§4. Syntactic metonymic transformations

In the Russian sentence, the subject denotes primarily an active doer of the action expressed by the active verb. The English sentence subject is often marked by personification, since it can express an adverbial meaning, which in Russian is typically verbalized by an adverbial modifier. This difference causes syntactic shifts:

• the subject denotes a reason: The fog stopped the traffic. – Из-за тумана остановилось движение транспорта. The word order change accompanies this metonymic transformation. The sentence may be partitioned: The broken leg puts him out of cups. – Он не участвует в играх на кубок, так как у него сломана нога.

• the subject denotes time: The Second World War introduced new experiences to the mission people. – В годы второй мировой войны миссионеры приобрели новый опыт. The next twenty-three years saw the consolidation of the company. – В течение следующих 23 лет компания укрепилась. There is a limited number of these constructions in Russian:

• the subject denotes a source of information: The article says … - В статье говорится … The letter runs as follows … - Письмо гласит следующее … In Russian, constructions of this type are stylistically marked and also limited:

• the subject denotes a place: Vladivostok is very humid in summer. – Во Владивостоке летом очень влажно.

It should be kept in mind that these English constructions are stylistically unmarked, i.e. they are used in neutral speech.

Chapter 7. Antonymic translation §1. Definition

Antonymic translation is a complex transformation when a source language construction is shifted to a target language construction, whose components are of opposite meanings.

There are three major types of antonymic transformations:

1. substituting a word with its antonym (Snowdrifts are three feet deep. – Сугробы высотой в один метр. ) or conversive (Some of the country’s art treasures have been secretly sold to foreign buyers. – Покупатели-иностранцы тайно скупили некоторые из художественных шедевров страны.)

2. substituting a negative sentence with an affirmative one and vice versa: I never heard of it! – В первый раз слышу!

3. shifting the position of a negative component: I don’t think I can do it. – Думаю, я не смогу этого сделать.

§2. Conversive transformation

A situation may be described from different angles, which calls for conversive, or antonymic proper transformations.¹⁷⁷. [Do not confuse the term ‘conversive’ with that of ‘conversion’, or changing the part of speech status of a word (water, n – to water, v)].

Conversives are words naming the situation attributes from different angles: to take – to give; to sell – to buy. In this type of translation, the translator and the source text author have the same situation in mind but they look at it from different directions. For example, They remain just as clearly divided in my mind as before. – Мысленно я по-прежнему их четко разграничиваю.

In this case translation is done on the situational level of equivalence (see Part I: Chapter 4: §3). The situation denoted in the source and target texts is the same but is described differently.

Sometimes this type of antonymic translation takes place because it implies a shift of negation: Authorized personnel only. – Посторонним вход воспрещен. The two clichéd commands are antonymous, since the English phrase implies a positive statement (Authorized personnel only is allowed) and the Russian corresponding form implies negation: strangers are not allowed to enter.