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1. If I (kn o w) his address, I’d give it to you. 2. If he worked more slowly, he (n o t ma ke) so many mistakes. 3. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I (b e) you. 4. If he knew that it was dangerous, he (n o t co me). 5. I could get a job easily if I (h a ve) a degree. 6. If we had more rain, our crops (g ro w) faster. 7. I (b u y) shares in that company if I had some money. 8. If you (ch a n g e) your job, would it affect your pension?
VI. Translate into English: |
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1. Якб и ви зн ал и |
л іп ше гр амати ку , ви |
б |
н е зр о б и л и |
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стіл ько х |
п о ми л о к у |
ваши х вп р авах . 2. |
Якб и |
н е б у л о |
так |
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п ізн о зар аз, я б п ішо в д о |
н ьо го . 3. М и б |
ч и тал и |
ан гл ій ські |
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кн и жки |
в о р и гін ал і, якб и |
зн ал и ан гл ій ську |
мо ву |
кр аще. |
4. |
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Якб и він б у в у Ки єві зар аз, він , зви ч ай н о , д о п о міг б и н ам . 5. Якб и я мал а від п у стку , я б п о їх ал а д о Чо р н о го мо р я. 6. Я б у в б и вам д у же вд яч н и й , якб и ви зм о гл и п р и д іл и ти м ен і
кіл ька |
х ви л и н . |
7. Що б |
ти р о б и в, якб и х то сь весь ч ас р о змо вл яв з то б о ю таки м |
то н о м? |
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VII. Translate into Ukrainian:
1. If I had realized what a bad driver you were, I wouldn’t have come with you. 2. If you had put some mustard in the sandwiches, they would have tasted better. 3. If he had known the whole story, he would not have been so angry. 4. If she had listened to my directions, she would not have turned down the wrong street. 5. Rome would have been captured by her enemies if the geese hadn’t cackled. 6. Had the road been better, we should not have been late.
VIII. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1. If he had asked you, you (a ccep t)? 2. If you (sp ea k) more slowly,
he might have understood you. 3. If you had told me that he never paid his debts, I (n o t len d ) him the money. 4. If I had known that you were in
hospital, I (visit) you. 5. If I (try) again, I think that I would have succeeded. 6. I (ta ke) a taxi if I had realized that it was such a long way. 7. I shouldn’t have believed it if I (n o t see) it with my own eyes. 8. If you (a rrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat. 9. I (o ffer) to help him if I had realized that he was ill. 10. If I (kn o w) that you were coming, I’d have
baked a cake.
IX. Transform the sentences as in the pattern:
Pattern: If I h a ve time, I sh a ll h elp |
yo u . |
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If |
I |
h a d |
time, |
I sh o u ld |
h elp |
yo u . |
If |
I |
h a d |
h a d |
time, I sh o u ld |
h a ve h elp ed yo u . |
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1. If he works hard, he will pass the exams well. 2. If you don’t listen to the teacher, you will learn nothing. 3. If we are careful, we’ll leave behind our competitors. 4. If he lives in England, he will go to Oxford University. 5. If he is not very busy, he will help you. 6. If they finish their work quickly, they will go home early. 7. If the price on this product goes up, nobody will buy it. 8. If the rain stops, the girls will go for a walk.
X. Translate into English: |
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1. Якб и вч о р а |
б у л а гар н а п о го д а, |
ми |
п ішл и б |
н а |
п р о гу л ян ку . 2. Якб и |
ти о д ягл ася теп л іше, ти |
б н е засту д и л ася. |
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3. Якб и ви від ісл ал и |
л и ста вч о р а, во н и й о го |
о тр и мал и |
б |
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завтр а вр ан ц і. 4. Якб и я вч о р а мал а ч ас, я п р и й шл а б р ан іше. 5.
Якб и в мен е вч о р а н е б о л іл а го л о ва, я б |
тако ж п о їх ал а з вами |
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за місто . 6. Якб и |
я н е п ішо в д о н и х |
у ч о р а, ми б |
н іч о го |
н е |
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зн ал и п р о |
ц е н авіть теп ер . 7. Якб и |
ми |
ви й шл и |
з д о му |
н а |
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п івго д и н и |
р ан іше, то |
н е зап ізн и л и ся б н а п о їзд . 8. Якб и |
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во н и н агад ал и |
мен і |
п р о ц е вч о р а, |
у се б у л о б у же |
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зр о б л ен о . |
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XI. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1. If you pass your examination, we (h a ve) a celebration. 2. If you (wea r) a false beard, nobody would have recognized you. 3. If you go to Paris, where you (sta y)? 4. If they (h a n g ) that picture lower, people would be able to see it. 5. If the story hadn’t been true, the newspaper (n o t
p rin t) |
it. |
6. Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there. 7. What (h a p p en ) if I press this button? 8. You (n o t h a ve) so many accidents if you drove more slowly. 9. I (b rin g ) you some beer if I had known that you
were thirsty.
