34.Og verb.The category of tense

There were only two tenses in Old Germanic (Present and Past).

In modern English there are present,future past,.There are 4 groups of each tense:

Indefinite,continuous, perfect,perfect continuous.there are 16 tenses in English.

32. The numerals n the adverbs in oGls n in mE

Numerals were also a part of nominal group.They were divided into such types as cardinal and ordinal.Some numerals had the forms of cases(Nominative,Genitive,Dative).

Ordinary numerals were derived from cardinals with the help of suffixes –tjo-to

Thenumeral 1-st derived from preposition fore…got the form fyrst.second-from the word-ander.

In modern english there are such two types of numerals as in old Germanic: cardinal and ordinal.7.58 is an ordinal numeral and read in the following way: seven point five eight.

The advebs.There were the following structural types of them.

1)simple,or primary usually monosyllabic:inn,up.

2) advebs with suffixes:-e-her(here)

3)adverbs derived from a case noun form, usually genitive or dative. OE anes-once

In mE the adverbs have such structure(devided into):

1)simple(long,then,there)

2)derivative(slowly.likewise)

3)compound(anyhow,nowhere)

4)composite(at once, at last)

Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.

According to their meaning adverbs fall under several groups:Of time(today,soon);Of frequency(often,seldom),Ofdirection(inside,outside),Of consequence(therefore.accordingly),Of manner(hard,kindly),Degree,quantity n manner(quiet,rather).

35. Og verb. The category of voice

There were 2 voices as in old Germanic (in Gothic medio-passive) and in modern English(Active and Passive).In English the use of tenses is the same like in the active as in the passive.Passive voice is formed by the verb TO BE in the required form and participle II of the notional verb .Passive is the deed which was done on the object.Example:Pravda is published in Moscow.

№15Practice.Part 1.page 19

“wall” from Latin vallum ‘rampart’

“camp” early 16th cent.: from French camp, champ, from Italian campo, from Latin campus ‘level ground’

“street” Old English stræt, of West Germanic origin, from late Latin strata

№11. Ancient Germans.Roman invasion

In 58 BC Julius Caesar put an end to the power of the German tribes in Alsace.

In 55 BC he crossed the Rhine to persuade the Germans not to interfere with the war in Gaul. The invasions of Germany came later and under a new leadership. Augustus remained in Gaul until 13 BC when Drusus the Elder took control of the province. In 12 BC Drusus crossed the Rhine to establish his presence around Germany. The next year he pushed farther into Germany, and by 9 BC had conquered many of the German tribes. Drusus died later that year and was replaced by his brother Tiberius who fought a number of smaller wars and eventually left Germany in native tribes. Augustus wanted to make Germany a province of the Roman Empire. Then Varus was defeated with great losses. After this defeat the Romans practiced frontier defence along the Rhine with 10 new legions. In AD 69 a revolt broke out involving many of the tribes. The Romans saw this as the opportunity. Vespasian and the Flavians gained control in 70 and punished the tribes for their actions. By the 5 c Germany had turned into utter chaos. In AD 455 the Romans still controlled Germany, but later that year the Franks attacked and a conflict arose. By AD 457 Germany was occupied by a number of groups with both Roman and Frankish authority trying to prevail amongst all the strife. Eventually Romans merged with other groups that were occupying Germany at that time. This led to the loss of identity by the Romans and to Germany being free of the Empire!

№26 Morphological classification of nouns

The OG substantive consists of the 3 elements: the root, a stem-building suffix and a case inflexion. The root bears thee lexical meaning of the word. The case inflexion expresses the categories of number and case. The stem-build suf possessed no meaning at the texts of the period of OG. The only type of a substantive in all IE and G l, which had preserved distinct semantics, are substantives denoting kinship. They are derived by means of the st build suf -r: Goth fadar swistar. Then this 3-part structure changed into a 2-part str in the earliest documents of G l. the st build suf, having lost its own meaning, merged with the inflexion or root in such a way that it can no longer be identified.

№19

The difference is that the 2nd consonant shift was used in High G l and this change could be after a consonant or a vowel, not necessarily being stressed, as it can be seen in Grimm’s law!

№33 Morphological classification of OG verbs

All verbs were divided into: strong, weak, preterit-present and atypical. Strong verbs use the G form of conjugation, known as Ablaut. The stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. We still have verbs like this in mE: sing-sang-sung. In OE there were 7 major classes of strong verbs, each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Weak verbs are formed principally by adding endings to past and participles. 3 classes: 1)with the stem in –j- nerian-nerede-nered(save)2)with –o- stem – endian-endode-endod(end)3)with –ai- stem – habban-haefde-haefd(have).In Gothic there were 4 classes of weak verbs. Pr-P v were a very ancient group, which now has a peculiar place in the system of all the OG l. Their root of the present form derived from Past form, and the Past tense was formed by means of the dental suffix –D(-T), which possibly derived from old form of the verb DO,or from IE suffix of Verbal Adjectives. Ex. sculan-sceal-sceolde(shall),cunnan-cann, cuthe(can), witan-wat-wisse(know). There is a group of 4 verbs which are anomalous or atypical, the verbs “will”, “do”, “go” and “be”. They have their own conjugation schemes which differ from all the other classes of verb. These verbs are the most commonly used in the l and are very important to the meaning of the sentence they are used in. ga(go,OE); don,dyde(OE).They have their own conjugation schemes to make them as distinct as possible, to reduce the possibility that a listener will mishear the word.

№31.Practice. part 2. Page 18.

Piscis-gudgeon; pecus – cattle; tenuis - thin,weak,narrow; granum-grain; полный – full, plump.