- •Table of Contents
- •Chapter 1. Introduction
- •Using Commands
- •Batch Program Use
- •How to Use this Manual
- •Chapter 2. Object and Command Basics
- •Object Declaration
- •Object Commands
- •Object Assignment
- •More on Object Declaration
- •Auxiliary Commands
- •Managing Workfiles and Databases
- •Managing Objects
- •Basic Command Summary
- •Chapter 3. Matrix Language
- •Declaring Matrices
- •Assigning Matrix Values
- •Copying Data Between Objects
- •Matrix Expressions
- •Matrix Commands and Functions
- •Matrix Views and Procs
- •Matrix Operations versus Loop Operations
- •Summary of Automatic Resizing of Matrix Objects
- •Matrix Function and Command Summary
- •Chapter 4. Working with Tables
- •Creating a Table
- •Assigning Table Values
- •Customizing Tables
- •Labeling Tables
- •Printing Tables
- •Exporting Tables to Files
- •Customizing Spreadsheet Views
- •Table Summary
- •Chapter 5. Working with Graphs
- •Creating a Graph
- •Changing Graph Types
- •Customizing a Graph
- •Labeling Graphs
- •Printing Graphs
- •Exporting Graphs to Files
- •Graph Summary
- •Chapter 6. EViews Programming
- •Program Basics
- •Simple Programs
- •Program Variables
- •Program Modes
- •Program Arguments
- •Control of Execution
- •Multiple Program Files
- •Subroutines
- •Programming Summary
- •Chapter 7. Strings and Dates
- •Strings
- •Dates
- •Appendix A. Object, View and Procedure Reference
- •Alpha
- •Coef
- •Equation
- •Graph
- •Group
- •Link
- •Logl
- •Matrix
- •Model
- •Pool
- •Rowvector
- •Sample
- •Scalar
- •Series
- •Sspace
- •System
- •Table
- •Text
- •Valmap
- •Vector
- •Appendix B. Command Reference
- •addassign
- •addinit
- •addtext
- •align
- •alpha
- •append
- •arch
- •archtest
- •area
- •arlm
- •arma
- •arroots
- •auto
- •axis
- •bdstest
- •binary
- •block
- •boxplot
- •boxplotby
- •bplabel
- •cause
- •ccopy
- •cdfplot
- •cellipse
- •censored
- •cfetch
- •chdir
- •checkderivs
- •chow
- •clabel
- •cleartext
- •close
- •coef
- •coefcov
- •coint
- •comment
- •control
- •copy
- •correl
- •correlsq
- •count
- •create
- •cross
- •data
- •datelabel
- •dates
- •dbcopy
- •dbcreate
- •dbdelete
- •dbopen
- •dbpack
- •dbrebuild
- •dbrename
- •dbrepair
- •decomp
- •define
- •delete
- •derivs
- •describe
- •displayname
- •draw
- •drawdefault
- •driconvert
- •drop
- •dtable
- •edftest
- •endog
- •equation
- •errbar
- •exclude
- •exit
- •expand
- •fetch
- •fill
- •fiml
- •fixedtest
- •forecast
- •freeze
- •freq
- •frml
- •garch
- •genr
- •grads
- •graph
- •group
- •hconvert
- •hfetch
- •hilo
- •hist
- •hlabel
- •impulse
- •jbera
- •kdensity
- •kerfit
- •label
- •laglen
- •legend
- •line
- •linefit
- •link
- •linkto
- •load
- •logit
- •logl
- •makecoint
- •makederivs
- •makeendog
- •makefilter
- •makegarch
- •makegrads
- •makegraph
- •makegroup
- •makelimits
- •makemap
- •makemodel
- •makeregs
- •makeresids
- •makesignals
- •makestates
- •makestats
- •makesystem
- •matrix
- •means
- •merge
- •metafile
- •model
- •name
- •nnfit
- •open
- •options
- •ordered
- •output
- •override
- •pageappend
- •pagecontract
- •pagecopy
- •pagecreate
- •pagedelete
- •pageload
- •pagerename
- •pagesave
- •pageselect
- •pagestack
- •pagestruct
- •pageunstack
- •param
- •pcomp
- •plot
- •pool
- •predict
- •probit
- •program
- •qqplot
- •qstats
- •range
- •ranhaus
- •read
- •rename
- •representations
- •resample
- •reset
- •residcor
- •residcov
- •resids
- •results
- •rndint
- •rndseed
- •rowvector
- •sample
- •save
- •scalar
- •scale
- •scat
- •scatmat
- •scenario
- •seas
- •seasplot
- •series
- •setbpelem
- •setcell
- •setcolwidth
- •setconvert
- •setelem
- •setfillcolor
- •setfont
- •setformat
- •setheight
- •setindent
- •setjust
- •setline
- •setlines
- •setmerge
- •settextcolor
- •setwidth
- •sheet
- •show
- •signalgraphs
- •smooth
- •smpl
