattern with a gerund, e.g. tired ofwalking, • 132(4).

For nice of you and nice for you, • 126(5).