- •Table of Contents
- •Chapter 1. Introduction
- •Using Commands
- •Batch Program Use
- •How to Use this Manual
- •Chapter 2. Object and Command Basics
- •Object Declaration
- •Object Commands
- •Object Assignment
- •More on Object Declaration
- •Auxiliary Commands
- •Managing Workfiles and Databases
- •Managing Objects
- •Basic Command Summary
- •Chapter 3. Matrix Language
- •Declaring Matrices
- •Assigning Matrix Values
- •Copying Data Between Objects
- •Matrix Expressions
- •Matrix Commands and Functions
- •Matrix Views and Procs
- •Matrix Operations versus Loop Operations
- •Summary of Automatic Resizing of Matrix Objects
- •Matrix Function and Command Summary
- •Chapter 4. Working with Tables
- •Creating a Table
- •Assigning Table Values
- •Customizing Tables
- •Labeling Tables
- •Printing Tables
- •Exporting Tables to Files
- •Customizing Spreadsheet Views
- •Table Summary
- •Chapter 5. Working with Graphs
- •Creating a Graph
- •Changing Graph Types
- •Customizing a Graph
- •Labeling Graphs
- •Printing Graphs
- •Exporting Graphs to Files
- •Graph Summary
- •Chapter 6. EViews Programming
- •Program Basics
- •Simple Programs
- •Program Variables
- •Program Modes
- •Program Arguments
- •Control of Execution
- •Multiple Program Files
- •Subroutines
- •Programming Summary
- •Chapter 7. Strings and Dates
- •Strings
- •Dates
- •Appendix A. Object, View and Procedure Reference
- •Alpha
- •Coef
- •Equation
- •Graph
- •Group
- •Link
- •Logl
- •Matrix
- •Model
- •Pool
- •Rowvector
- •Sample
- •Scalar
- •Series
- •Sspace
- •System
- •Table
- •Text
- •Valmap
- •Vector
- •Appendix B. Command Reference
- •addassign
- •addinit
- •addtext
- •align
- •alpha
- •append
- •arch
- •archtest
- •area
- •arlm
- •arma
- •arroots
- •auto
- •axis
- •bdstest
- •binary
- •block
- •boxplot
- •boxplotby
- •bplabel
- •cause
- •ccopy
- •cdfplot
- •cellipse
- •censored
- •cfetch
- •chdir
- •checkderivs
- •chow
- •clabel
- •cleartext
- •close
- •coef
- •coefcov
- •coint
- •comment
- •control
- •copy
- •correl
- •correlsq
- •count
- •create
- •cross
- •data
- •datelabel
- •dates
- •dbcopy
- •dbcreate
- •dbdelete
- •dbopen
- •dbpack
- •dbrebuild
- •dbrename
- •dbrepair
- •decomp
- •define
- •delete
- •derivs
- •describe
- •displayname
- •draw
- •drawdefault
- •driconvert
- •drop
- •dtable
- •edftest
- •endog
- •equation
- •errbar
- •exclude
- •exit
- •expand
- •fetch
- •fill
- •fiml
- •fixedtest
- •forecast
- •freeze
- •freq
- •frml
- •garch
- •genr
- •grads
- •graph
- •group
- •hconvert
- •hfetch
- •hilo
- •hist
- •hlabel
- •impulse
- •jbera
- •kdensity
- •kerfit
- •label
- •laglen
- •legend
- •line
- •linefit
- •link
- •linkto
- •load
- •logit
- •logl
- •makecoint
- •makederivs
- •makeendog
- •makefilter
- •makegarch
- •makegrads
- •makegraph
- •makegroup
- •makelimits
- •makemap
- •makemodel
- •makeregs
- •makeresids
- •makesignals
- •makestates
- •makestats
- •makesystem
- •matrix
- •means
- •merge
- •metafile
- •model
- •name
- •nnfit
- •open
- •options
- •ordered
- •output
- •override
- •pageappend
- •pagecontract
- •pagecopy
- •pagecreate
- •pagedelete
- •pageload
- •pagerename
- •pagesave
- •pageselect
- •pagestack
- •pagestruct
- •pageunstack
- •param
- •pcomp
- •plot
- •pool
- •predict
- •probit
- •program
- •qqplot
- •qstats
- •range
- •ranhaus
- •read
- •rename
- •representations
- •resample
- •reset
- •residcor
- •residcov
- •resids
- •results
- •rndint
- •rndseed
- •rowvector
- •sample
- •save
- •scalar
- •scale
- •scat
- •scatmat
- •scenario
- •seas
- •seasplot
- •series
- •setbpelem