XII. Define the type of Conditional Sentences and translate them:
1. If they work hard, they won’t lose any customers. 2. If we had learnt of his proposal earlier, we might have accepted it. 3. If I worked
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harder, I would pass the exams easily. 4. If I were you, I’ll find a new job. 5. If he had asked, I would have helped him. 6. If I received any news, I should let you know. 7. We shall wait here if you don’t mind. 8. If it had rained yesterday, we should have stayed at home. 9. Had the road been better, we shouldn’t have been late. 10. If the children are playing quietly, don’t disturb them. 11. You would not have got into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions. 12. If we plant the trees this year we’ll pick up fruit in three years.
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XIII. Translate into English: |
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1. Я п о го во р ю з н и м, якщо п о б ач у |
й о го н а зб о р ах . 2. |
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Я б у в б и |
д у же р ад и й , якб и |
ви |
зай шл и д о н ас завтр а. 3. Якб и |
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ви |
зал и ши л и ся, я |
б |
н іко л и |
н е |
п р и й шо в д о |
вас. |
4. М и |
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від від аємо її, якщо |
ви |
згад аєте її ад р есу . 5. Якб и ви п р и й шл и |
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вч о р а |
о |
сьо мій , |
ви |
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б |
мен е |
застал и |
вд о ма. |
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6. Я п р о ч и тал а б Шексп ір а в о р и гін ал і, якб и |
зн ал а ан гл ій ську |
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мо ву |
кр аще. 7. Якщо ви б у д ете п о л и вати |
квіти що д н я, во н и |
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б у д у ть |
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кр аще |
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р о сти . |
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8. Ваша сестр а б у д е д у же д о б р е гр ати н а п іан ін о , якщо |
во н а |
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б у д е н ап о л егл и во |
п р ац ювати . |
9. |
Якб и |
я н е |
б у в |
таки й |
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зай н яти й |
вч о р а, я б п о їх ав н а во кзал |
п р о вести |
й о го . 10. Я |
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б у д у |
д у же |
жал ку вати , якщо |
во н и |
н е |
п р и й д у ть. |
11. Ви |
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п о ч у вал и ся б |
кр аще, якб и б іл ьше б у вал и н а свіжо му п о вітр і. |
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12. |
Я |
зач екаю |
й о го , |
якщо |
й о го |
н е б у д е |
вд о ма, |
ко л и я |
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п р и й д у . |
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XIV. Complete the sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses:
a)1. If he had taken my advice, ... . 2. If I’d had a car, ... . 3. If you had asked his permission, ... . 4. Unless it is a nice day, ... . 5. If I had known that it was going to rain, ... . 6. If you had got up earlier this morning, ... .
7.If the fire had been noticed earlier, ... . 8. If I were you, ... .
b)1. You would know English better if ... . 2. I shall go for a walk if ... .
3.We’ll send for the doctor if ... . 4. We should be glad if ... . 5. He would lend it to you if ... . 6. They wouldn’t have gone there if ... . 7. I should have missed the train if ... . 8. You would have been angry if ... .
XV. Memorize the following proverbs:
1. If you try to please all, you will please none. 2. If I could always read, I should never feel the want of society. 3. Pigs would fly if they had
wings. 4. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 5. If you sell the cow, you’ll sell her milk too. 6. If things were to be done twice, all would be wise.
XVI. Speak on the following situations:
1.Ask your friend what he would like to have if his three wishes were granted.
2.Ask your friend what places in Great Britain he would visit if he had a chance to go there.
3.Ask your friend what he would do if he won a lot of money in the lottery.
4.What programme would you present if you were to take part in the presidential election?
5.What measures would you take if you were appointed the Prime Minister.
EXERCISES FOR INDIVIDUAL WORK I. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
a) 1. If I find your passport, I (telep h o n e) you at once. 2. You can use my phone if yours (n o t wo rk). 3. She will be absolutely furious if she (h ea r) about this. 4. If London airport is clear of fog, we (la n d ) there. 5. If you (n o t kn o w) the meaning of a word, you may use a dictionary. 6. If he (wo rk) hard today, can he have a holiday tomorrow? 7. If we leave the car here, it (n o t b e) in anybody’s way. 8. If you (sta y) here a little longer,
you will see him. 9. We shan’t go out unless it (sto p ) raining. 10. I’ll probably get lost unless
he (co me) with me. 11. If you (n o t b elieve) what I say, ask your mother. 12. We’ll go abroad this year if we (h a ve) enough money.
b) 1. I (keep ) a horse if I could afford it. 2. I should come and see you off if I (n o t live) so far away. 3. I should be disappointed if they (n o t co me) 4. If you (p a in t) the walls white, the room would be much brighter. 5. If he (b e) here, he would answer you. 6. If we had no luggage, we (wa lk)
home.
