Class assignments

ХП. Translate the following indefinite personal sentences:

1. It is known that blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs. 2. They say that patient Smirnov’s health will be restored soon. 3. One knows that pulse rate becomes rapid on physical exertion. 4. It is estimated that his body weight considerably decreased during the prolonged illness.

13. Answer the following questions:

1. How many days does each erythrocyte live? 2. How many days does each leucocyte live? 3. How many erythrocytes are born and die every day?

14. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. When a muscle fiber contracts so that its length does not change, one of the discs becomes shorter and the other, longer. 2. The pressure in the cranial cavity is sometimes increased as a result of the increase in arterial pressure. 3. In the man the corpuscles may compose from 39 to 50 per cent of the blood volume. 4. Can life exist without oxygen? 5. A cardiac cycle is composed of the wave of contraction and a period of rest. 6. In the human body sex differences exist in the inner organs and their functions.

15. Read the passages and answer the questions:

1. This substance is composed of plasma, red corpuscles, white corpuscles and platelets. What substance is it?

2. These cellular elements are the most numerous in the blood. They range from 4 to 5 million per cu mm in healthy adults. Their colour(ing) is red. What cellular elements are they?

3. This blood is brought to the heart from systemic and portal circulations. It enters the right atrium of the heart. Then this blood passes into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle this blood passes into the pulmonary artery. What blood is it?

16. Revise Text В (Lesson 13) and say what heart valve is described in each sentence:

1. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the left heart chamber.

2. This valve connects the atrium and the ventricle of the right heart chamber.

3. This valve is located at the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle. 4. This valve is located at the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle.

17. Combine the nouns with appropriate verbs, putting them in the necessary form:

the heart, the blood, the artery

contract, pass, dilate, bring, pump, vary, beat, compose, work, consist of, discharge out, receive, enter, act, serve, send, oxygenate, carry

18. Read Texf D and say what data important for a future doctor are given in it. What will you try to remember?

Text d. The Heart Sounds

When we listen to the heart we can hear two sounds. The third sound is also heard in some young persons before the age of 30.

The first heart sound is the longest one. It is heard at the moment of contraction of the ventricles when the atrio-ventricular valves close.

The second sound lasts for a shorter period of time. It is heard at the moment when the pulmonary and aortic semi lunar valves close.

The third heart sound is heard when the blood is passing from the atria into the ventricles.

The first and the second cardiac sounds are heard over all the portions of the heart and often over the large vessels. The first heart sound is greater over the surface of the ventricles and it is the greatest over the surface of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The second heart sound is heard loudest over the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Heart sounds are also heard over some portions of the chest. Normally the first heart sound is heard best over the apex of the heart in the fifth costal interspace. The second sound is heard best over the pulmonary artery and the aorta, that is in the second left and right costal interspaces. The aortic sound is normally louder than the pulmonic sound.

The heart sounds are very important in the clinical diagnosis and the doctors determine many cardiac diseases by heart sounds.

19. Answer the questions on Text D:

1. How many heart sounds do we hear when we listen to the heart? 2. When is the first heart sound heard? 3. When is the second heart sound heard? 4. At what moment is the third heart sound heard? 5. Where is the first heart sound heard louder? 6. Over the surface of what valves is the first heart sound heard

loudest? 7. Where is the second heart sound heard loudest? 8. In which costal interspaces is the first heart sound heard best? 9. In which costal interspaces is the second heart sound heard best? 10. Which of the two sounds—the aortic or the pulmonic is louder normally? 11. What do heart sounds help the doctors to determine?

UNIT 2. THE PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION

Правила чтения: Буквосочетания ew, eu, ue; буква u после г, 1, j. Словообразование: Суффикс -ian;

префиксы di-, a-, ab-, be-, com-, con-, pre-, de-, ex-, per-. Грамматика: Согласование времен. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения.

в) discontinue, disorganize, discover, discovery, disconnect, disconnection r) absorption, become, complete, conclusion, exchange, perform, explain, prevent, decrease, depend, amount

3. Запомните чтение следующих слов:

psychology [sai’kobd3i], process [‘prouses], absorption [ab’soipjn], diffusion [di’fju.^-3n], phenomenon [fi’nominan] (pi phenomena [fi’nomina])

3. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

observe [ab’zaiv] v наблюдать за; изучать, следить investigate [in’vestigeit] о исследовать isolate [‘aisaleit] v отделять, изолировать; выделять combine [kam’bain] v соединять; объединять able [’eibl] а способный, умелый; to be able быть в состоянии, мочь conclusion [кэп’к1и:зп] п вывод, заключение; to draw a conclusion сделать вывод

accomplish [a’komplij] v выполнять; заканчивать; завершать exchange [iks’tjeind3] п обмен; v обменивать(ся) due [dju:] а обусловленный, должный, надлежащий, соответствующий; due toргр вследствие; благодаря, из-за, в связи с; в результате; to be due to обуславливаться

solution [sa’l u:Jn] n раствор; растворение salt [so:lt] n соль

prove [pru:v] у доказывать; доказать; оказаться transfer [‘traensfa:] n перенос; передача; [traens’fa:] v переводить, перемещать

enable [I’neibl] v давать возможность (право)

3. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. prove [pru:v]: to prove facts, to prove to smb that, he proved that he was right, he was able to prove that;

2. conclusion [kan’kluijn]: a right conclusion, in conclusion, to come to the conclusion that..., to draw a conclusion;

3. accomplish [a’komplij]: accomplishment, to accomplish the observation, the accomplishment of the respiratory process;

4. due [dju:] to: due to his illness, due to a high temperature, in due time, his bad condition was due to a high blood pressure;

5. investigate [in’vestigeit]: investigation, to accomplish the investigation, the investigation of the blood cells

сказуемых:

1. The patient had restored his health by the end of September. 2. He had slept well before the surgeon came. 3. The male patient had had the grippe before he was admitted to the clinic. 4. The doctor had observed an unusual case of a mitral valve disease before he reported on it at the conference.

7. Прочтите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод придаточ­ных дополнительных предложений. Сопоставьте времена сказуемых глав­ного и придаточных предложений. Ответьте на вопросы:

Он сказал,

что

.. he lived in Kiev.

mTrt ^{he had Uved in Kiev}’

I- he would live in Kiev.

• живет в Киеве.

• жил в Киеве.

■ будет жить в Киеве.

1. В чем заключается правило согласования времен? 2. Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражается:

а) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык? б) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения? в) действие, которое произойдет в будущем? (см. стр....)

7. * Выберите предложения, в которых действия главного и прида­точного происходят одновременно. Переведите эти предложения:

1. The scientists determined that the rate of heartbeat increased because of different emotions. 2. The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before. 3. The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful. 4. It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue.

7. От следующих глаголов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов a) ‘-ion(-ation)’, б) ‘-ment’ и переведите эти существительные (письменно):

1. investigate, observe, combine, complete, isolate, found, conclude 6) accomplish, achieve, measure, establish, state, appoint

7. Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:

to be due to, to come to the conclusion, to prove to, in conclusion, due to, to report on smth; on the basis of smth, to work on the problem

7. 1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите: а) слова, имеющие сходное звучание с русскими, и переведите предложения с этими словами; б)

предложения в Past Perfect Active и переведите их; скажите, что вы узнали из 4-го абзаца о процессе дыхания, а из 5-го — о газообмене.

Text A. Sechenov and His Works on the Blood Gases

I. M. Sechenov (1829-1905) was a prominent Russian scientist, the founder of Russian physiology and scientific psychology.

The range of Sechenov’s scientific interests and the number of his research works are really great. 106 scientific works were written by him. In these works he included the findings which he had observed and determined before.

Some of his research works were connected with the investigation of the blood gases and their role in the respiratory process.

I. M. Sechenov isolated the blood gases and found out that most of the blood gases were combined with erythrocytes. No physiologist had been able to do it before Sechenov. On the basis of his observations I. M. Sechenov came to the conclusion that hemoglobin was that substance of the blood which accomplished the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory process. Physiologists of many countries who had worked on this problem before Sechenov could not estimate the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration. So the accomplishment of the respiratory process is due to hemoglobin.

I, M. Sechenov investigated the process of absorption of carbon dioxide by the solutions of salts. When he had completed his investigations, he proved that only 2/3 of carbon dioxide were dissolved (растворяются) in plasma. The rest of carbon dioxide was combined with red blood cells. The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs was due to the law (закон) of diffusion of gas from fluid into the air. When Sechenov had investigated this phenomenon, he was able to answer the question why oxygen passed into the blood from atmospheric gases during the act of respiration.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

7. Translate the following sentences. Explain the choice of tense forms while translating the predicates of the Object Clauses:

1. The doctor stated that the patient had pneumonia. 2. The surgeon considered that the patient would feel well in two or three days. 3. The professor found out that the patient had had tuberculosis two years before. 4. They came to the conclusion that the atmospheric pressure was an important factor for patients with cardiac diseases. 5. The researchers said that they had observed new phenomena.

7. Translate the following sentences according to the model:

No conclusions were drawn from this experiment.

Никаких выводов не было сделано из этого опыта.

What have you noticed while translating this model?

1. The doctor has observed no considerable changes in the lungs. 2, No difference exists between the substance of the bones of the lower and upper extremities. 3. The surgeon came to no exact conclusion after he had examined the patient. 4. No human being can exist without oxygen.

