English_for_Lawyers_2011

GRAMMAR GUIDE

There + to be

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and give the answers: Example: There are 26 universities in our city. — Are there 26

universities in our city? There aren’t 26 universities in our city.

1.There is much information about the US district courts in this issue.

2.There are no lawyers in my family. 3. There are a lot of professors among our teachers. 4. There are few criminals in this district. 5. There are a lot of witnesses of the shoplifting. 6. There are some distinctions between court systems of Ukraine and the USA.

2.Insert there is or there are:

Example: …a lot of documents in the drawer. — There are a lot of documents in the drawer.

1. … … good news for you! 2. … … some money in my purse. 3. … … some useful information on this criminal case. 4. … …some assistant professors in the committee. 5. … …a lot of mistakes in this report. 6. … … some difficulties in this case. 7. What kind of documents … … on the table?

3. Translate into English:

1.Які документи на столі? 2. В академії багато професорів?

3.Скільки справ зараз у суді? 4. У неї тут багато цікавих статей з криміналістики. 5. У цьому тексті є нові юридичні терміни. 6. Існує певна процедура представлення справи до суду.

To be going to

1. Translate the sentences and make questions to them:

1.I am going to become a prosecutor. 2. She is going to make a law report tonight. 3. They are going to become good law specialists.

2.Translate into English:

1. Суддярайонногосудузбираєтьсярозглядатицюсправусьогодні. 2. Які доказивизбираєтеся представити завтра? 3. Коливизбира-

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єтесь працювати над доповіддю з кримінального права? 4. Я збираюся стати кваліфікованим юристом. 5. Ми не будемо розмовляти з його адвокатом завтра, ми будемо опитувати свідків. 6. Я збираюся відвідати апеляційний суд завтра вранці.

The Simple Tenses

The Present Simple Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: My niece dreams to become a prosecutor. — Does my niece

dream to become a prosecutor? My niece doesn’t dream to become a prosecutor.

1.My father works as a prosecutor. 2. They want to be judges. 3. An investigator usually uses a deductive method. 4. Water freezes at 0 °C.

5.The new law comes into force on May 15. 6. At the end of a trial a judge passes sentence or sets the accused free.

2.Put the verb into the Present Simple form:

Example: He (to specialize) in Criminal Law. — He specializes in Criminal Law.

1.She (not/ to work) as a lawyer, she is a student. 2. A policeman usually (to stop) cars in the street. 3. The Sun (to rise) in the East. 4. It often (to rain) in England. 5. He (not/ to want) to become an investigator.

6.He (to major) in law.

3.Put questions to the italicized words:

Example: He works in court. — Where does he work?

1. My father works at the Prosecutor’s office, he is a prosecutor. 2. My sister is a student, she studies at the University of Hertfordshire. 3. We usually read periodicals in the library. 4. Her parents always give her useful advice. 5. The government controls Parliament. 6. The United Kingdom Parliament consists of two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 7. The law punishes criminals. 8. The jurisdiction of the courts extends to all legal relations.

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The Past Simple Tense

1. Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

Example: The jury consisted of local citizens. — Did the jury consist of local citizens? — The jury didn’t consist of local citizens.

1.The defendant had no right to appeal. 2. Two witnesses watched a burglary. 3. The photograph was very important for the investigator.

4.Scottish civil law didn’t differ from that of England. 5. Her mother was guilty of murder. 6. She threatened him with the gun and forced him to write out a confession.

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: They trial started at 9 o’clock this morning. — When did the trial start?

1.His brother worked as a judge last year. 2. The doctor examined the victim in the morning. 3. The suspect told about the place of the crime.

4.He missed a lot of classes in Criminology. 5. Every year Parliament passed about hundred laws. 6. The judge sentenced the accused to 15 years in prison.

7.Yesterday in the evening the jury passed the verdict on the suspect.

3.Rewrite the following sentences using the Past Simple:

1.His father works at a police station. 2. I often see him in the court.

3.He always takes a gun with him. 4. The investigator questions prisoners.

5.Their parents are in legal profession. 6. They don’t change their opinion.

The Future Simple Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: He will file a complaint against the defendant. — Will he

file a complaint against the defendant? He will not file a complaint against the defendant.