7. I would drive to the country if the weather (b e) fine. 8. It would be cheaper if you (g o ) by train. 9. I should be delighted if she (tea ch ) me English. 10. If he were in, he (a n swer) the phone. 11. If you (n o t b elo n g ) to a union, you couldn’t get a job. 12. If I hadn’t a typewriter, I (typ e) it myself.
c) 1. If I (h a ve) a map, I would have been all right. 2. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red, I (sto p ). 3. If I (b e) ready when he called, he
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would have taken me with him. 4. If you had arrived a little earlier, you (fin d ) me there. 5. If you had prepared for the exam more thouroughly, you
(g et) a better mark. 6. The man (b e killed ) if the train hadn’t stopped quickly. 7. If I had been in your place, I (n o t sa y) this. 8. If he had known that the river was dangerous, he (n o t try) to swim across it. 9. If he hadn’t lost his spectacles, he (b e a b le) to finish this work in time. 10. I should have called you up yesterday if I (b e) in town.
d)1. You’ll get pneumonia if you (n o t ch a n g e) your wet clothes.
2.If she hadn’t changed so much, I (reco g n ize) her. 3. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (ch o o se)? 4. If you (rea d ) the
instructions carefully, you wouldn’t have answered the wrong question. 5. If I had been ready when he called, he (ta ke) me with him. 6. If I (b e) you, I
should have appologised to her. 7. We (sta y) at home if we had known he
was |
coming. |
8. They (n o t b elieve) me if I told them this. |
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II.Give sentences with the same meaning omitting « if» from the conditional sentences:
1. If I had time, I should study French. 2. If he should come, tell him to wait. 3. If he were in town, he would help us. 4. If I had enough money, I would travel. 5. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him about it. 6. If you should find them, kindly let me know. 7. The accident might not have occured if they had been more careful. 8. If they had called at the office yesterday, they would have found me there. 9. If I were in his place, I should refuse. 10. If you had seen him, you wouldn’t have recognized him. 11. If I were you, I should go there immediately. 12. If anyone should call, please take a message.
III. Translate into English: |
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1. |
Якб и авто мо б іл ь |
н е їх ав |
так |
шви д ко , н ещасн о го |
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ви п ад ку |
н е стал о ся |
б . 2. |
Якщо |
він |
н е |
п р и й д е завтр а, |
н ад ішл іть |
й о м у |
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тел егр ам у . |
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3. Якщо |
я б у д у там і п о б ач у й о го , я скажу |
й о му п р о ц е. 4. |
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Цьо го б |
н е стал о ся, якб и ви б у л и там . 5. Йо му д о вед еться п іти |
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в л ікар н ю завтр а, якщо |
й о му |
н е б у д е л іп ше. 6. Б у л о б д у же |
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л юб ’язн о з вашо го б о ку , якб и ви |
мо гл и |
ц е зр о б и ти д л я |
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мен е. |
7. Чо му |
ви |
н е п о кл и кал и |
й о го ? |
Я п евен , |
що |
він |
п р и й шо в б и , |
якб и |
й о го п о кл и кал и . 8. |
М ен і п о тр іб н о |
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б у л о |
б агато ч асу , що б п ер екл асти |
ц ю статтю. Якб и |
ви |
мен і |
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д ал и х о р о ши й сл о вн и к, я б ви тр ати в мен ше ч асу . 9. Во н а б н е гу б и л а гр о ші так ч асто , якб и н е б у л а тако ю н еу важн о ю. 10. Якб и ви сiл и н а б iл ьш р ан н iй п о їзд , ми б змо гл и п о д о р о жу вати р азо м . 11. Якб и я зн ав, що він завтр а п р и й д е, я
б н е п о їх ав сьо го д н і ввеч ер і д о н ьо го . 12. Якб и |
я б у в п евен , |
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що |
він у же п о вер н у вся д о Ки єва, я б п о їх ав д о |
н ьо го зар аз. |
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13. |
Якб и ви сказал и н ам кіл ька д н ів то му , що |
у |
вас є ц ей |
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д о від н и к, ми |
б п о п р о си л и вас д ати н ам й о го |
н а п евн и й |
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ч ас. 14. Якб и |
я зн ав й о го ад р есу , я б н ап и сав й о м у |
зар аз, щo |
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ви |
зго д н і д о п о мо гти й о му . 15. Ку д и б ви п ішл и , якб и |
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б у л и зар аз віл ьн і?