7. Translate the following word combinations:

the solution of salts, due to the transfer, due to the diffusion of gases, to accomplish the investigations, the accomplishment of this process, to come to the conclusion, to draw a conclusion, to investigate the phenomenon, to investigate the laws of diffusion

7. Translate into English:

1. Выдающийся русский ученый И.М. Сеченов много работал над проблемой обмена газов в легких. 2. На основании многочисленных исследований ученые пришли к выводу, что циркулирующий объем крови зависит от изменений температуры воздуха. 3. Чем обусловлен переход углекислого газа из крови в легкие? 4. Ученый доказал своим коллегам (co­workers), что его выводы были правильными. 5. На заседании кафедры он доложил о результатах своих опытов. 6. Вследствие увеличения физической нагрузки частота сердечных сокращений обычно учащается (accelerate).

7. Answer the questions according to the model:

1. : I have already published my findings. Have you?

2. : I have not published my findings yet. I shall have published them by the end of the month.

1. I have already changed my method of research. Have you? 2.1 have already determined the findings of my observations. Have you? 3.1 have already completed my investigations. Have you?

7. Puf the verbs in brackets in the proper tense:

1. The patient (to be) under medical care before the surgeon began the operation. 2. They (to isolate) the patient with the grippe from the others before they were infected. 3. My experiments not yet (to prove) anything since I started them. 4. We (to complete) our observations on the changes in the blood erythrocytes by tomorrow.

7. Stale the part of speech by the suffixes. Translate the following words:

atmospheric, difference, pressure, alveolar, diffusion, substance, capacity, combination, carbonic, accomplishment, conclusion, venous

7. Answer the following questions:

What do we call a person who

1. discovers something? 2. founds some new theories? 3. investigates some phenomena? 4. researches in some field of science? 5. observes some changes in the experiments?

XX* Read and translate Text B. Remember the given data to be able to answer the questions:

Text B. The Exchange of Gases in the Lungs

The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli [‘aelviolai] of the lungs. Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes into the atmospheric air.

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is due to the difference of partial (парциальное) pressure of these gases in the alveolar air and in the venous blood.

The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is higher than in the venous blood. The transfer of oxygen from the atmospheric air into the blood is due to this difference of pressures.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the venous blood and this enables carbon dioxide to pass from the blood into alveolar air.

The process of transfer of gases into the medium [‘miidiam] (среда) with a lower partial pressure is called diffusion. Hemoglobin is that substance of the blood which transfers oxygen in the blood. The oxygen capacity of the blood averages to 18-20 millilitres (ml) per 100 gr of blood. Carbon dioxide is transferred in combination with hemoglobin and as bicarbonic salts.

The combination of oxygen and hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin, that of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin — carbohemoglobin.

LESSON 20

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1 .* Найдите подлежащие и сказуемые в этом предложении. 2* Сколько в нем предложений? 3.* Какая зависимость между этими предложениями?

4. * Что опущено между этими предложениями? 5.* Переведите все предложение.

Б. Прочтите и сравните следующие предложения:

а) I know my friend is not ill.

б) My friend you know well is not ill.

1. Определите виды придаточных предложений в а) и б) и скажите, как они соединяются с главным? 2. Как переводятся на русский язык бессоюзные придаточные предложения?

2. Определите виды придаточных предложений и переведите их:

1. We know well Servet was the first anatomist to describe the pulmonary circulation in the first half of the 16th century (1536-1538). 2. The phenomenon of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs Sechenov investigated is due to the law of diffusion of gas from the fluid into the air. 3. The vital capacity of the lungs many physiologists have studied changes in some cardiac and pulmonary diseases. 4. The great English anatomist W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.

3. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

associate [a’soujleit] v соединять; связывать; [a’soujlit] а объединенный; тесно связанный

passage [¹paesid3] и проход; проток

brealhe [bri:d] v дышать; breathe in вдыхать; breathe out выдыхать

flow [flou] n ток, течение; струя; v течь; циркулировать

decrease [di:’kri:s] v уменыыать(ся); спадать; понижать(ся)

depth [dep0] n глубина

fat [faet] n жир; а жирный; упитанный

amount [a’maunt] n количество

4. * Переведите однокоренные слова:

associate, associated, associative, association; particular, particularly, particularity; change, changed, changing, changeable, exchange; connection, connective, connected; deep, deeply, depth

5. Вставьте недостающие по смыслу слова из данных ниже. Глаголы поставьте в соответствующей форме (письменно):

1. On physical exertion the patient’s ... became deep.

2. When the temperature is high a patient usually ... deeply.

3. When one ... the lungs dilate. 4. When one... the lungs contract.

breathe, breathe out, breath, breathe in

6. 1. Прочтите текст С. 2. Найдите: а) неопределенно-личные обороты и переведите их; б) Present Participle, определите его функции и переведите предложения. 3. Составьте пять вопросов к этому тексту. 4. Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

имеет особое значение для, происходящий в легких, принимают участие в выработке