- •solve
- •solveopt
- •sort
- •spec
- •spike
- •sspace
- •statby
- •stategraphs
- •statefinal
- •stateinit
- •stats
- •statusline
- •stom
- •stomna
- •store
- •structure
- •svar
- •system
- •table
- •template
- •testadd
- •testbtw
- •testby
- •testdrop
- •testexog
- •testfit
- •testlags
- •teststat
- •text
- •textdefault
- •trace
- •tramoseats
- •tsls
- •unlink
- •update
- •updatecoefs
- •uroot
- •usage
- •valmap
- •vars
- •vector
- •wald
- •wfcreate
- •wfopen
- •wfsave
- •wfselect
- •white
- •workfile
- •write
- •wtsls
- •xyline
- •xypair
- •Appendix C. Special Expression Reference
- •@expand
- •nrnd
- •Appendix D. Operator and Function Reference
- •Operators
- •Basic Mathematical Functions
- •Time Series Functions
- •Descriptive Statistics
- •By-Group Statistics
- •Special Functions
- •Trigonometric Functions
- •Statistical Distribution Functions
- •Appendix E. Workfile Functions
- •Basic Workfile Information
- •Dated Workfile Information
- •Panel Workfile Functions
- •Appendix F. String and Date Function Reference
- •@dateadd
- •@datediff
- •@datefloor
- •@datepart
- •@datestr
- •@dateval
- •@dtoo
- •@eqna
- •@insert
- •@instr
- •@isempty
- •@left
- •@len, @length
- •@lower
- •@ltrim
- •@makedate
- •@neqna
- •@otod
- •@replace
- •@right
- •@rtrim
- •@strdate
- •@strlen
- •@strnow
- •@trim
- •@upper
- •Appendix G. Matrix Reference
- •@cholesky
- •colplace
- •@columnextract
- •@columns
- •@cond
- •@convert
- •@eigenvalues
- •@eigenvectors
- •@explode
- •@filledmatrix
- •@filledrowvector
- •@filledsym
- •@filledvector
- •@getmaindiagonal
- •@identity
- •@implode
- •@inner
- •@inverse
- •@issingular
- •@kronecker
- •@makediagonal
- •matplace
- •mtos
- •@norm
- •@outer
- •@permute
- •@rank
- •@resample
- •@rowextract
- •rowplace
- •@rows
- •@solvesystem
- •stom
- •stomna
- •@subextract
- •@trace
- •@transpose
- •@unitvector
- •@vech
- •Appendix H. Programming Language Reference
- •call
- •@date
- •else
- •endif
- •endsub
- •@errorcount
- •@evpath
- •exitloop
- •include
- •@isobject
- •next
- •open
- •output
- •poff
- •program
- •return
- •statusline
- •step
- •stop
- •subroutine
- •@temppath
- •then
- •@time
- •wend
- •while
- •Index
- •Symbols
- •% (percent sign)
- •+ (plus)
- •addition 35
- •@crossid 593
- •@date 148, 590, 633
- •@eqna 124, 575, 599
- •@-functions
- •@inner 578, 619
- •@insert 126, 600
- •@instr 124, 600
- •@inverse 620
- •@isempty 124, 601
- •@isna 575
- •@isobject 637
- •@isperiod 591
- •@issingular 620
- •@kronecker 620
- •@kurtsby 580
- •@last 474
- •@lastmax 474
- •@lastmin 474
- •@left 125, 601, 606
- •@length 124, 602
- •@logit 583
- •@logx 576
- •@lower 127, 602
- •@ltrim 126, 602
- •@makedate 142, 603
- •@makediagonal 621
- •@maxsby 579
- •@meansby 579
- •@median 578
- •@mediansby 579
- •@minsby 579
- •@month 148, 591
- •@movav 576
- •@movsum 576
- •@nasby 580
- •@neqna 125, 575, 604
- •@ngroups 580
- •@norm 623
- •@obsby 579
- •@obsid 593
- •@obsnum 589
- •@obsrange 590
- •@obssmpl 590
- •@otod 128, 605
- •@outer 623
- •@pcha 577
- •@pchy 577
- •@permute 624
- •@quantile 579
- •@quantilesby 580
- •@quarter 148, 591
- •@rank 624
- •@recode 576
- •@replace 126, 605
- •@resample 625
- •@RGB specification of colors 454
- •@right 126
- •@round 576
- •@rowextract 625
- •@rows 626
- •@rtrim 126, 606
- •@seas 591
- •@skewsby 580
- •@solvesystem 626
- •@sqrt 576
- •@stdev 579
- •@stdevsby 579
- •@strdate 128, 148, 591, 607
- •@strlen 607
- •@strnow 128, 607
- •@subextract 628
- •@sumsby 579
- •@sumsq 579
- •@sumsqsby 579
- •@temppath 641
- •_ (continuation character) 84
- •Numerics
- •Add factor
- •align 203
- •views 154
- •Alpha series
- •append 205
- •ARCH
- •Arguments
- •in programs 98
- •ARMA
- •ASCII file
- •open as workfile 532
- •Autocorrelation
- •Autogressive error. See AR.