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GRAMMAR REVISION TABLES |
STRUCTURE |
TERMINOLOGY OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR |
of English Grammar |
Частини мови |
Parts of Speech |
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Іменник |
Noun |
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WORDS |
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Неозначений артикль |
Indefinite Article |
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M O R P H O L O G Y |
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Означений артикль |
Definite Article |
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PARTS of SPEECH |
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Злічувані іменники |
Count Nouns |
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NUMERALS |
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Незлічувані іменники |
Noncount Nouns |
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PRONOUNS |
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NOUNS |
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VERBS |
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Абстрактні іменники |
Abstract Nouns |
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ADVERBS |
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Число |
Number |
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ADJECTIVES |
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Oднина/множина |
Singular/plural |
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PREPOSITIONS |
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Загальний відмінок |
Common Сase |
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CONJUNCTIONS |
INTERJECTIONS |
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Присвійний відмінок |
Possessive Сase |
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Рід |
Gender |
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SENTENCES |
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Прикметник |
Adjective |
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S Y N T A X |
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Ступені порівняння |
Degrees of Comparison |
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PARTS of the SENTENCE |
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Вищий ступінь порівняння |
Comparative Degree |
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ATTRIBUTES |
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Найвищий ступінь порівняння |
Superlative Degree |
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Числівники |
Numerals |
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SUBJECT |
PREDICATE |
OBJECTS |
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Кількісні числівники |
Cardinal Numerals |
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ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS |
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Порядкові числівники |
Ordinal Numerals |
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QUESTIONS |
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Займенники |
Pronouns |
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DECLARATIVE |
CENERAL |
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Особові займенники |
Personal Pronouns |
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SIMPLE UNEXTENDED |
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INTERROGATIV |
SPECIAL |
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Присвійні займенники |
Possessive Pronouns |
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SENTENCES |
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Зворотні займенники |
Reflexive Pronouns |
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EXCLAMATORY |
DISJUNCTIVE |
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SIMPLE EXTENDED |
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Взаємні займенники |
Reciprocal Pronouns |
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IMPERATIVE |
ALTERNATIVE |
Вказівні займенники |
Demonstrative Pronouns |
COMPLEX |
COMPOUND |
CONSTRUCTIONS |
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Питальні займенники |
Interrogative Pronouns |
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Сполучні займенники |
Conjunctive Pronouns |
PRINCIPAL |
SUBORDINATE |
SIMPLE |
SIMPLE |
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Неозначені займенники |
Indefinite Pronouns |
CLAUSE |
CLAUSE |
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NOMINATIVE with the INF. (PART) |
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Заперечні займенники |
Negative Pronoun |
1. SUBJECT CLAUSES |
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Кількісні займенники |
Quantitative Pronouns |
2. PREDICATIVE CLAUSES |
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ACCUSATIVE with the INF. (PART) |
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Дієслово |
Verb |
3. OBJECT CLAUSES |
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CONSTRUCTIONS with the CERUND |
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Правильні дієслова |
Regular Verbs |
4. ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES |
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Неправильні дієслова |
Irregular Verbs |
5. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES |
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CONSTRUCTIONS with the PARTICIPLE |
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Особові форми дієслова |
Finite Forms of the Verbs |
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1) of TIME |
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CONSTRUCTIONS with the INFINITIVE |
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Неозначені часи |
Indefinite Tenses |
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2) of PLACE |
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ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION |
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Тривалі часи |
Continuous Tenses |
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3) of CLAUSE |
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for — PHRASE CONSTRUCTION |
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Перфектні (доконані) часи |
Perfect Tenses |
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5) of CONDITION |
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4) of PURPOSE |
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Перфектно-тривалі часи |
Perfect Continuous Tenses |
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6) of CONCESSION |
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CONTRACTED ADVERBIAL CLAUSE |
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СТРУКТУРА |
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граматики англійської мови |
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СЛОВА |
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М О Р Ф О Л О Г І Я |
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ЧАСТИНИ МОВИ |
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ЧИСЛІВНИК |
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ЗАЙМЕННИК |
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ІМЕННИК |
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ДІЄСЛОВО |
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ПРИКМЕТНИК |
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ПРИСЛІВНИК |
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ПРИЙМЕННИК |
ВИГУК |
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СПОЛУЧНИК |
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РЕЧЕННЯ |
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С И Н Т А К С И С |
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ЧЛЕНИ РЕЧЕННЯ |
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ОЗНАЧЕННЯ |
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ПІДМЕТ |
ПРИСУДОК |
ДОДАТОК |
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ОБСТАВИНИ |
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РОЗПОВІДНІ |
ЗАГАЛЬНІ |
ПРОСТЕ НЕПОШИРЕНЕ |
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ПИТАЛЬНІ |
СПЕЦІАЛЬНІ |
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РЕЧЕННЯ |
ОКЛИЧНІ |
РОЗДІЛОВІ |
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ПРОСТЕ ПОШИРЕНЕ |
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СПОНУКАЛЬНІ |
АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНІ |
СКЛАДНОПІДРЯДНІ |
СКЛАДНОСУРЯДН |
ЗВОРОТИ |
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І |
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ГОЛОВНЕ |
ПІДРЯДНІ |
ПРОСТЕ |
ПРОСТЕ |
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1. ПІДМЕТОВІ |
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називний відмінок з інф. (дієприкм.) |
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2. ПРИСУДКОВІ |
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об’єктний відмінок з інф. (дієприкм.) |
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3. ДОДАТКОВІ |
