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Unit 2. Human Rights Protection in the World and Ukraine. Section 1. Beginning...

of Versailles (1919) was organizing the League of Nations which was of great importance for the development of international law, and also the protection of the particular rights of minorities.

The Treaty of Versailles also established the International Labour Organization (1919) which after World War II became a specialized agency of the United Nations and contributed to the promotion of such human rights as the abolishing of forced labour, the elimination of discrimination in employment and occupation, freedom of association, etc.

At the end of World War II, the victorious powers established the

International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals. Under its charter, the tribunal had jurisdiction to try not only crimes against peace and war crimes but also “crimes against humanity” committed against any civilian population.

The United Nations Organization was organized in 1945, and proclaimed protection of human rights as one of its leading principles.

In 1946, the United Nations set up the Commission on Human Rights as part of the Economic and Social Council. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was approved by all member countries of the UN General Assembly in 1948. This declaration expressed the hope that people would learn to respect the rights and dignity of others.

In 1966 two very important documents on human rights were adopted by the UN – the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Within Europe, there are also some documents on protection of human rights such as the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the European Social Charter.

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms creates the effective mechanism of human rights protection – the European Court of Human Rights which decisions are final and binding upon all parties involved.

II.COMPREHENSION

1.Give the definitions for the following terms and expressions or explain in other words.

1.to maintain rights

2.international concern

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3.to be binding upon all parties involved

4.minority

5.declaration

6.slave trade

2.Answer the following questions using the information from the text:

1.What was the final treaty concerning complete abolition of slavery?

2.How were the rights of victims of war defended in the19thcentury?

3.What obligations were accepted by some countries towards minorities?

4.How did the International Labour Organization took part in the protection of human rights?

5.What kinds of crimes did the International Military Tribunal try?

6.When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights approved?

3.Complete the following sentences according to the information from the text:

1.The Treaty of Westphalia (1648) first established…

2.In the 19th century, an object of international concern was…

3.The captured wounded must be…

4.After World War I, a number of states were made to accept the obligations…

5.The International Military Tribunal had jurisdiction to try…

6.The decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are…

III.VOCABULARY STUDY

1.Substitute the words in italics with the words from the active vocabulary.

1.The victorious countries are responsible for protection of rights of those people who suffered from war.

2.Nobody has a right to wound self-respect of any person.

3.The countries which are members of the European Union accepted the treaty.

4.Total prohibition of selling people as cheap workers is very important for protection of human rights.

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Unit 2. Human Rights Protection in the World and Ukraine. Section 1. Beginning...

5.The world attention toward the problem of human rights protection

is great.

6.All people in the world must have the same rights.

7.This world agreement truly supports the rights of minorities.

2.Complete the sentences with the words of the active vocabulary.

1.In order to maintain human rights several … were concluded.

2.The … of discrimination in employment is the aim of labour

organizations.

3.… means working against will.

4.The International Slavery Convention declares … of slavery in all

forms.

5... is the essence of work of humanitarian organizations throughout the world.

6.… was established to try the crimes of German major war criminals.

3.Choose the correct preposition in brackets according to the

contents of the sentences (toward, against, by, of, upon, on).

1.Human rights are sometimes maintained … international action.

2.The conclusion of treaties … the protection of the rights began.

3.These states must accept the obligations … their racial, linguistic, and religious minorities.

4.People should learn to respect the rights and dignity … others.

5.The decisions of the European Court of Human Rights are final and binding … all parties involved.

6.He is accused of crimes committed … civilian population.

4.The verbs below can all be used to form nouns. Find in the text

nouns derived from these verbs and make up your own sentences with them.

Example: to hear – hearing (n.) e.g. The hearing of this case will take place tomorrow.

to conclude, to prohibit, to abolish, to protect, to declare, to discriminate.

5.Translate Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948) into Ukrainian and compare your variant with the translation given by Ukrainian Legal Foundation. Find

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PART VII. International and European Law

and right down all the differences in two variants of the translation.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political and other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, nonself-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Стаття 2

Кожній людині надаються всі права і свободи, проголошені цією Декларацією, незалежно від раси, кольору шкіри, статі, мови, релігії, політичних або інших переконань, національного, соціального чи станового походження, майнового або іншого стану.