1. They will accuse him of murder. 2. Mrs. Evans will present her evidence at the trial. 3. The grand jury will decide if there should be a trial. 3. The trial jury will listen to the evidence presented at the trial. 4. Soon the judge will ask the defendant if he pleads “guilty” or “not guilty”. 5. In

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an hour the grand jury will issue the verdict. 6. If jurors can’t agree, the judge will declare a mistrial.

2. Put questions to the words in italics:

1.The Parliament will discuss laws next week. 2. The judge will announce a sentence tomorrow. 3. The judge will sum up the evidence.

4.They will accuse him of theft. 5. The police will make inquires tomorrow.

6.The judge will hear the next case after lunch.

3.Choose the correct item (Present Simple or Future Simple): Example: Don’t leave the town until they (issue/ will issue) an

indictment. – Don’t leave the town until they issue the indictment.

1. You (do…go/ will…go) to the court hearing today? 2. If you (see/ will see) the accused, tell him he might be hanged! 3. What (will / do) you do if the witness (doesn’t/ won’t) tell the truth? 4. The prosecutor will inform us if something wrong (happens/ will happen). 5. If we (are / will be) tired, we’ll stop searching the place of murder. 6. If the prosecutor (disagrees/ will disagree) with the court judgement, he will lodge an appeal to the higher court.

4. Translate the following sentences into English using Present, Past or Future Simple :

1. Він не працює у прокуратурі, він — студент. 2. Він ніколи не зізнається. 3. Усі мої родичі були пов’язані з юридичною професією. 4. Засідання суду відбудеться завтра. 5. Наприкінці судового засідання суддя виносить вирок суду. 6. Що ви робили у прокуратурі? 7. Ви підете сьогодні на засідання суду?

The Continuous Tenses

The Present Continuous Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative:

1. The police are making inquires now. 2. The men are fighting in the street. 3. The judge is announcing the sentence. 4. The investigator is examining evidence. 5. A criminal is escaping from the police. 6. The Parliament is passing the law. 7. The experts are studying the fingerprints.

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2. Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: The deputies are discusssing the new bill. — What are the deputies discussing?

1.The plaintiff is filing an appeal agaisnt the defendant to the Higher Court. 2. The defendant is filing an answer to the complaint. 3. The sentence is executing at the moment. 4. The policemen are bringing the accused out of the courtroom. 5. The reporters are interviewing the victim.

6.The officers are trying to calm down the crowd.

3.Choose the correct form (Present Simple or Present Continuous): Example: Listen, the judge (announces/ is announcing) the sentence. —

Listen, the judge is announcing the sentence.

1.The defendant (makes/is making) notes of the witness’s words.

2.The jurors (listens/ are listening) attentively to the evidence. 3. The defendant (tries/ is trying) to cry out some words for his defence. 4. The policeman (watches/ is watching) the criminal running round the corner.

5.Experts (examine/ are examining) the fingerprints. 6. The courtroom clerk (checks/ is checking) the copies of the documents.

4.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Подивись! Кишеньковий злодій витягає гаманець із сумки!

2.Суддяоголошуєвирок. 3. Слухай! Ярозповідаютобіправду! 4. Не заважай! Я слідкую за тією підозрілою особою! 5. Ти йдеш завтра до прокуратури? 6. Що ви робите? — Я вивчаю рішення Європейської комісії з прав людини. 7. Ми йдемо до суду вранці, ми хочемо дізнатися про вирок. 8. Там іде сильний дощ, я боюся, що ми не знайдемо доказів.

The Past Continuous Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: The courts were interpreting the acts of Parliament all day

yesterday. — Were the courts interpreting the acts of Parliament all day yesterday? — The courts were not interpreting the acts of Parliament all day yesterday.

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1.The investigator was preparing the materials of the case for a week.

2.It was raining cats and dogs but the policeman was fulfilling his duty.

3.They were making the expert examination for an hour yesterday. 4. The judge was loudly announcing the sentence. 5. The chief inspector was questioning the suspect for an hour. 6. They were examining the victim’s clothes in the morning.

