Урок 5. Тема: Нефтепродукты.

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Text “Petroleum products”.

Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) as it is processed in oil refineries. According to crude oil composition and demand, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products. The largest share of oil products is used as energy carriers: various grades of fuel oil and gasoline. These energy-carrying fuels include or can be blended to give gasoline, jet fuel, diesel fuel, heating oil, and heavier fuel oils. Heavier (less volatile) fractions can also be used to produce asphalt, tar, paraffin wax, lubricating and other heavy oils. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials. Since petroleum often contains a couple of percent sulfur, sulfur is also often produced as a petroleum product. Hydrogen and carbon in the form of petroleum coke may also be produced as petroleum products. The hydrogen produced is often used as an intermediate product for other oil refinery processes such as hydrogen catalytic cracking (hydrocracking) and hydrodesulfurization.

Oil refineries will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars. Gaseous fuels, such as propane, are stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors. Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required) are shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. It also may be shipped regionally in dedicatedpipelinesto point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators calledpipeline inspection gauges("pigs").

Lubricants(produces light machine oils,motor oils, andgreases, addingviscositystabilizers as required), are usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant.Wax(paraffin), are used in the packaging offrozen foods, among others. It may be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks.Sulfur(orsulfuric acid), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum may have up to a couple percent sulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor oleum. Bulktaris shipped for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing or similar uses.Asphaltis used as a binder forgravelto formasphalt concrete, which is used for paving roads, lots, etc. An asphalt unit prepares bulk asphalt for shipment.Petroleum cokeis used in specialtycarbonproducts such as certain types ofelectrodes, or as solid fuel.

Petrochemicalsor petrochemical feedstocks are often sent to petrochemical plants for further processing in a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may beolefinsor their precursors, or various types ofaromaticpetrochemicals. Petrochemicals have a vast variety of uses. They are commonly used asmonomersor feedstocks for monomer production. Olefins such asalpha-olefinsanddienesare often used as monomers, although aromatics can also be used as monomer precursors. The monomers are thenpolymerizedin various ways to formpolymers. Polymer materials can be used asplastics,elastomers, orfibers, or possibly some intermediate form of these material types. Some polymers are also used as gels or lubricants. Petrochemicals can also be used assolventsor as feedstock for producing solvents. Petrochemicals can also be used as precursors for a wide variety ofchemicalsand substances such as vehicle fluids,surfactantsfor cleaners, etc.