1. * Назовите сказуемые в английских предложениях. 2* Какой вспомогательный глагол употребляется в сказуемом? 3.* В какой форме употребляется смысловой глагол? 4. Какую формулу для этой группы времен (Perfect) вы можете дать? 5. Что изменяется по временам в этой формуле? 6. Что остается неизменяемым в этой формуле? 7. В каком времени стоит вспомогательный глагол to have в первой группе предложений? Как называется это время группы Perfect? 8. В каком времени стоит вспомогательный глагол to have во второй группе предложений, и как называется это время группы Perfect? 9. В каком времени стоит вспомогательный глагол to have в третьей группе предложений? Как называется это время группы Perfect? 10. Как переводится сказуемое в: а) Present Perfect, б) Past Perfect, в) Future Perfect? 11. Какое действие (обычное, продолженное или законченное) показывают глаголы в группе Perfect?

2. Обратите внимание на построение отрицательной и вопросительной форм:

Б. 1.1 have not written a letter. Не will not have written a letter tomorrow by

2. o’clock. 2. Has he written a letter? Had I written a letter yesterday by 2

o’clock? Will he have written a letter tomorrow by 2 o’clock?

4. Обратите внимание на употребление выделенных наречий с временами группы Perfect. Выпишите и выучите эти наречия:

1. have never been to Leningrad. 2. The patient has already restored his health and he can walk. 3. Have you ever performed any operation? 4. Professor Nikitin has just published his new book on the functions of the pancreas. 5. We haven’t yet sent for the doctor, do it now, please.

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4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание иа выделенное слово ‘since’

1. have not seen Comrade Klimov since then. 2. The students haven’t attended the lectures in Physiology since the professor went to Leningrad. 3. My parents have lived in Moscow since last year. 4. My sister’s health hasn’t changed since she was discharged from the hospital. 5. The patient hasn’t slept since early morning.

4. Замените выделенные слова данными в скобках и переведите полученные предложения:

1. Не has already carried out new experiments, (begun, changed, introduced, extended, prepared) 2. Physiologists have studied the function of the human heart, (described, determined, examined)

4. *B следующих парах предложений найдите и переведите ска­зуемые. Скажите, чем они отличаются друг от друга:

1. The doctor has not prolonged the treatment because the patient feels well. The treatment was prolonged because the patient still feels bad. 2. The doctor has not yet discharged the patient from the clinic. The patient was not discharged from the clinic last week.

4. 1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите все предложения со сказуемым в одном из времен группы Perfect. 3. Назовите формулу, определите время сказуемого и переведите эти предложения:

Text A. Work of the Human Heart

The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body. Scientists have determined that the total weight of the blood pumped by the heart daily is about ten tons.

The rate of Heart contractions is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers. It varies in different persons and at different age.

Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 beats per minute. In children the rate of heartbeat is much higher. Research work of many scientists has helped to determine that the rate of heartbeat increases depending on different emotions.

Each beat of the heart is followed by a period of rest for the cardiac muscle. Each wave of contraction and a period of rest following it compose a cardiac cycle.

Research work has given physiologists the possibility to find out that the heart muscle works or contracts about one third of the time of the person’s life. The period of rest is shorter during greater physical exertion and longer when the body is at rest.

Each cardiac cycle consists of three phases: physiologists have called the first phase of short contraction of both atria—the atrial systole. They have called the second phase of a more prolonged contraction of both ventricles—the ventricular systole. The period of rest of the cardiac muscle is called the diastole.

The left ventricle discharges out the blood received by the left atrium from the pulmonary circulation through the aorta to the systemic circulation.

The blood received from the systemic circulation by the right atrium is discharged out of the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.

Prolonged research work of many physiologists has given the possibility to estimate the role of the ventricles which serve as the main pump. The atria act as receiving chambers. The contraction of the atria which sends the final portion of the blood into the ventricle is considerably less.

CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

4. Read the following words and explain the pronunciation of the letters and letter combinations in bold type:

quality, quantity, coat, throat, quick, question, dead, treat, mouth, month, cause, cover, quinsy, qualified

4. Form the adjectives using the suffix ‘-able’. Translate them:

consider, change, depend, vary, eat, question, work

4. Name and translate the verbs from which the following nouns are formed:

operation, circulation, estimation, radiation, location, separation, graduation, dilatation, regulation

4. Supply ‘already’ or ‘yet’. Translate the following sentences:

1. The scientists have introduced this term. 2. The researchers have not found out the origin of this disease. 3. The physiologists have estimated the importance of this great discovery. 4. They have not published the book on their discoveries.