- •setcell
- •setcolwidth
- •setconvert
- •setelem
- •setfillcolor
- •setfont
- •setformat
- •setheight
- •setindent
- •setjust
- •setline
- •setlines
- •setmerge
- •settextcolor
- •setwidth
- •sheet
- •show
- •signalgraphs
- •smooth
- •smpl
- •solve
- •solveopt
- •sort
- •spec
- •spike
- •sspace
- •statby
- •stategraphs
- •statefinal
- •stateinit
- •stats
- •statusline
- •stom
- •stomna
- •store
- •structure
- •svar
- •system
- •table
- •template
- •testadd
- •testbtw
- •testby
- •testdrop
- •testexog
- •testfit
- •testlags
- •teststat
- •text
- •textdefault
- •trace
- •tramoseats
- •tsls
- •unlink
- •update
- •updatecoefs
- •uroot
- •usage
- •valmap
- •vars
- •vector
- •wald
- •wfcreate
- •wfopen
- •wfsave
- •wfselect
- •white
- •workfile
- •write
- •wtsls
- •xyline
- •xypair
- •Appendix C. Special Expression Reference
- •@expand
- •nrnd
- •Appendix D. Operator and Function Reference
- •Operators
- •Basic Mathematical Functions
- •Time Series Functions
- •Descriptive Statistics
- •By-Group Statistics
- •Special Functions
- •Trigonometric Functions
- •Statistical Distribution Functions
- •Appendix E. Workfile Functions
- •Basic Workfile Information
- •Dated Workfile Information
- •Panel Workfile Functions
- •Appendix F. String and Date Function Reference
- •@dateadd
- •@datediff
- •@datefloor
- •@datepart
- •@datestr
- •@dateval
- •@dtoo
- •@eqna
- •@insert
- •@instr
- •@isempty
- •@left
- •@len, @length
- •@lower
- •@ltrim
- •@makedate
- •@neqna
- •@otod
- •@replace
- •@right
- •@rtrim
- •@strdate
- •@strlen
- •@strnow
- •@trim
- •@upper
- •Appendix G. Matrix Reference
- •@cholesky
- •colplace
- •@columnextract
- •@columns
- •@cond
- •@convert
- •@eigenvalues
- •@eigenvectors
- •@explode
- •@filledmatrix
- •@filledrowvector
- •@filledsym
- •@filledvector
- •@getmaindiagonal
- •@identity
- •@implode
- •@inner
- •@inverse
- •@issingular
- •@kronecker
- •@makediagonal
- •matplace
- •mtos
- •@norm
- •@outer
- •@permute
- •@rank
- •@resample
- •@rowextract
- •rowplace
- •@rows
- •@solvesystem
- •stom
- •stomna
- •@subextract
- •@trace
- •@transpose
- •@unitvector
- •@vech
- •Appendix H. Programming Language Reference
- •call
- •@date
- •else
- •endif
- •endsub
- •@errorcount
- •@evpath
- •exitloop
- •include
- •@isobject
- •next
- •open
- •output
- •poff
- •program
- •return
- •statusline
- •step
- •stop
- •subroutine
- •@temppath
- •then
- •@time
- •wend
- •while
- •Index
- •Symbols
- •% (percent sign)
- •+ (plus)
- •addition 35
- •@crossid 593
- •@date 148, 590, 633
- •@eqna 124, 575, 599
- •@-functions
- •@inner 578, 619
- •@insert 126, 600
- •@instr 124, 600
- •@inverse 620
- •@isempty 124, 601
- •@isna 575
- •@isobject 637
- •@isperiod 591
- •@issingular 620
- •@kronecker 620
- •@kurtsby 580
- •@last 474
- •@lastmax 474
- •@lastmin 474
- •@left 125, 601, 606
- •@length 124, 602
- •@logit 583
- •@logx 576
- •@lower 127, 602
- •@ltrim 126, 602
- •@makedate 142, 603
- •@makediagonal 621
- •@maxsby 579
- •@meansby 579
- •@median 578
- •@mediansby 579
- •@minsby 579
- •@month 148, 591
- •@movav 576
- •@movsum 576
- •@nasby 580
- •@neqna 125, 575, 604
- •@ngroups 580
- •@norm 623
- •@obsby 579
- •@obsid 593
- •@obsnum 589
- •@obsrange 590
- •@obssmpl 590
- •@otod 128, 605
- •@outer 623
- •@pcha 577
- •@pchy 577
- •@permute 624
- •@quantile 579
- •@quantilesby 580
- •@quarter 148, 591
- •@rank 624
- •@recode 576
- •@replace 126, 605
- •@resample 625
- •@RGB specification of colors 454
- •@right 126
- •@round 576
- •@rowextract 625
- •@rows 626
- •@rtrim 126, 606