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герундіальні звороти |
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4. ОЗНАЧАЛЬНІ |
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дієприкметникові звороти |
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5. ОБСТАВИННІ |
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1) ЧАСУ |
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інфінітивні звороти |
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2) МІСЦЯ |
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незалежний дієприкметниковий |
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3) ПРИЧИНИ |
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4) МЕТИ |
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зворот «for + іменник + інф.» |
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5) УМОВНІ |
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зворот, еквівалент обст. підрядних реч. |
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6) ДОПУСТОВІ |
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302 |
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NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL
Singular |
Plural |
Uses |
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day |
days |
The plural of a noun is usually made by adding -s to |
bird |
birds |
the singular |
street |
streets |
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rose |
roses |
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tomato |
tomatoes |
Nouns ending in -o, -ch, -sh, -s, -ss or -x form their plural |
match |
matches |
by adding -es. |
dish |
dishes |
(NOTE: words of foreign origin or abbreviated words |
class |
classes |
ending in -o add -s only: dynamo - dynamos; kilo - kilos; |
box |
boxes |
photo - photos; piano - pianos); |
baby |
babies |
Nouns ending in -y following a consonant form their |
city |
cities |
plural by dropping the -y and adding -ies. |
loaf |
loaves |
Twelve nouns ending in -f or -fe drop the -f or -fe and |
wife |
wives |
add -ves: loaf, wife, wolf, calf, half, leaf, self, knife, life, |
wolf |
wolves |
sheaf, shelf, thief. |
calf |
calves |
(Exceptions: beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cliffs, safes, cuffs, |
half |
halves |
handkerchiefs). |
knife |
knives |
The nouns hoof, scarf and wharf take either -s or -ves in |
shelf |
shelves |
the plural: wharfs or wharves, hoofs or hooves; scarfs or |
life |
lives |
scarves. |
sheaf |
sheaves |
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man |
men |
A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change. |
woman |
women |
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foot |
feet |
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goose |
geese |
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tooth |
teeth |
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louse |
lice |
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mouse |
mice |
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child |
children |
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sheep |
sheep |
Some nouns have the same form for singular and plural. |
deer |
deer |
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fish |
fish |
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species |
species |
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swine |
swine |
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crisis |
crises |
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other |
criterion |
criteria |
languages have foreign plurals. |
datum |
data |
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303 |
Best books Ageofbook.com
NOUNS: COMMON AND POSSESSIVE CASE
a) SingularNoun |
Possessive Form |
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the girl |
the girl's name |
1. |
's is used with singular nouns not |
my wife |
my wife's coat |
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ending in -s. |
my baby |
my baby's toys |
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Tom |
Tom's friend |
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Archimedes |
Archimedes' Law |
2. |
Classical names ending in -s |
Pythagoras |
Pythagoras' Theorem |
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usually add only the apostrophe. |
Thomas |
Thomas's/Thomas' |
3. |
Other names ending in -s take 's |
Carlos |
Carlos's/Carlos' |
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or the apostrophe alone. |
my brother-in |
my brother-in-law's |
4. |
With compounds, the last word |
-law |
guitar |
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takes the 's. |
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b) Plural Noun |
Possessive Form |
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the girls |
the girls' names |
1. |
A simple apostrophe (') is used |
the men |
the men's work |
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with plural nouns ending in -s. |
2. |
's is used with plural nouns not |
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my children |
my children's toys |
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ending in -s. |
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COUNT AND NONCOUNT NOUNS
1. I bought a chair. |
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Chair is a count noun; chairs are |
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Tom bought three chairs. |
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items that can be counted. |
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2. We bought some furniture. |
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Furniture is a noncount noun. |
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INCORRECT: We bought a furniture. |
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In grammar, furniture cannot be |
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INCORRECT: We bought some furnitures. |
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counted. |
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Singular |
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Plural |
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COUNT |
a chair |
chairs |
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A count noun: |
NOUN |
one chair |
two chairs |
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a) may be preceded by a/an in |
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some chairs |
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the singular; |
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a lot of chairs |
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b) takes a final -s/-es in |
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many chairs |
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the plural. |
NONCOUNT |
furniture |
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A noncount noun: |
NOUN |
some furniture |
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a) is not immediately preceded |
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a lot of |
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by a/an; |
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furniture |
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b) has no plural form; |
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much furniture |
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does not take a final -s/-es. |
SOME COMMON NONCOUNT NOUNS
1. Whole groups made up of similar items: baggage, clothing, equipment, food, fruit, furniture, garbage, hardware, jewelry, junk, luggage, mail, machinery, make-up, money/cash/change, postage, scenery, traffic.
2.Fluids: water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, blood, etc.
3.Solids: ice, bread, butter, cheese, meat, gold, iron, silver, glass, paper, wood, cotton, wool, etc.
4.Gases: steam, air, oxygen, nitrogen, smoke, smog, pollution, etc.
5.Particles: rice, chalk, corn, dirt, dust, flour, grass, hair, pepper, salt, sand, sugar, wheat, etc.
6.Abstractions:
—beauty, confidence, courage, education, enjoyment, fun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospitality, importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge, laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, pride, progress, recreation, significance, sleep, truth, violence, wealth, etc.
—advice, information, news, evidence, proof;
—time, space, energy;
—homework, work;
—grammar, slang, vocabulary.
7.Languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, Spanish, etc.
8.Fields of study: economics, chemistry, engineering, history, literature, mathematics, psychology, etc.
9.Recreation: baseball, soccer, tennis, chess, bridge, poker, etc.
10.General activities: driving, studying, swimming, travelling, walking (and other gerunds).
11.Natural Phenomena: weather, dew, fog, hail, heat, humidity, gravity, rain, lightning, sleet, snow, thunder, wind, darkness, light, sunshine, electricity, fire.
