2.2 Неопределенные местоимения "some" и "any"

Неопределенные местоимения "some" и "any" употребляются перед существительными во множественном числе и неисчисляемыми существительными: "some money", "some dollars", "any change," etc.

Однако, довольно часто можно опустить местоимение "some" в утвердительных предложениях:

We have (some) checks.

Mr. Roberts gives them (some) money.

Местоимение "any" обычно употребляется вместо "some" в отрицательных предложениях и в вопросах:

Do you have any change?

Do you have some change?

They don't have any friends.

Иногда в вопросительных предложениях вместо местоимений any... используются образованные от основы some. Это происходит только в том случае, если вы совершенно уверены в положительном ответе на ваш вопрос. Например, вы заходите в кабинет к Директору, а он под столом ползает, сдвинув очки на кончик носа. В том случае, если остальные 364 дня в году шеф все-таки предпочитает вертикальное телоположение, вы его вежливо так спросите: "Have you lost something, sir?" – "Сэр, Вы что-то потеряли?" Скорее всего, он либо скажет да, либо уже сошел с ума, но это ни имеет ничего общего с английским языком. :-) Еще местоимения, образованные от основы some, используются за столом (так называемое правило вежливости):

"Would you like some coffee?" - "Хотите кофе?" (Очевидно, положительный ответ в данном случае предполагается.

Упражнение 1. Вставьте в соответствующие пропуски "some" или "any".

1) Terry has ____ pennies in her pocket.

2) Tomas doesn't have ____ pennies in his pocket. His pocket is empty.

3). Angela doesn't like to eat ____ vegetables.

4) In fact, last night she didn't eat____ salad. Her mother was angry!

5) But Angela always likes to have ___ ice cream for dessert.

6) She would be very happy if she could eat ___ vegetable-flavored ice cream!

7) But we know that there really isn't ___ vegetable-flavored ice cream!

8) Marissa cooked ____ Mexican food for dinner.

9) Marissa's brother didn't want to eat___ food that Marissa cooked.

10) He decided to have ____ pizza instead. He's not a very nice brother!

Упражнение 2. Вставьте в соответствующие пропуски “some” или “any”.

1. Would you like ______ cake?

2. I'd like ______ more, if there is any.

3. Do you have ______ more cigarettes?

4. I don't want them. I don't like ______ of them.

5. I have three sets of car keys and I can't find ______ of them.

6. I don't need ______ help. I'm fine.

7. I'm a big fan of Richard Thompson's music but I don't like ______ of the songs he has written.

8. I also like Elvis Costello. I would happily listen to ______ of his songs right now.

9. I don't like the Spice Girls. I don't like ______ of their songs.

10. I hate doing these English exercises. ______ fool can see that they are not very well written.

Глава 3

3.1 Степени сравнения

Существует два способа образования степени сравнения в английском языке.

1.) Употребление наречия "more" перед прилагательным.

It's more exciting.

2.) Добавление окончания "-er".

A bus is cheaper than a taxi.

Чтобы дополнить сравнение, используйте местоимение "чем" (than).

I am older than my wife.

Если прилагательное состоит из одного слога, то для того, чтобы образовать сравнительную степень, нужно добавить суффикс "-er": "older," "wiser". Для образования сравнительной степени у большинства двух- и трехсложных прилагательных используется наречие "more": "more recent". Если двусложное прилагательное оканчивается на "-y," “-er”, “-or”, то для образования сравнительной степени также используется суффикс "-er." При этом "y" на конце прилагательного меняется на "i" в таких словах как, например,

busy – busier

pretty - prettier

Иногда очень сложно определить, по какому правилу следует образовывать степень сравнения. На практике, многие прилагательные (такие как "able," "angry," "cruel," "friendly," "polite," "quiet," "simple",) образуют степени сравнения двумя способами. Также существуют исключения:

good - better

little - less

bad - worse

far - farther

Наречия также могут образовывать сравнения. Если наречие оканчивается на "-ly", то перед наречием употребляется "more":

slowly - more slowly

careful - more carefully

Если наречие состоит из одного слога, то используйте суффикс "-er": "faster," "harder," "sooner," "closer," etc.