4. Translate the following sentences:

1. The human heart begins to beat and pump blood quick-er than usual during the emotional stress. 2. The human heart makes 60-80 contractions per minute. 3. On physical exertion the heart has a short period of rest and the diastole becomes less. 4. The heart acts as a pump discharging out the blood to peripheral and pulmonary systems. 5. Ten tons of blood are pumped through the heart daily. 6. John Floyer, an English doctor (1649-1734), was the first scientist to find out the varying pulse rate in men.

ХУШ. Put the verbs in the required form. Translate the following sentences:

1. The nurse already (to take temperature). 2. The doctor not yet (to use) this method of treatment. 3. She not (to see) her parents since May. 4. The nurse just (to determine) the patient’s blood group.

14. Choose the proper answer from those given below:

1. Did the scientists find out the total weight of the blood? (a) The scientists find out the total weight of the blood, b) The scientists found out the total weight of the blood, c) The total weight of the blood was found out by the scientists.) 2. Is the rate of the heartbeat regulated by two groups of nerve fibers? (a) The rate of the heartbeat will be regulated by two groups of nerve fibers, b) Two groups of nerve fibers have regulated the rate of the heartbeat, c) The rate of the heartbeat is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers.)

14. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. Я часто посылаю письма своим родителям. 2. Я только что послал письмо своим родителям. 3. Вчера я послал письмо своим родителям. 4. Вчера я послал письмо своим родителям до того, как пошел на лекцию. 5. Какие фотографии вы посылаете сейчас своим родителям? 6. Я пошлю письмо своим родителям в следующий понедельник. 7. Я пошлю письмо своим родителям к концу этой недели.

14. Translate into English.

1. В норме сердце бьется со скоростью 60-70 ударов в минуту. 2. При физическом напряжении частота сердечных сокращений может увеличиваться. 3. Врач думает выписать из больницы мою сестру дня через два. 4. Печень—это орган, который выделяет желчь. 5. За каждой волной сердечных сокращений следует период покоя. 6. От вас зависит продолжать ли нам эти эксперименты. 7. Левый желудочек нагнетает кровь по артериям ко всем частям тела.

14. Read the following sentences. Translate them paying attention to the words in bold type:

/

1. Will you bring me your notes in Physiology? 2. The venous blood is brought to the right atrium of the heart. 3. The chemical formula of carbon dioxide [‘ka:bandai’ksaid] is C0₂.4. The chemical formula of oxygen [^loksid3an] is 0₂. 5. Oxygen is necessary for life. 6. To oxygenate means to receive much oxygen. 7. The venous blood is oxygenated in the lungs. 8. The normal atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg.

14. 1. Read Text B. 2. Find the predicates in Present Indefinite Passive and Present Perfect Active. 3. Translate them together with the subjects. 4. Put questions to the second paragraph. 5. Describe how oxygenated blood passes to all the parts of the body.

Text B. The Circulation of the Blood

Now we know that the venous blood from the systemic and portal circulation is brought to the right atrium of the heart. When the pressure in the right atrium has increased the blood passes into the right ventricle from the right atrium.

During the systole of the ventricle the blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. When the right ventricle has pumped the venous blood into the pulmonary artery it enters the pulmonary circulation. The blood is brought to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. In the lungs the venous blood discharges out carbon dioxide. When the blood has discharged out carbon dioxide it takes in oxygen in the lungs.

The blood which has become oxygenated passes from the venous part of the pulmonary capillary system into the venules and veins. When the oxygenated blood has passed thefourpulmonaiy veins itis brought to the left atrium of the heart.

Under the pressure in the left atrium the arterial blood which the pulmonary veins have brought to the heart is pumped into the left ventricle. During the prolonged contraction of the left ventricle, the so-called ventricular systole, the arterial blood is pumped into the aorta — the main artery of the vascular system. When the left ventricle has pumped the arterial blood into the aorta it is carried through the arteries to all the parts of the body.

LESSON 18

HOME ASSIGNMENTS

Запомните:

1. Суффиксы -ance, -ence образуют существительные преиму­щественно от глаголов: to enter входить, поступать; entrance вход, поступление.

2. -аг является суффиксом прилагательного: cellular клеточный.