для студентов / готский

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ

ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɍɥɶɮɢɥɨɣ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭ

ɬɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɝɟɪɦɚɧ

ɫɤɢɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ ɇɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɢɫɶ

ɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɞɨ

ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫɨ ɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɭ ɧɚɦɢIII ± IV ɜɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨ ɝɚɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɪɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɟɪɬ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɣɝɪɭɩɩɵɹɡɵɤɨɜɛɥɢɡɤɭɸɦɧɨɝɢɦɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɢɯɫɪɟɞɢɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɨɜɧɚɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɟɬ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɬɢɣ ɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɞɨɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ

11

Ⱥɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ

ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦ

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢ

ɩɚ Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯa, i, uɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɨɥɝɢɯ ǀ nj Ɲ

Ư).

Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ

Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ:

Ɲ ǀ

Ƚɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ

a

ɇɨ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧ-

ɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɟɚɥɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɸɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚe

ɢoɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɜ

ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɩɟɪɟ

ɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɢɟƯ ɢnjȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɥɢ ɞɜɚ ɞɨɥ

ɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɚ Ɲ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ

ɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɟɦɵ Ɲ1 ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢ

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɢ Ɲ2 ɭɡɤɢɣ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ ɜɵɫɨ

ɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɴɺɦɚ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ Ɲ1 ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ

12

ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟ

ɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭƗ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ae, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɥɨ

ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɪɮɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ

ɋɪ Ɲ1 ± ɝɨɬlƝtan ɢ ɧɟɦlassɟn

Ɲ2 ± ɝɨɬhƝr ɢ ɧɟɦhier

ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɦɨ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɡɤɢɟi ɢu, ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɟɚɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯe-i; o-u ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨɆɵɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦe ɢo ɟɫɥɢɡɚɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬa ɢɥɢoɢ ± i ɢɥɢuɟɫɥɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɝ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬi

ɢɥɢu:

ɞɜɧberan ɧɟɫɬɢ ± biru ɹ ɧɟɫɭ ©ɍɡɤɢɣªƯ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡei:

ɝɨɬbeitan, steigan, weis.

Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɟi ɢu ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɦɢ h, r ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤe ɢ o, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ai ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ au:

DL K U ڝ Ɲ DX K U ǀ

ɝɨɬ wair, faihu

ɂɬɚɤ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟai ɢau ɦɨɧɨɮɬɨɧɝɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ

ɜƝ ɢǀ, ɚ ɥɸɛɨɟe > iɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞr, h, hwɚu > o,

ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢh, r.

13

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɟ

ɝɥɚɫɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ± ɝɥɚɫɧɵɟi

ɢu ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ

ȼ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɟ ɱɟɪɟ ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɚɛɥɚɭɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɨɜɭɞɚɪɧɵɯɢɛɟɡɭɞɚɪ ɧɵɯɫɥɨɝɚɯɹɜɥɹɹɫɶɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ ɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

Ɍɚɤ ɫɥɨɜɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɩɹɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɟɦɢ ɤɥɚɫ ɫɨɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟi (ai) ± a:

I ± V-ɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ

Ɵ ± ă-ɧɭɥɶ ɢɟ Ɵ ± ǂ -ɧɭɥɶ:

ɝɨɬreisan ± rais ± risum ± risans ɜɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ

VI -ɣ ɤɥɚɫɫ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟ ɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟă ± ǀ ɢɟ ă ± Ɨ

ɝɨɬfaran ± fǀr ± fǀrum ± farans ɟɯɚɬɶ

ɋɩɨɧɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɯ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹɯ

ɝɨɬsunus ɢɦ ɩ ɟɞ ɱ± sunjus ɢɦ ɩ ɦɧ ɱ ɝɨɬnima ɥ ɟɞ ɱ± nimis ɥ ɟɞ ɱ

ȼ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢɡɚɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɵ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɚɛ ɥɚɭɬɚ ɱɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨ ɥɨɜ

14

ɝɨɬdrinkan ɩɢɬɶ ± drank ɩɢɬɶɺ Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɤɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬ

ɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɭɦɥɚɭɬɚ

ɝɨɬharjis ɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɧhere.

ɝɨɬkuni ɢ ɞɚɫynn.

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦ

Ƚɨɬɫɤɢɣɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɜɩɨɥɧɨɣɦɟɪɟɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɜɫɟɧɨɜ ɲɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ

ɋɨɧɨɪɧɵɟr, l, m, n

ɉɨɥɭɥɝɥɚɫɧɵɟj [i], w.

Ɂɜɨɧɤɢɟ ɳɟɥɟɜɵɟb >ڊ@bÿd

Ɂɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɝɭɬɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ۚ >ɬɢɩɚ ɭɤɪ ɝ@g, kȤ

Ɂɚɞɧɟɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɥɚɛɢɨɜɢɟɥɹɪɧɵɟgwڝkw

Ƚɥɭɯɢɟ ɳɟɥɟɜɵɟf, >ɬɢɩɚ ɚɧɝ ɦɟɠɡɭɛ], s

Ƚɥɭɯɢɟ ɫɦɵɱɧɵɟp, t

ɇɚɩɨɦɧɢɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɜ ɱɚ

ɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ

ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ

15

1-ɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ

ɢɟ. ɡɜ. ɫɦɵɱ. ɫ ɩɪɢɞɵɯ. bh, dh, gh, gwh ŇŇ ɝɟɪɦ. ɡɜ. ɫɦɵɱ. bڊ ÿdۚg, gw

ɫɤɪbhirƗmi ɥɚɬphprǀ ɝɨɬbairan ɞɚ beran ɞɜɧberan

ɢɟɡɜ ɫɦɵɱ b, d, g, gw ŇŇɝɟɪɦɝɥ ɫɦɵɱ p, t, k, kw

Ɉɛɳɢɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ

ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɤɨ

ɧɟɱɧɨɟz ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ȼ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ

ɷɬɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɟz s ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɡɜɨɧɤɨ

ɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ s ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ

ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸ

ɳɢɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ

ɝɨɬdags, gasts, sunus, blinds

ȼ ɞɫɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞz r ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɬɚɰɢɡɦɚ ɋɪ ɝɨɬdags ɞɢɫɥdagr ɢ ɞɜɧtag ɞɚ. d g.