Обратите внимание на исключения:

well - better

far - farther

badly - worse

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильную форму сравнительной степени прилагательного, оканчивающегося на –y.

1. This old house is _____ than that new house. (pretty)

а) pretty b) more prettier c) prettier d) more prettyer

2) Andrew is _____ in school than his sister. (busy)

a) busier b) more busy c) more busyer d) busyer

3) Watching TV makes me _____ than cleaning my room. (happy)

a) happy b) happier c) more happier d) happyer

4) I think kittens are _____ than puppies. (fluffy)

a) fluffyer b) more fluffyer c) fluffy d) fluffier

6) Ocean water is _____ than fresh water. (salty)

a) more saltyer b) saltyer c) saltier d) salty

8) The red sweater is _____ than the blue sweater. (heavy)

1. heavy b) heavier c) heavyer d) more heavy

Упражнение 2. Выберите правильную форму сравнительной степени.

1. Sarah's house is _____ than Shannon's house. (large)

1. large b) more larger c) larger d) more large

2. Jason is _____ in math than his brother. (smart)

a) smarter b) more smart c) more smarter d) smart

3) I think kittens are _____ than puppies. (cute)

a) more cuter b) more cute c) cute d) cuter

4) My sister Elaine is _____ than my brother Fred. (young)

a) more younger b) more young c) younger d) young

5) Monkeys and chimpanzees are _____ than birds. (big)

a) biger b) bigger c) more big d) more bigger

6) Today I was _____ than I was yesterday. (sad)

1. sad b) sadder c) more sad d) more sadder

Упражнение 3. Тест на знание и умение употреблять степени сравнения прилагательных. А заодно проверим и вашу эрудицию. Поставьте прилагательное в скобках в нужную форму и выберите правильный ответ.

Например:

What is the highest mountain in the world? (high)

Mount Kilimanjaro Mount Everest K2 Fujiyama

1. What is the river in the world? (long)

The Mississippi The Amazon The Nile The Saint Lawrence

2. Which is the planet from the sun? (far)

Mercury Mars Venus Pluto

3. Which of the following Canadian provinces is than the province of Ontario? (large)

Alberta British Columbia Quebec Newfoundland (including Labrador)

4. In Greek mythology what was the feature of a cyclops? (prominent)

the size of its head its eye its nose its ear

5. Which human invention was the first object to travel than the speed of sound? (fast)

a whip a rocket a cannonball a bullet

6. In which country did the world's nuclear disaster take place in 1986? (bad)

Sweden Finland Ukraine (Soviet Union) Russia (Soviet Union)

7. On which island did Gauguin paint some of his works? (beautiful)

Tahiti Fiji Bali Hawaii

8. What is the part of a candle's flame? (hot)

the center the outer edges the tip, the highest point of the flame the bottom, next to the wax

9. Which is the second mountain in the world? (tall)

Kilimanjaro Fujiyama K2 Aconcagua

10. What is the thing we know? (fast)

sound light a bullet a whip

11. Of which creature are there species on this earth? (many)

flies beetles frogs snakes

12. Which planet is to the sun? (close)

Venus Mercury Mars Jupiter

13. Which of the following countries is than Canada? (large)

Brazil China Russia Australia

14. What is the college sport in North America? (dangerous)

football ice hockey basketball wrestling

15. What is the six-word phrase from the first Star Wars movie? (famous)

The force is always with you. May the force be with you. Place your faith in the force. May the force be always with you.

16. What sense suffers the damage when someone is struck by lightning? That is, it is the last to recover from the shock. (great)

sight smell touch hearing

17. When he was shipwrecked on a desert island, which animals did Robinson Crusoe find to be the (useful)?

cows goats chickens pigs

18. What are the plants on earth? (common)

trees grasses dandelions tulips

19. North Dakota has a small population in relation to most other U.S. states. Which of the following states has even residents? (few)

Washington State Illinois Wyoming West Virginia

20. What is the planet to see in the night sky? It is the brightest one. (easy)

Jupiter Mars Mercury Venus