USING NOUNS AS MODIFIERS
1. |
The soup has vegetables in it. |
When a noun is used as a modifier, it is in its |
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It is vegetable soup. |
singular form. |
2. |
The building has offices in it. |
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It is an office building. |
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3. |
The test lasted two hours. |
When a noun used as a modifier is combined |
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It was a two-hour test. |
with a number expression, the noun is |
4. |
Her son is five years old. |
singular and a hyphen (-) is used. |
304 |
305 |
Best books Ageofbook.com
She has a five-year-old son.
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
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Use of a/an |
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Examples |
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1. Before a singular countable noun, |
I can see a book on the table. |
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when it is mentioned for the first |
They live in a flat. |
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time and represents no particular |
He bought an ice-cream. |
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person or thing: |
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2. Before a singular countable noun |
A child needs love = |
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which is used as an example of |
All children need/Any child needs love. |
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a class of things: |
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3. With a noun complement. This |
My friend is a manager. |
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includes names of professions: |
She'll be a dancer. |
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4. With certain numbers. |
a dozen, a hundred, a million (but one |
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dozen, one hundred, one million is also |
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Before half when half follows |
possible). |
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1 |
1 |
kilos = one and a half kilos or |
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2 |
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a whole number. |
a kilo and a half; |
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But |
1 |
kg = half a kilo, though |
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a half-holiday, a half-portion, |
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2 |
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a + half + noun is sometimes |
a half-share; |
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possible. |
a third, a quarter etc., but one is also |
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With |
1 |
, |
1 |
, etc a is usual: |
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3 |
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4 |
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possible. |
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5. In expressions of price, speed, |
5p a kilo, sixty kilometres an hour, four |
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ratio etc.: |
times a day; (Here a/an = per) |
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6. Before a singular countable noun |
Such a long queue! Such long queues! |
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after the word what in |
What a pretty girl! What pretty girls! |
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exclamatory sentences and after |
She is still quite a child. |
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the words such, quite, rather: |
It is rather a difficult problem. |
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7. With the nouns in the function of |
The report was made by Petrenko, |
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apposition. |
a student of our University. |
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But when the apposition refers to |
Jack London, the great American |
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a well-known person the is used: |
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novelist, was born in San Francisco. |
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8. In a number of set expressions: a lot of, a great many, a great deal of, |
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a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a couple, a little, a few, |
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at a speed of, at a time when, at a time, in time, on a large (small) scale, |
all |
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of a sudden, by bus (train), to be in a hurry, to be in a position, to be |
at |
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a loss, it’s a pity, for a short (long) time, as a result of, as a matter |
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of fact, to have a good time, to have a mind, in a loud (low) voice, to have a look, to have a headache, to take a sit, to have a cold, to go for a walk.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
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Use of «the» |
Examples |
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1. |
Before a noun which has become |
I saw a new film on TV yesterday. |
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definite as a result of being |
The film wasn't very interesting. |
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mentioned: |
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2. |
Before a noun made definite by |
the girl in blue; the boy that I met; |
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the addition of a phrase or clause: |
the place where I met him. |
3. |
When the object or group of |
the earth, the sea, the sky, the moon, |
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objects is unique: |
the sun, the world. |
4. |
Before a noun which by reason of |
Ann is in the garden. |
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locality can represent only one |
(the garden of this house). |
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particular thing: |
Please open the window. |
5. |
Before superlatives and first, |
the first week; the best day; the only way. |
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second etc. used as adjectives or |
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pronouns, and only: |
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6. |
Before a noun that represents |
The cow is a domestic animal. |
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a class of animals or things: |
The pine is an evergreen tree. |
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But man, used to represent |
If oil supplies run out, man have |
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the human race, has no article. |
to fall back on the horse. |
7. |
The + adjective represents a class |
the old = old people in general. |
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of people: |
the rich = rich people in general. |
8. |
Before certain proper names of |
The Atlantic, the Thames, the Alps, |
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oceans, rivers, seas, gulfs, groups |
the Black Sea, the Crimea, the City, |
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of islands, chains of mountains, |
the United States of America, |
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plural names of countries, deserts, |
the Sahara, the Persian Gulf. |
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and before certain other names: |
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9. |
Before the adjectives east/west |
the East/West End, the East/West Indies, |
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etc. + noun in certain names: |
the North/South Pole. |
10.Before other proper names |
The National Gallery, the Tower of |
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consisting of adjective + noun or |
London. |
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noun + of + noun: |
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11.Before names of newspapers, |
the Times, the Great Britain, |
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ships, orchesras, pop groups etc. |
the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Beatles. |
12.the + plural surname can be used |
the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith |
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to mean «the ... family»: |
(and children). |
13.the + a singular countable noun |
The bicycle is an excellent means of |
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306 |
307 |
Best books Ageofbook.com
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(type of machine, invention, |
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transport. When was the telephone |
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musical instruments). |
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invented? The piano is my favourite |
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instrument. |
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NO |
ARTICLE |
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Uses |
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Examples |
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1. |
Before plural nouns: |
My friends are students. |
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2. |
Before abstract nouns except when |
Men fear death. |
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they are used in a particular sense: |
but: The death of the Prime Minister left |
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his party without a leader. |
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3. |
After a noun in the possessive |
the boy's uncle = the uncle of the boy |
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case, or a possessive adjective: |
It is my (blue) book = The (blue) book is |
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mine. |
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4. |
Before names of meals: |
The Scots have porridge for breakfast |
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but: The wedding breakfast was held in |
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her father's house. |
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5. |
Before names of games: |
He plays golf. |
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6. |