- •Autowrap text 83
- •Axis
- •rename label 371
- •axis 217
- •Beta
- •Binary
- •Binomial
- •customize 231
- •Breusch-Godfrey test
- •call 633
- •Cell
- •censored 238
- •Cholesky factor
- •Chow test 241
- •Close
- •Coefficient
- •See Coef.
- •update default coef vector 521
- •Cointegration
- •Color
- •Column
- •extract from matrix 612
- •stack matrix 630
- •Conditional standard deviation
- •Conditional variance
- •Control variable 88
- •Convert
- •date to observation number 599
- •matrix to sym 618
- •Coordinates
- •Copy
- •cross 260
- •matrix 259
- •Create
- •Cross section member
- •of squares 424
- •Data
- •Database
- •Date
- •Dates
- •current date and time 147
- •string representation 598
- •Declare
- •Delete
- •Derivatives
- •Directory
- •Distribution function
- •DRI database
- •fetch series 239
- •Drop
- •group series or cross-section from pool definition 281
- •Eigenvalues 615
- •Element
- •else 634
- •Error correction model
- •Errors
- •exclude 289
- •Exclude variables from model solution 289
- •Exit
- •Exponential
- •Export
- •matrix 41
- •Extract
- •row vector 625
- •Files
- •Fill
- •Filled
- •Fixed effects
- •For loop
- •Forecast
- •Freeze
- •frml 306
- •Full information maximum likelihood 296
- •GARCH
- •Gauss file 532
- •Gaussian distribution 586
- •Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity
- •Generate series
- •Gompit models 222
- •Gradients
- •display 315
- •create 59
- •high-low-open-close 320
- •pie graph 406
- •XY graph 556
- •graph 316
- •greater than comparison 36
- •add series 198
- •group 317
- •Hausman test 413
- •hconvert 318
- •HTML
- •If statement 100
- •Include
- •Inverse of matrix 620
- •Jarque-Bera
- •Johansen cointegration test 245
- •Kernel
- •label 330
- •specify as range 643
- •Lagrange multiplier
- •Legend
- •line 334
- •Link object
- •Local
- •Logistic
- •logl 344
- •Loop
- •exit loop 108, 635
- •Lotus file
- •Matrix
- •resample rows from 625
- •matrix 366
- •Maximum 578
- •Median 578
- •Merge
- •Messages
- •model solution 371
- •Model 170
- •Models
- •block structure 223
- •solve 475
- •Multiplication operator (*) 35
- •Negative binomial
- •Number
- •evaluate a string 608
- •Numbers
- •converting from strings 124
- •store 16, 490
- •Open
- •database 266
- •Output
- •Output redirection 638
- •override 382
- •Override variables in model solution 382
- •Page
- •resize 399
- •Panel
- •Panel data
- •Percent change
- •Poisson
- •Pool 171
- •declare 408
- •delete identifiers 272
- •pool 408
- •portrait 8
- •probit 410
- •create 83
- •open 84
- •P-value functions 587
- •QQ-plot
- •Quantile function 579
- •Random effects
- •Random number
- •Read
- •Recode values 576
- •Regressors
- •Rename
- •Resample
- •Residuals
- •Results
- •return 639
- •height 50
- •Run program
- •multiple files 108
- •Sample
- •set current 474
- •Save
- •with kernel fit 329
- •scenario 438
- •seas 440
- •Second moment matrix 619
- •declare 442
- •formula 306
- •show 470
- •Signal variables
- •Singular matrix
- •test for 620
- •Smoothing
- •Solve
- •linear system 626
- •sort 478
- •Sspace
- •declare 482
- •procs 180
- •State space
- •State variables
- •display graphs of 484
- •Static forecast 297
- •insert string into 600
- •relational comparison 121
- •String variable 89
- •in for loop 104
- •return from 109, 639
- •Symmetric matrix
- •declare 497
- •Table 187
- •text color 54
- •Test
- •Chow 241
- •for ARCH 210
- •mean, median, variance equality 501
- •mean, median, variance equality by classification 502
- •Text file
- •Then 642
- •Time