- •@seas 591
- •@skewsby 580
- •@solvesystem 626
- •@sqrt 576
- •@stdev 579
- •@stdevsby 579
- •@strdate 128, 148, 591, 607
- •@strlen 607
- •@strnow 128, 607
- •@subextract 628
- •@sumsby 579
- •@sumsq 579
- •@sumsqsby 579
- •@temppath 641
- •_ (continuation character) 84
- •Numerics
- •Add factor
- •align 203
- •views 154
- •Alpha series
- •append 205
- •ARCH
- •Arguments
- •in programs 98
- •ARMA
- •ASCII file
- •open as workfile 532
- •Autocorrelation
- •Autogressive error. See AR.
- •Autowrap text 83
- •Axis
- •rename label 371
- •axis 217
- •Beta
- •Binary
- •Binomial
- •customize 231
- •Breusch-Godfrey test
- •call 633
- •Cell
- •censored 238
- •Cholesky factor
- •Chow test 241
- •Close
- •Coefficient
- •See Coef.
- •update default coef vector 521
- •Cointegration
- •Color
- •Column
- •extract from matrix 612
- •stack matrix 630
- •Conditional standard deviation
- •Conditional variance
- •Control variable 88
- •Convert
- •date to observation number 599
- •matrix to sym 618
- •Coordinates
- •Copy
- •cross 260
- •matrix 259
- •Create
- •Cross section member
- •of squares 424
- •Data
- •Database
- •Date
- •Dates
- •current date and time 147
- •string representation 598
- •Declare
- •Delete
- •Derivatives
- •Directory
- •Distribution function
- •DRI database
- •fetch series 239
- •Drop
- •group series or cross-section from pool definition 281
- •Eigenvalues 615
- •Element
- •else 634
- •Error correction model
- •Errors
- •exclude 289
- •Exclude variables from model solution 289
- •Exit
- •Exponential
- •Export
- •matrix 41
- •Extract
- •row vector 625
- •Files
- •Fill
- •Filled
- •Fixed effects
- •For loop
- •Forecast
- •Freeze
- •frml 306
- •Full information maximum likelihood 296
- •GARCH
- •Gauss file 532
- •Gaussian distribution 586
- •Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity
- •Generate series
- •Gompit models 222
- •Gradients
- •display 315
- •create 59
- •high-low-open-close 320
- •pie graph 406
- •XY graph 556
- •graph 316
- •greater than comparison 36
- •add series 198
- •group 317
- •Hausman test 413
- •hconvert 318
- •HTML
- •If statement 100
- •Include
- •Inverse of matrix 620
- •Jarque-Bera
- •Johansen cointegration test 245
- •Kernel
- •label 330
- •specify as range 643
- •Lagrange multiplier
- •Legend
- •line 334
- •Link object
- •Local
- •Logistic
- •logl 344
- •Loop
- •exit loop 108, 635
- •Lotus file
- •Matrix
- •resample rows from 625
- •matrix 366
- •Maximum 578
- •Median 578
- •Merge
- •Messages
- •model solution 371
- •Model 170
- •Models
- •block structure 223
- •solve 475
- •Multiplication operator (*) 35
- •Negative binomial
- •Number
- •evaluate a string 608
- •Numbers
- •converting from strings 124
- •store 16, 490
- •Open
- •database 266
- •Output
- •Output redirection 638
- •override 382
- •Override variables in model solution 382
- •Page
- •resize 399
- •Panel
- •Panel data
- •Percent change
- •Poisson
- •Pool 171
- •declare 408
- •delete identifiers 272
- •pool 408
- •portrait 8
- •probit 410
- •create 83
- •open 84
- •P-value functions 587
- •QQ-plot
- •Quantile function 579
- •Random effects
- •Random number
- •Read
- •Recode values 576
- •Regressors
- •Rename
- •Resample
- •Residuals
- •Results
- •return 639
- •height 50
- •Run program
- •multiple files 108
- •Sample
- •set current 474
- •Save
- •with kernel fit 329
- •scenario 438
- •seas 440
- •Second moment matrix 619
- •declare 442
- •formula 306
- •show 470
- •Signal variables
- •Singular matrix
- •test for 620
- •Smoothing
- •Solve
- •linear system 626
- •sort 478