Before parts of the body and |
Raise your right hand. |
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articles of clothing, as these |
He took off his coat. |
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normally prefer a possessive |
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adjective: |
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7. |
When home is used alone, i.e. is |
He is at home. He went home. |
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not preceded or followed by |
I arrived home after dark. |
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a descriptive word or phrase: |
I sent him home. |
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8. |
Before the nouns: bed, church, |
We go: to bed to sleep; to church to pray; |
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court, hospital, prison, |
to court as litigants; to hospital as |
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school/college/university, when |
patients; to prison as prisoners; |
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these places are visited or used |
to school/college/university to study; |
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for their primary purpose. |
similarly we can be: in bed, sleeping |
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We can be/get back from |
or resting; at church as worshippers; |
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school/college/university. |
in hospital as patients; at school as |
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We can leave school, leave |
students. |
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hospital, be released from prison. |
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But: When these places are visited or |
Sometimes he goes to the prison |
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used for other reasons the is |
to give lectures. |
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necessary: |
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9. work = place of work. |
He is at work. |
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He's on his way to work. |
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10.We go to sea as sailors. To be at sea = to be on a voyage
(as passengers or crew). But to go to or be at the sea = to go to or be at the seaside. We can also live by/near the sea.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
The Nominative Case |
The Objective Case |
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I — я |
me — мене, мені |
he — він |
him — його, йому |
she — вона |
her — її, їй |
it — воно (він, вона) |
it — його, йому, її, їй |
we — ми |
us — нас, нам |
you — ви, ти |
you — вас, вам, тебе, тобі |
they — вони |
them — їх, їм |
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
Conjoint Form |
Absolute Form |
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my — мій, моя, моє, мої |
mine — мій, моя, моє, мої |
his — його (чоловічий рід) |
his — його (чоловічий рід) |
her — її |
hers — її |
its — його(середній рід), її |
— |
our — наш, наша, наше, наші |
ours — наш, наша, наше, наші |
your — ваш, ваша, ваше, ваші |
yours — ваш, ваша, ваше, ваші |
твій, твоя, твоє, твої |
твій, твоя, твоє, твої |
their — їхній, їхня, їхнє, їхні |
theirs — їхній, їхня, їхнє, їхні |
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
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Persons |
Singular |
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Plural |
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1st pers. |
myself |
сам(а) себе |
ourselves |
самі себе |
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2nd pers. |
yourself |
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yourselves |
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3rd pers. |
himself, herself, itself |
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themselves |
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1. |
He looked at himself in the mirror. |
A reflexive pronoun usually refers to |
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the subject of a sentence. He and |
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himself refer to the same person. |
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2. |
He himself answered the phone, |
Sometimes reflexive pronouns are used |
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not his secretary. |
for emphasis. |
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308 |
309 |
Best books Ageofbook.com
3. He answered the phone himself. |
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4. She lives by herself. |
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The expression by + a reflexive |
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pronoun usually means «alone». |
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INDEFINITE |
PRONOUNS |
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Sentences |
-thing |
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-body, -one |
-where |
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Affirmative |
some |
something |
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somebody |
somewhere |
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someone |
anywhere |
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що-небудь |
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хтось |
десь |
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any |
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хто-небудь |
де-небудь |
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anything |
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anybody/anyone |
anywhere |
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усе, що |
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усякий |
де завгодно |
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завгодно |
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будь-який |
куди завгодно |
Interrogative |
any |
anything |
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anybody |
anywhere |
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anyone |
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що-небудь |
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хто-небудь |
де-небудь |
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будь-хто |
куди-небудь |
Negative |
not ... |
not... |
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not ... anybody |
not ... anywhere |
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any |
anything |
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not ... anyone |
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no |
нічого |
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ніхто |
ніде, нікуди |
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nothing |
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nobody/no one |
nowhere |
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none |
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нічого |
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ніхто |
ніде, нікуди |
Affirmative |
every |
everything |
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everybody |
everywhere |
Interrogative |
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everyone |
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Negative |
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усе |
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усякий, кожний, |
скрізь, усюди |
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усе |
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QUANTITIVE PRONOUNS
few |
Few birds can be seen in that |
Few and little have |
little |
place. (= almost none) |
a negative meaning. |
мало, мало хто |
I know little about painting. |
They mean not enough. |
недостатньо |
(= almost nothing) |
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a few |
A few birds can be seen in that |
A few, a little have |
кілька |
place. (= some birds) |
a positive meaning. They |
a little |
I know a little about painting. |
mean some though not |
трохи |
(= something) |
much (many) |
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DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
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Singular |
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Plural |
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this — цей, ця, це |
that — той, та, те |
these — ці |
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those — ті |
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DEGREES OF |
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS |
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Adjectives |
Positive |
Comparative |
Superlative |
Formation |
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and Adverbs |
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One-syllable |
old |
older, elder |
oldest, eldest |
For most |
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adjectives |
wise |
wiser |
wisest |
one-syllable |
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and adverbs |
hot |
hotter |
hottest |
adjectives and |
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easy |
easier |
easiest |
adverbs, -er and |
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fast |
faster |
fastest |
-est are added. |
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early |
earlier |
earliest |
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Two-syllable |
famous |
more famous |
most famous |
For most two- |
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adjectives |
slowly |
more slowly |
most slowly |
syllable adj. and |
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and adverbs |
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adv., more and |
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most are used. |
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busy |
busier |
busiest |
-Er/-est are used |
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pretty |
prettier |
prettiest |
with two-syllable |
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adjectives that end |
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in-y. The -y is |
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changed to -i. |
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clever |
cleverer |
cleverest |
Some two-syllable |
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more clever |
most clever |
adjectives use |
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gentle |
gentler |
gentlest |
-er/-est or |
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more/most: able, |