- •current as string 607
- •trace 512
- •Trigonometric functions 583
- •Uniform distribution 587
- •Valmap 189
- •vector 529
- •Verbose mode 85
- •append contents of workfile page to current page 383
- •close 12
- •contract page 385
- •create 260
- •end date of observation interval 590
- •open existing 12, 532
- •period indicators 591
- •save 12, 540
- •stack page 396
- •Write
- •wtsls 547
- •xypair 561
284—Appendix B. Command Reference
var term.ec(b,2) 1 2 4 4 tb1 tb3 tb6 @ d2 d3 d4
declares a var object TERM and estimates a VEC with lagged first differences of order 1, 2, 4, three endogenous variables, three exogenous variables, and two cointegrating equations using trend option “b”.
Cross-references
See “Vector Error Correction (VEC) Models” on page 747 of the User’s Guide for a discussion of VECs.
See also var (p. 528), coint (p. 245) and append (p. 205).
edftest |
Series View |
|
|
Computes goodness-of-fit tests based on the empirical distribution function.
Syntax
Series View: series_name.edftest(options)
Options
General Options
type=arg |
Distribution to test: “normal” (Normal distribution), |
(default=”nomal”) |
“chisq” (Chi-square distribution), “exp” (Exponential |
|
distribution), “xmax” (Extreme Value - Type I maxi- |
|
mum), “xmin” (Extreme Value Type I minimum), |
|
“gamma” (Gamma), “logit” (Logistic), “pareto” |
|
(Pareto), “uniform” (Uniform). |
|
|
p1=number |
Specify the value of the first parameter of the distribu- |
|
tion (as it appears in the dialog). If this option is not |
|
specified, the first parameter will be estimated. |
|
|
p2=number |
Specify the value of the second parameter of the distri- |
|
bution (as it appears in the dialog). If this option is not |
|
specified, the second parameter will be estimated. |
|
|
p3=number |
Specify the value of the third parameter of the distribu- |
|
tion (as it appears in the dialog). If this option is not |
|
specified, the third parameter will be estimated. |
|
|
p |
Print test results. |
|
|
endog—285
Estimation Options
The following options apply if iterative estimation of parameters is required:
b |
Use Berndt-Hall-Hall-Hausman (BHHH) algorithm. The |
|
default is Marquardt. |
|
|
m=integer |
Maximum number of iterations. |
|
|
c=number |
Set convergence criterion. The criterion is based upon |
|
the maximum of the percentage changes in the scaled |
|
coefficients. |
|
|
showopts / |
[Do / do not] display the starting coefficient values and |
-showopts |
estimation options in the estimation output. |
|
|
s |
Take starting values from the C coefficient vector. By |
|
default, EViews uses distribution specific starting val- |
|
ues that typically are based on the method of the |
|
moments. |
|
|
Examples
x.edftest
uses the default settings to test whether the series X comes from a normal distribution. Both the location and scale parameters are estimated from the data in X.
freeze(tab1) x.edftest(type=chisq, p1=5)
tests whether the series x comes from a χ2 distribution with 5 degrees of freedom. The output is stored as a table object TAB1.
Cross-references
See “Empirical Distribution Tests” on page 321 of the User’s Guide for a description of the goodness-of-fit tests.
See also qqplot (p. 411).
endog |
Sspace View | System View | Var View |
|
|
Displays a spreadsheet or graph view of the endogenous variables.
Syntax
Object View: |
object_name.endog(options) |
286—Appendix B. Command Reference
Note that endog and makeendog are no longer supported for model objects. See instead, makegroup (p. 355).