- •Sspace
- •declare 482
- •procs 180
- •State space
- •State variables
- •display graphs of 484
- •Static forecast 297
- •insert string into 600
- •relational comparison 121
- •String variable 89
- •in for loop 104
- •return from 109, 639
- •Symmetric matrix
- •declare 497
- •Table 187
- •text color 54
- •Test
- •Chow 241
- •for ARCH 210
- •mean, median, variance equality 501
- •mean, median, variance equality by classification 502
- •Text file
- •Then 642
- •Time
- •current as string 607
- •trace 512
- •Trigonometric functions 583
- •Uniform distribution 587
- •Valmap 189
- •vector 529
- •Verbose mode 85
- •append contents of workfile page to current page 383
- •close 12
- •contract page 385
- •create 260
- •end date of observation interval 590
- •open existing 12, 532
- •period indicators 591
- •save 12, 540
- •stack page 396
- •Write
- •wtsls 547
- •xypair 561
scale—433
scalar |
Object Declaration |
|
|
Declare a scalar object.
The scalar command declares a scalar object and optionally assigns a value.
Syntax
Command: scalar scalar_name[=assignment]
The scalar keyword should be followed by a valid name, and optionally, by an assignment. If there is no explicit assignment, the scalar will be initialized with a value of zero.
Examples
scalar alpha
declares a scalar object named ALPHA with value zero.
equation eq1.ls res c res(-1 to -4) x1 x2
scalar lm = eq1.@regobs*eq1.@r2
show lm
runs a regression, saves the nR2 as a scalar named LM, and displays its value in the status line at the bottom of the EViews window.
Cross-references
See “Scalar” on page 176 for a summary of the features of scalar objects in EViews.
scale |
Graph Proc |
|
|
Sets axis and data scaling characteristics for the graph.
By default, EViews optimally chooses the axes to fit the graph data.
Syntax
Graph Proc: |
graph_name.scale(axis_id) options_list |
The axis_id parameter identifies which of the axes the proc modifies. If no option is specified, the proc will modify all of the axes. axis_id may take on one of the following values:
left / l |
Left vertical axis. |
|
|
right / r |
Right vertical axis. |
434—Appendix B. Command Reference
bottom / b |
Bottom axis for XY and scatter graphs (scat (p. 435), |
|
xy (p. 556), xyline (p. 558), xypair (p. 561)). |
|
|
top / t |
Top axis for XY and scatter graphs (scat (p. 435), xy |
|
(p. 556), xyline (p. 558), xypair (p. 561)). |
|
|
all / a |
All axes. |
|
|
Note: the syntax of scale has changed considerably from version 4.1 of EViews (see, in particular axis (p. 217)). While not documented here, the previous options are still (for the most part) supported. However, we do not recommend using the old options as future support is not guaranteed.
Options
The options list may include any of the following options:
Data scaling options
linear |
Linear data scaling (default). |
|
|
linearzero |
Linear data scaling (include zero when auto range |
|
selection is employed). |
|
|
log |
Logarithmic scaling (does not apply to boxplots). |
|
|
norm |
Norm (standardize) the data prior to plotting (does not |
|
apply to boxplots). |
Axes scaling options
range(arg) |
Specifies the endpoints for the scale: automatic choice |
|
(“auto”), use the maximum and minimum values of the |
|
data (“minmax”), set minimum to n1 and maximum to |
|
n2 (“n1, n2”), e.g. “range(3, 9)”. |
|
|
overlap / -over- [Overlap / Do not overlap] scales on dual scale graphs. lap
invert / -invert [Invert / do not invert] scale.
Note that the default settings are taken from the global defaults.