2.Use the appropriate form of the verb (Past Continuous or Past Simple):

Example: They (were discussing, discussed) the sentence when the telephone rang. — They were discussing the sentence when the telephone rang.

1. They (carried out/ were carrying out) the expert examination an hour ago. 2. She (studied/ was studying) the report of the policeman when he came in. 3. The investigator (questioned/ was quesitioning) the suspect from 5 till 6 p.m. 4. The prisoner (was telling/ told) about the circumstances of the crime when his mother came to see him. 5. The judge (was calling/ called) the wintesses of the defence after the testimony of the plaintiff’s witness. 6. After the direct examination the defendant’s lawyer (was having/ had) a chance to question the witness.

3. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Усіобговорювалимайбутнійвирок, колипрокурорповернувся.

2.Ярозмовлявзадвокатом, колизадзвонивтелефон. 3. Вонислухали доповідь із кримінального процесу, коли декан зайшов в аудиторію.

4.Слідчий допитував свідка дві години. 5. Експерти довго оглядали місце злочину. 6. Дівчина плакала, коли слідчий питав її про подію.

7.Він глянув у вікно. Вони стояли біля магазину та розмовляли.

8.Лист від адвокатів надійшов, саме коли вона готувала сніданок.

The Future Continuous Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: They will be signing the contract at this time tomorrow. —

Will they be signing the contract at this time tomorrow? — They won’t be signing the contract at this time tomorrow.

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1.James will be coming soon. 2. We shall be discussing this case tomorrow. 3. The investigator will be questioning the witness in an hour.

4.They will be waiting for the court decision. 5. Don’t phone me at 7. I’ll be working at the documents. 6. This time next week I’ll be sitting in the office and listening to the advocate’s considerations. 7. I will be using this information in my report.

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: In 5 minutes the judge will be announcing the sentence. — What will the judge be announcing in 5 minutes?

1.The jury will be discussing their verdict in the jury room. 2. We all will be listening to the Mrs. White’s evidence, it’ll be rather interesting.

3.The witnesses will be presenting their evidence in an hour. 4. Tomorrow the investigator will be carrying out an investigation experiment in the place of a crime. 5. Deputies will be discussing a new bill next week.

6.We will be having access to Ukrainian legislation database in an hour.

3.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form to express future (Future Simple, Present Continuous, Future Continuous):

1. Don’t phone me from 7 till 8 p.m.. We (to discuss) all the details of the admission to the Academy. 2. You (to meet) the Prime Minister today? — Yes, certainly. 3. Tomorrow afternoon we are going to the Prosecutor’s Training Institute. There at 3.30 we (to take) an entrance examination. 4. You (to threaten) him with the gun? — No, I am going to kill him! 5. After the graduating from the Academy I (to pass) an individual procedure to become a defence lawyer. 6. Notary public (to examine) the case carefully for a while and advice us on the right decision.

4. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Експертна комісія буде вивчати речові докази через годину.

2.Незабаром доктор буде оглядати жертву. 3. Зараз свідки будуть даватисвідчення посправі. 4. Судзприсяжнимибудерозглядатисправу протягом2 годин. 5. Поліцейськібудутьоглядатимісцезлочинузавтра.

6.Суддябудеоголошувативердиктприсяжнихчерез5 хвилин. 7. Ввечері ректор буде робити доповідь про новий декрет Президента.

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The Perfect Tenses

The Present Perfect Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: I have received some information about the suspect. — Have

I received any information about the suspect? — I have not received any information about the suspect.

1.The expert has just examined his fingerprints. 2. I have questioned three witnesses but I haven’t got any useful information. 3. He has lived here all his life. 4. The Parliament has passed an important law. 5. The police have found stolen things. 6. I have known the witness for a long time.

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: The policeman hasn’t told the criminal of his right to remain silent. — Who hasn’t told the criminal of his right to remain silent?

1.The Congress has divided the country into 95 federal judicial districts. 2. The party has failed to carry out its legal duty and injured our company through carelessness. 3. If the parties have chosen a jury trial, it begins with the selection of jurors. 4. The judge has made an error in interpreting the law. 5. The parties have settled their civil case out of court.

6.They have considered the sources of international law.