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more gentle |
most gentle |
pleasant, angry, |
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friendly |
friendlier |
friendliest |
handsome,simple, |
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common, quiet, |
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more friendly |
most friendly |
narrow, sour, |
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polite, cruel. |
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Adjectives |
important |
more |
most |
More and most are |
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and adverbs |
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important |
important |
used with long |
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with three |
productive |
more |
most |
adjectives and |
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or more |
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productive |
productive |
adverbs. |
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syllables |
carefully |
more |
most |
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carefully |
carefully |
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Irregular Adjectives and Adverbs |
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good/well |
better |
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best |
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310 |
311 |
Best books Ageofbook.com
bad/badly |
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worse |
worst |
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far |
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farther/further |
farthest/furthest |
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much/many |
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more |
most |
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little |
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less |
least |
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NUMERALS |
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Cardinal Numerals (how many?) |
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Ordinal Numerals (Which?) |
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1 |
one |
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first |
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2 |
two |
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second |
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3 |
three |
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third |
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4 |
four |
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fourth |
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5 |
five |
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fifth |
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6 |
six |
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sixth |
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7 |
seven |
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seventh |
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8 |
eight |
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eighth |
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9 |
nine |
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ninth |
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10 |
ten |
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tenth |
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11 |
eleven |
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eleventh |
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12 |
twelve |
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twelfth |
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13 |
thirteen |
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thirteenth |
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14 |
fourteen |
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fourteenth |
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15 |
fifteen |
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fifteenth |
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16 |
sixteen |
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sixteenth |
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17 |
seventeen |
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seventeenth |
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18 |
eighteen |
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eighteenth |
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19 |
nineteen |
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nineteenth |
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20 |
twenty |
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twentieth |
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21 |
twenty-one |
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twenty-first |
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22 |
twenty-two |
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twenty-second |
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23 |
twenty-three |
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twenty-third |
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24 |
twenty-four |
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twenty-fourth |
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25 |
twenty-five |
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twenty-fifth |
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26 |
twenty-six |
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twenty-sixth |
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27 |
twenty-seven |
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twenty-seventh |
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28 |
twenty-eight |
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twenty-eighth |
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29 |
twenty-nine |
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twenty-ninth |
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30 |
thirty |
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thirtieth |
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40 |
forty |
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fortieth |
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50 |
fifty |
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fiftieth |
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60 |
sixty |
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sixtieth |
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70 |
seventy |
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seventieth |
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80 |
eighty |
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eightieth |
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90 |
ninety |
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ninetieth |
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100 |
a hundred |
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hundredth |
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1,000 |
a thousand |
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thousandth |
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1,000,000 |
a million |
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millionth |
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140 |
a/one hundred and forty |
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400 |
four hundred |
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1,006 |
a/one thousand and six |
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5,000 |
five thousand |
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260,127 |
two hundred and sixty thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven |
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Dates |
March 10, 1998 the tenth of March nineteen ninety-eight or |
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March the tenth nineteen ninety-eight |
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Fractional |
Common Fractions: |
1 |
a half; |
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1 |
a quarter; |
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Numerals |
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2 |
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4 |
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1 |
a/one fifth; |
3 |
three fifths; |
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5 |
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5 |
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1 |
1 |
one and a half; |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
three and four fifths; |
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5 |
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Decimal Fractions: |
0.1 nought point one; |
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10.92 ten point nine two; |
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8.04 eight point nought four; |
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Percentage |
a kind of decimal fraction, denominator of which is always |
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100: 2 % 2 per cent 2 p.c. two per cent. |
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Roman |
1 |
I |
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16 |
XVI |
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Numerals |
2 |
II |
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17 |
XVII |
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3 |
III |
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18 |
XVIII |
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4 |
IV |
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19 |
XIX |
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5 |
V |
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20 |
XX |
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6 |
VI |
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21 |
XXI |
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7 |
VII |
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30 |
XXX |
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8 |
VIII |
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40 |
XL |
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9 |
IX |
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50 |
L |
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10 |
X |
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60 |
LX |
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11 |
XI |
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70 |
LXX |
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312 |
313 |