Крім того, не повинне проводитися жодного розрізнення людей залежно від політичного, правового чи міжнародного статусу країни або території, до якої вони належать, незважаючи на те, є ця територія незалежною чи підопічною, не самоврядною або іншим чином обмеженою у своєму суверенітеті.

6. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

підтримувати права людини, міжнародний договір, встановлювати принцип рівних прав, міжнародна увага, захист прав жертв війни, нездатний до військової служби, приймати зобов’язання, расові та релігійні меншості, скасування примусової праці, проводити розслідування, злочини проти цивільного населення, Комісія з прав людини, бути обов’язковим для всіх сторін.

7. Complete the words using definitions:

 

An agreement made between some states

– r – – t-

Attention paid to some aspect

c – – c– – -

A specialized military court

– r – – u – a –

To agree to fulfil obligations

a – – e – t

Liquidation of some event e – – m – – a – – – n

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Unit 2. Human Rights Protection in the World and Ukraine. Section 1. Beginning...

IV. GRAMMAR FOCUS

1.Point out the sentences with Modal Verbs (can, must (2)) in the text and explain the use.

2.Translate the sentences:

1.Кожна особа може мати рівні права з іншими особами.

2.Ви маєте поважати гідність інших людей.

3.Згідно з цією декларацією всі расові, релігійні та мовні меншості мають бути рівними перед законом.

4.Рішення цього суду мають бути обов’язковими для виконання для всіх сторін.

5.Всі країни-переможці мають прийняти ці зобов’язання.

6.Можу я проглянути цю міжнародну угоду ще раз?

V. SPEAKING

1.In pairs, discuss the main reasons to maintain human rights. Compare your opinions with other students.

2.Make a report concerning factors during the world history which influenced the promotion of human rights.

3.In groups, make lists of the examples of the human rights violation.

4.Explain in other words what racial minority is.

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PART VII. International and European Law

Unit 2. Human Rights Protection

in the World and Ukraine

Section 2. Human Rights in the

Constitution of Ukraine

I. LEAD-IN

1. Answer the following questions:

What are the main documents which promote human rights in our country?

How can the Constitution guarantee the human rights?

2. Match the following English words and expressions with their

Ukrainian equivalents:

 

1) inviolability

a) конфіденційність листування

2) the highest social value

b) недоторканність

3) to endow with

c) невід’ємний

4) inalienable

d) наділяти

5) confidentiality of correspondences

e) найвища соціальна цінність

TEXT 2

Read the text to understand what information is of primary importance or new for you.

Notes:

physical entity – фізична особа

personal non-property rights – особисті немайнові права

INALIENABILITY OF HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION AND THE CIVIL CODE OF UKRAINE

The Constitution of Ukraine establishes that the rights and freedoms of an individual and their guarantees determine the essence of the spirit of the state. Unlike the slogan “The human being is for the state”, the

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Unit 2. Human Rights Protection in the World and Ukraine. Section 2. Human Rights...

Constitution of Ukraine states that “The state is for the human being”.And so the establishment and guarantee of human rights and freedoms is one of main duties of the state, and this is natural, as the human being, his\her life and health, honour and dignity, inviolability and security are recognized in Ukraine to be the highest social value (Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine).

About 30 per cent of the articles of the Fundamental law of Ukraine belong to the chapter “Human Rights and Freedoms and Duties of the Citizen of Ukraine”. It is worth recognizing that in the Constitution the very notion of human rights has been changed – from the rights given to him\her by the state to the rights and freedoms that every individual is endowed with just by the fact of his\her birth and existence that makes human rights and freedoms inalienable and natural.

The bodies which guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms stipulated by the Constitution are: the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Authorized Representative of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Human Rights, the Cabinet of Ministers, and other bodies of central executive power, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, offices of the Prosecutor General, courts, local power and local self governments, advocates offices and other law-enforcement bodies.

The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the new Civil Code of Ukraine (2003), which came into force in 2004. The Civil Code is the second main law of the country after the Constitution. According to the norms of the new Civil Code, actions of the state executive bodies, bodies of local self government, other institutions, officials and high level civil servants which violate the personal non-property rights, should be considered as actions against the law.

The Civil Code gives the possibility for physical entities to defend their personal non-property rights, in case the latter are violated, indicating that these rights can be protected by all civil and legal means, as envisaged by the existing legislation.