Options
g |
Multiple line graphs of the solved endogenous series. |
|
|
p |
Print the table of solved endogenous series. |
Examples
sys1.endog(g,p)
prints the graphs of the solved endogenous series.
Cross-references
See also makeendog (p. 351), system (p. 497), sspace (p. 482) and var (p. 528).
equation |
Object Declaration |
|
|
Declare an equation object. |
|
Syntax |
|
Command: |
equation eq_name |
Command: |
equation eq_name.method(options) specification |
Follow the equation keyword with a name and an optional specification. If you wish to enter the specification, you should follow the new equation name with a period, an estimation method, and the equation specification. Valid estimation methods are arch
(p. 206), binary (p. 222), censored (p. 238), count (p. 258), gmm (p. 310), ls (p. 345), ordered (p. 378), and tsls (p. 515).
Examples
equation cobdoug.ls log(y) c log(k) log(l)
declares and estimates an equation object named COBDOUG.
equation ces.ls log(y)=c(1)*log(k^c(2)+l^c(3))
declares an equation object named CES containing a nonlinear least squares specification.
equation demand.tsls q c p x @ x p(-1) gov
creates an equation object named DEMAND and estimates DEMAND using two-stage least squares with instruments X, lagged P, and GOV.
errbar—287
Cross-references
See the object reference entry for “Equation” (p. 157) for a summary of the equation object. Chapter 15, “Basic Regression”, on page 441 of the User’s Guide provides basic information on estimation and equation objects.
eqs |
Model View |
|
|
View of model organized by equation.
Lists the equations in the model. This view also allows you to identify which equations are entered by text, or by link, and to access and modify the equation specifications.
Syntax
Model View: |
model_name.eqs |
Cross-references
See “Equation View” on page 794 of the User’s Guide for details. See Chapter 26, “Models”, on page 775 of the User’s Guide for a general discussion of models.
See also block (p. 223), text (p. 508), and vars (p. 529) for alternative representations of the model.
errbar
Command || Graph Command | Group View | Matrix View| Rowvector View| Sym View
Display error bar graph view of object, or change existing graph object type to error bar (if possible).
Sets the graph type to error bar or displays an error bar view of the group. If there are two series in the graph or group, the error bar will show the high and low values in the bar. The optional third series will be plotted as a symbol. When used as a matrix view, the columns of the matrix are used in place of series.
Syntax
Command: |
errbar(options) arg1 [arg2 arg3 ...] |
Graph Proc: |
graph_name.errbar(options) |
Object View: |
object_name.errbar(options) |
288—Appendix B. Command Reference
Options
Template and printing options
o= template |
Use appearance options from the specified template. |
|
template may be a predefined template keyword |
|
(‘default” - current global defaults, “classic”, “modern”, |
|
“reverse”, “midnight”, “spartan”, “monochrome”) or a |
|
graph in the workfile. |
|
|
t=graph_name |
Use appearance options and copy text and shading from |
|
the specified graph. |
|
|
b / -b |
[Apply / Remove] bold modifiers of the base template |
|
style specified using the “o=” option above. |
|
|
w / -w |
[Apply / Remove] wide modifiers of the base template |
|
style specified using the “o=” option above. |
|
|
p |
Print the error bar graph. |
|
|
The options which support the “-” may be proceeded by a “+” or “-” indicating whether to turn on or off the option. The “+” is optional.
Panel options
The following options apply when graphing panel structured data:
panel=arg |
Panel data display: “stack” (stack the cross-sections), |
(default taken |
“individual” or “1” (separate graph for each cross-sec- |
from global settion), “combine” or “c” (combine each cross-section in
tings) |
single graph; one time axis), “mean” (plot means |
|
across cross-sections), “mean1se” (plot mean and +/- |
|
1 standard deviation summaries), “mean2sd” (plot |
|
mean and +/- 2 s.d. summaries), “mean3sd” (plot |
|
mean and +/- 3 s.d. summaries), “median” (plot |
|
median across cross-sections), “med25” (plot median |
|
and +/- .25 quantiles), “med10” (plot median and +/- |
|
.10 quantiles), “med05” (plot median +/- .05 quan- |
|
tiles), “med025” (plot median +/- .025 quantiles), |
|
“med005” (plot median +/- .005 quantiles), “med- |
|
mxmn” (plot median, max and min). |
Examples
The following commands:
group g1 x y