Examples
To set the right scale to logarithmic with manual range, you can enter:
graph1.scale(right) log range(10, 30)
Alternatively,
scat—435
graph1.scale -invert range(minmax)
draws duplicate inverted scales on the left and right axes which are defined to match the data range.
Cross-references
See Chapter 14, “Graphs, Tables, and Text Objects”, on page 413 of the User’s Guide for a discussion of graph options.
See also axis (p. 217), datelabel (p. 262), options (p. 375) and setelem (p. 449).
scat
Command || Graph Command | Group View | Matrix View | Rowvector View| Sym View
Display scatterplot graph of object, or change existing graph object type to scatterplot (if possible).
By default, the first series or column of data will be located along the horizontal axis, and the remaining data on the vertical axis. You may optionally choose to plot the data in pairs, where the first two series or columns are plotted against each other, the second two series or columns are plotted against each other, and so forth.
Syntax
Command: |
scat(options) arg1 [arg2 arg3 ...] |
Object View: |
group_name.scat(options) |
Graph Proc: |
graph_name.scat(options) |
If used as a command, follow the keyword by a list of series and group objects, or by a matrix object. There must be at least two series or columns in the data to be graphed.
Scatterplots are simply XY plots (see xy (p. 556)) with symbols turned on, and lines turned off (see setelem (p. 449)).
Options
Template and printing options
o= template Use appearance options from the specified template. template may be a predefined template keyword (‘default” - current global defaults, “classic”, “modern”, “reverse”, “midnight”, “spartan”, “monochrome”) or a graph in the workfile.
436—Appendix B. Command Reference
t=graph_name Use appearance options and copy text and shading from
|
the specified graph. |
|
|
b / -b |
[Apply / Remove] bold modifiers of the base template |
|
style specified using the “o=” option above. |
|
|
w / -w |
[Apply / Remove] wide modifiers of the base template |
|
style specified using the “o=” option above. |
|
|
p |
Print the scatterplot graph. |
|
|
The options which support the “-” may be proceeded by a “+” or “-” indicating whether to turn on or off the option. The “+” is optional.
Note that use of the template option will override the symbol setting.
Scale options
a (default) |
Automatic single scale. |
|
|
b |
Plot series or columns in pairs (the first two against |
|
each other, the second two against each other, and so |
|
forth). |
|
|
n |
Normalized scale (zero mean and unit standard devia- |
|
tion). May not be used with the “s” option. |
|
|
d |
Dual scaling with no crossing. |
|
|
x |
Dual scaling with possible crossing. |
|
|
mDisplay XY plots in multiple graphs (will override the “s” option). Not for use with an existing graph object.
Panel options
The following options apply when graphing panel structured data.
scat—437
panel=arg |
Panel data display: “stack” (stack the cross-sections), |
(default taken |
“individual” or “1” (separate graph for each cross-sec- |
from global settion), “combine” or “c” (combine each cross-section in
tings) |
single graph; one time axis), “mean” (plot means |
|
across cross-sections), “mean1se” (plot mean and +/- |
|
1 standard deviation summaries), “mean2sd” (plot |
|
mean and +/- 2 s.d. summaries), “mean3sd” (plot |
|
mean and +/- 3 s.d. summaries), “median” (plot |
|
median across cross-sections), “med25” (plot median |
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and +/- .25 quantiles), “med10” (plot median and +/- |
|
.10 quantiles), “med05” (plot median +/- .05 quan- |
|
tiles), “med025” (plot median +/- .025 quantiles), |
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“med005” (plot median +/- .005 quantiles), “med- |
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mxmn” (plot median, max and min). |
Examples
scat unemp inf want
produces an UNTITLED graph object containing a scatter plot, with UNEMP on the horizontal and INF and WANT on the vertical axis.
group med age height weight
med.scat(t=scat2)
produces a scatter plot view of the group object MED, using the graph object SCAT2 as a template.
group pairs age height weight length
pairs.scat(b)
produces a scatter plot view with AGE plotted against HEIGHT, and WEIGHT plotted against LENGTH.
If there is an existing graph GRAPH01, the expression:
graph01.scat(b)
changes its type to a scatterplot with data plotted in pairs (if possible), with the remaining XY graph settings at their default values.
Cross-references
See Chapter 14, “Graphs, Tables, and Text Objects”, on page 413 of the User’s Guide for a discussion of graphs and templates.