Among others, the following personal non-property rights which provide for the social existence of the physical entity are mentioned: the right to have a name, right to respect, honour and dignity, right to individuality, right to personal life and its privacy, right to information, right to confidentiality of correspondences, right to a place of residence, right to inviolability of housing, right to freedom of movement, right to freedom of association into unions, right to peaceful meetings, etc.

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PART VII. International and European Law

The issue of human rights is one of the important ones in national legislation. Adherence to the same is an indicator of a state where there is rule of law, and democracy. Respect to every human being should be something natural, and human rights as inalienable should be considered fundamental of all values set forth by the Constitution and other laws of the state.

II. DEVELOPMENT

1. Translation

Міжнародне співробітництво в галузі захисту прав людини дуже важливе для виживання світу в цілому. Протягом світової історії, особливо останніх двох століть, було підписано декілька декларацій та заключені міжнародні договори про права людини. Такі декларації та договори демонструють міжнародну увагу стосовно тих груп населення планети, що потребують особливого захисту їх прав та гідності. В різні часи було докладено певних зусиль людства стосовно підтримки прав людини: повне скасування рабства та праці рабів, захист прав жертв війни та військових, що поранені або хворі і вже не здатні до військової служби, надання рівних прав релігійним, мовним та расовим меншостям, знищення трудової дискримінації та примусової праці та інше.

На сучасному етапі, згідно з Конституцією нашої країни, права та свободи людини є невід’ємними і кожна особа наділяється ними вже за фактом свого народження та існування. Ці права захищаються і гарантуються Конституцією.

2. Find in the text the information on

a)changing the notion of human rights in the Constitution;

b)the bodies which guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms stipulated by the Constitution.

3.a) Tell what personal non-property rights providing for the social existence of the physical entity are mentioned in the Civil Code of Ukraine;

b) Explain why it is humane to maintain rights of military wounded and sick of any side.

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Unit 2. Human Rights Protection in the World and Ukraine. Section 2. Human Rights...

4.Make a plan of text 1 in the form of questions. Ask your partner to answer your questions.

5.Insert one of the following words into the text in an appropriate form.

to provide for, natural, inviolability, non-property, care, Civil, personal, right

A special part of the … Code is composed into a book entitled Personal … rights of the physical entity”, and this shows how important … non-property rights are in the structure of the Civil Code. A separate chapter in the book is devoted to those rights which … the … existence of the individual such as the right to life, health … , medical assistance, … to freedom and … of a person, right to family, etc.

III.PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE

1.a) Give the ground to the idea that military wounded and sick of any side at the time of war must be cared for and captured wounded must be sent home if they are incapable of military service.

b) Explain why the establishment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals by the victorious powers was very important from the political, social and humanitarian point of view.

2.Insert necessary words and word-combinations into the stories. Who tells these stories? What steps must be made internationally to maintain their rights?

a)captured, incapable of military service, wounded, rights

War is terrible. I was … in a night battle. My leg was bleeding and hand couldn’t move. I stayed on the field and waited for death. In a few hours, at dawn, I was … and taken to some place where I saw many wounded men …. Do we have any…? What will be with us?

b) rights, equal, religion and language, few, accepted, enjoy

We are too … here. I mean in this country. We have almost no …. Our … differ from those of the majority of this country, and this may be the

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PART VII. International and European Law

reason that we are not … willingly by people and authorities here. We are not… before the law with them and we do not… the same political and civil rights as they do.

c) endowed with, enforced, slaves, work, protect

We … nearly day and night. We sleep very little, we almost always work. We are … no rights. Our labour is … and our master can sell any of us any moment. We are just …, and I am not sure that there is anybody who can… us.

3.From the text of Section 2 you know that the bodies which guarantee the fundamental rights and freedoms stipulated by the Constitution are: the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Authorized Representative of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Human Rights, the Cabinet of Ministers, and other bodies of central executive power, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, offices of the Prosecutor General, courts, local power and local self governments, advocates offices and other law-enforcement bodies. How can these organs protect and guarantee human rights and freedoms in fact?

IV. WRITING

If you had a right to participate in drafting the new Universal

Declaration of Human Rights, what Articles would you suggest? What groups of world population are discriminated presently? Think about at least 5 Articles and write them down in English.

V. OVER TO YOU

1. Express your thoughts on the subject.

a)How do you understand the term “humanity” in international

aspect?

b)Can we say that slave trade and enforced labour are eliminated in modern society?

c)What are the main non-property possessions of a person?

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