Ɉɛɳɟɣ ɝɨɬɨɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɝɥɨɫɫɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ Ⱥ ɏɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɥɝɢɯ ɫɨɧɨɪɧɵɯ-jj- ɢ-ww- ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪ ɦɚɧɫɤɢɯɹɡɵɤɚɯɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɚɫɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɦ

16

ɞɢɮɬɨɧɝ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɫɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɦɵɱɧɵɣ ɝɭɬɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣg ©ɝɭɬɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹª-jj-, -ww- ):

ɝɟɪɦ. *-jj- ɝɨɬ-ddj- (< *-ggj-), ɞɫɤ-ggj-; ɝɟɪɦ. *-ww- ɝɨɬ

* -ggw- ɞɫɤ-ggw-.

ɗɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ -jj- ɢ -ww- ɩɨɫɥɟ ɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨ ɞɢɥɚ ɤ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɫɦɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɉɪɨɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ >ngw@ ɉɨɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɏɨɥɶɰɦɚɧ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥ ɱɬɨ ɭɞɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɥɨɝ ɗ ɉɪɨɤɨɲ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɱɬɨ ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɤɨ ɪɟɧɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɝɨ

Cɪ ɞɜɧzweio ɞɫtweio ± ɝɨɬ. twaddje ɞɢɫɥtveggja.

ɞɜɧtaju ± ɝɨɬ. daddjan ɞɲɜd ggia.

ɞɚ. treowe ɞɜɧtriuwi ± ɝɨɬtriggws ɞɢɫɥtryggr.

ɞɜɧbliuwan ± ɝɨɬbliggwan.

Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɨɧɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɜɨɧɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜb, d, z ɜɧɭɬɪɢ

ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɝɥɭɯɢɦɢf, p, s ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ

ɋɪ ɝɨɬhlaifs ɢɦ ɩ ɟɞ ɱ hlabias ɪɨɞ ɩ ɟɞ ɱ

Ʉɚɤɢɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦ ɜɝɨɬɫɤɨɦɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ

ɫɨɧɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɥɭɯɢɦɢ ɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦɢf, , s:

ɋɪ ɝɨɬan ar ɞɜɧɚnder.

17

ɑɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ Ʉ ȼɟɪɟɧɟɪɚ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ

ɹɡɵɤɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɚɯ

ɋɪ.: ɞɚ. FƝRVDQ FƝDV FXURQ FRUHQ

ɞɜɧ. kiRVDQ NǀV NXUXP JLNRUDQ

ɝɨɬ. kiusan kaus kusam kusans

ɋ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫ

ɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ȼɟɪɧɟɪɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨ

ɜɚɧɢɢ

ɝɨɬf ± b >ڊ@aflifnan ©ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹª ± (bi)laibjan ©ɨɫɬɚɜ

ɥɹɬɶª

Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ

ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡ

ɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ

ɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢ

ɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɟɡɭɞɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɝɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɵ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɟɳɺ ɜ ɨɛ ɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɨɜɨɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɚɹ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɫɭɮ ɮɢɤɫ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹɞɜɭɯɦɨɪɮɟɦɧɨɣɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɭ

ɋɪ ɝɪ zyg-y-n, ɥɚɬdom-u-s ɢ ɝɨɬgib-a ɢɥɢ ɝɨɬhauhs.

18

ɂɦɹ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ

ȼ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɝɨɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɬɪɢ ɪɨɞɚ ɦɭɠ ɫɤɨɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ

ɇɚɪɹɞɭɫɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢɞɥɹɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚɹɡɵɤɨɜɮɨɪ ɦɚɦɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɫɶ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ ɫɦ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ɉɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨ ɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɞɟɠɢ. Ɂɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɠɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢ ɫɨ ɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ

ȼ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ

ɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ

ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ

ξ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ

19

ξɬɢɩ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɣ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɩɚɪɚ ɞɢɝɦɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ

ξɬɢɩ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɟɦɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ

ɂɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɤɥɨ ɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ-a-,-ǀ-,-i-,-u-ɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɵɣ-n- / -ǀn- / -ein-,-ter-, - ndɈɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɱɬɨ ɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɹɨɫɨɛɚɹɝɪɭɩɩɚɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯɢɦɟɧɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯɝɞɟɨɬ ɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ ɢ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚ ɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɤ ɤɨɪɧɸ ɫɦ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɚ-ɚ- ɢ ɧɚ-ǀ-ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɧɚ -ter- ɜɤɥɸɱɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ȼ ɝɨɬɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬ ɜɨɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ

ɫɢɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚ

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɝɨalls, midjis, halbs,

fullsɢɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨtaihsma, ibnaɫɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹ

ɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠ

20