3.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Present Perfect or Past Simple):

Example: He (has worked/ worked) in court for 5 years. — He has worked in court for 5 years.

1. The jury (didn’t determine/ hasn’t determined) yet that he committed a crime. 2. The plaintiff (filed/ has filed) a complaint against the defendant a week ago. 3. The attorney (told/ has told) already a grand jury about the evidence that indicated a specific person. 4. The grand jury (issued/ has issued) a formal accusation the day before yesterday. 5. The defendant already (presented/ has presented) his most persuasive arguments.

4. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Позивачужеподавзаявупротивідповідача. 2. Прокуроружерозповівжуріпродокази, щовказуютьнапевнуособу, якаскоїлазлочин.

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3. Вони вже винесли обвинувальний вирок. 4. Слідчий збирав докази і нарештіпредставивречовідокази, щосвідчатьпровинуобвинувачуваного. 5. Після свідчень захисту та обвинувачення підсудний нарешті визнавсебевинним. 6. Вінпрацюєнадцієюсправоювжетритижні.

The Past Perfect Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: He had studied particular subjects at university before he

started teaching law. — Had he studied particular subjects at university before he started teaching law? — He had not studied particular subjects at university before he started teaching law.

1.We had got the expert evidence by the end of the working day.

2.Pretrial examination had been over by the end of last week. 3. After they had finished analyzing the handwriting, we came to an important conclusion.

4.They had found the escaped prisoner before the sunset. 5. I had known the witness for a long time before she committed the crime. 6. They had passed 3 property laws before going on holiday.

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: This lawyer had won 100 cases by the beginning of this year. — How many cases had this lawyer won by the beginning of this year?

1.He had studied Law for 5 years before he entered Law Academy. 2. By the time the train reached the city, he had received 5 calls informing him of murders. 3. The young officer wanted to act the main part in the investigation because he had collected all necessary material evidence. 4. When we came into the courtroom, the last meeting of the trial had already finished. 5. The lawmaker had proven the necessity of enforcing the law by the time the President decided to take necessary measures. 6. The new law limited the powers of government which before had given them the right to use foreign bank accounts.

7.The criminal had committed two murders before the police detained him.

3.Use the appropriate form of the verb (Past Perfect or Past Simple): Example: The judges reached a decision after the (had discussed/

discussed) the case privately. — The judges reached a decision after they had discussed the case privately.

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1.After the jurors (had produced/ produced) a verdict, the judge announced the sentence. 2. They (had finished/ finished) the expert examination when the chief investigator asked for the results. 3. The first actual introduction of evidence began when the opening statements (were, had been) over. 4. The courtroom clerk (had marked/ marked) all the evidence of the case. 5.Yesterday the court reporter (had produced/ produced) a written transcript of the proceedings. 6. When we came into the room, the last meeting of the Supreme Court (had already finished/ already finished). 7. Last week a police officer (prevented/ had prevented) an extremely dangerous crime.

4. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Нотаріус уже приготував усі папери, коли Джеймс прийшов до офісу. 2. ПрокуроружезаслухавсвідченняДжона, коливонапідійшла додверейзалу. 3. Поліціязнайшлатапіймалавтікачівщедосвітанку. 4. До кінця тижня вони допитали вже десятки свідків, але нічого нового про зв’язки злочинця не дізналися. 5. Коли він увійшов до кабінету, законодавцівжезакінчилироботу. 6. Спікеружезакінчивдоповідь зсистемипокараннявУкраїні, коливонапідійшладодверейзалу.

The Future Perfect Tense

1. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: Tom will have studied Criminal Law by the end of the first

year. — Will Tom have studied Criminal Law by the end of the first year? — Tom won’t have studied Criminal Law by the end of the first year.

1.I’ll have found it out by the time you need it. 2. By the time you come home I’ll have finished preparing the report on enforcement of laws in Canada. 3. No doubt, by the time the police arrive they will have killed him.

4.By the end of this week the investigator will have collected all necessary proofs of his guilt. 5. They will have searched all territories by the midnight.

6.By the time they found him he will have been unconscious.

2.Change the following sentences using the Future Perfect:

1. We had got the results of the expert examination by the end of the working day. 2. Pretrial hearing had been over by the end of last week.

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