english_kunat

12

XII

80

LXXX

13

XIII

90

XC

14

XIV

100

C

15

XV

1000

M

Weight

1 dram

драхма

dr

1.77 g

Measure

1 ounce

унція

oz

(16 dr)

28.35 g

Міри

1 pound

фунт

lb

(16 oz)

453.59 g

ваги

1 stone

стон

st

(14 lb)

6.35 kg

1 quarter

квартер

gr

(28 lb)

12.7 kg

1 hundredweight

хандредвейт

hwt (112 lb)

50.8 kg

1 ton

тонна

tn

(20 hwt)

1016 kg

Linear

1 inch

дюйм

in

2.54 cm

Measure

1 foot

фут

ft

(12 in)

30.48 cm

Лінійні

1 yard

ярд

yd (3 ft)

91.44 cm

міри

1 mile

миля

ml (1760 yd)

1609.33 m

1 International

миля

Nautical Mile

морська

INM (6076 ft)

1.852 km

Dry

1 gill

джил

gi

0.14 l

Measure

1 pint

пінта

pt (4 gills)

0.57 l

Міри

1 quart

кварта

qt (2pt)

1.14 l

сипких

1 gallon

галон

gal (4qt)

4.55 l

речовин

1 bushel

бушель

bu

36.35 l

1 quarter

квартер

qr (8 bu)

290.94 l

Square

1 square inch

кв. дюйм

sq in

6.45 cm2

Measure

1 square foot

кв. фут

sq ft (144 sq in)

9.29 dm2

Міри

1 square yard

кв. ярд

sq yd (9 sq ft)

0.836 m2

площини

1 acre

акр

ac (4.8 sq yd)

0.4 hectare

1 square mile

кв. миля

sq ml (640 ac)

2.59 km2

Cubic

1 cubic inch

куб. дюйм

cu in

16.39 cm3

Measure

1 cubic foot

куб. фут

cu ft (1728

28.32 cm3

Міри

cu in)

764.53 cm3

об’єму

1 cubic yard

куб. ярд

cu yd (27 cu ft)

1 register ton

тонна

2.83 m3

реєстрова

reg t (100 cu ft)

Time

1 minute

хвилина

60 seconds

Measure

1 hour

година

60 minutes

Міри

1 day

день

24 hours

часу

1 week

тиждень

7 days

Angles

1 minute

хвилина

60 seconds (60 )

Measure

1 degree (1)

градус

60 minutes (60 )

Міри

1 right angle

прямий кут

90 degrees (90 )

кута

1 circle

розгорнени

360 degrees (360 )

й

4 right angles

кут

ОСОБОВІ

ФОРМИ

ДІЄСЛОВА

FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

Дійсний спосіб

The Indicative Mood

Активний стан

Active Voice

to ask

Пасивний стан

Passive Voice

to be asked

Неозначені часи

Доконані часи

Indefinite Tenses

Perfect Tenses

to ask

to have asked

to be asked

to have been asked

Present

Past

Future

Present

Past

Future

ask

asked

shall

ask

have

asked

had asked

shall

have

asks

will

has

will

asked

am

was

shall

have

had been

shall

is asked

asked

be

been

asked

have

are

were

will asked

has

asked

been

will

asked

Тривалі часи

Перфектно-тривалі часи

Continuous Tenses

Perfect Continuous Tenses

to be asking

to have been asking

to be being asked

—

Present

Past

Future

Present

Past

Future

am

was

shall be

have

had

shall

is

asking

asking

been

been

have

asking

were

will

has asking

asking

been

are

will

asking

am

was

is being

being

—

—

—

—

are asked

asked

were

INDEFINITE TENSES

(to work, to write)

Present Indefinite

work (s), write (s)

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I work, write

Do I work, write?

I do not work, write

Do I not work,

write?

He/she works,

Does he/she work,

He/she does not

Does he/she not

writes

write?

work, write

work, write?

We/you/they

Do we/you/

We/you/they do

Do we/you/they

work, write

they work, write?

not work, write

not work, write?

Past Indefinite

worked, wrote

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I worked, wrote

Did I work, write?

I did not work,

Did I not work,

write

write?

He/she worked,

Did he/she work,

He/she did not

Did he/she not

wrote

write?

work, write

work, write?

We/you/they

Did we/you/

We/you/they/

Did we/you/they

worked, wrote

they work, write?

did not work, write

not work, write?

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/we shall work,

Shall I/we work,

I/we shall not

Shall I/we not

write

write?

work, write

work, write?

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

they will work,

you/they work,

they will not

you/they not work,

write

write?

work, write

write?

CONTINUOUS

TENSES

(to work, to write)

Present Continuous

am, is, are + working, writing

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I am working,

Am I working,

I am not working,

Am I not working,

writing

writing?

writing

writing?

He/she is

Is he/she working,

He/she is not

Is he/she not

working, writing

writing?

working, writing

working, writing?

We/you/they are

Are we/you/

We/you/they are

Are we/you/they

working, writing

they working,

not working,

not working,

writing?

writing

writing?

Past Continuous

was, were + working, writing

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/he/she was

Was I/he/she

I/he/she was not

Was I/he/she not

working, writing

working, writing?

working, writing

working, writing?

We/you/they were

Were we/you/

We/you/they/

Were we/you/

working, writing

they working,

were not working,

they not working,

writing?

writing

writing?

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/we shall be

Shall I/we be

I/we shall not be

Shall I/we not be

working, writing

working, writing?

working, writing

working, writing?

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

they will be

you/they be

they will not be

you/they not be

working, writing

working, writing?

working, writing

working, writing?

PERFECT

TENSES

(to work, to write)

Present Perfect

have, has + worked, written

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/we/you/they

Have I/we/

I/we/you/they have

Have I/we/

have worked,

you/they worked,

not worked,

you/they not

written

written?

written

worked, written?

He/she has

Has he/she

He/she has not

Has he/she not

worked, written

worked, written?

worked, written

worked, written?

Past Perfect

had+ worked, written

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/he/she/we/

Had I/he/she/

I/he/she/we/

Had I/he/she/

you/they had

we/you/they

you/they had not

we/you/they not

worked, written

worked, written?

worked, written

worked, written?

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/ We shall have

Shall I/we have

I/ We shall not

Shall I/we not

worked, written

worked, written?

have worked,

have worked,

written

written?

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

He/she/you/

they will have

you/they have

they will not have

Will he/she/

worked, written

worked, written?

worked, written

you/they not

have worked,

written

PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

(to work, to write)

Present Perfect Continuous

have, has + been + working, writing

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/we/you/they

Have I/we/

I/we/you/they

Have I/we/

have been

you/they been

have not been

you/ they not been

working, writing

working, writing?

working, writing

working, writing?

He/she has been

Has he/she been

He/she has not

Has he/she not

working, writing

working, writing?

been working,

been working,

writing?

writing?

Past Perfect Continuous

had + been + working, writing

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/he/she/we/

Had I/he/she/

I/he/she/we/

Had I/he/she/

you/they had

we/you/they been

you/they had not

we/you/they not

been working,

working, writing?

been working,

been working,

writing

writing

writing?

Affirmative

Interrogative

Negative

Interrogative-

Negative

I/we shall have

Shall I/we have

I/we shall not

Shall I/we not

been working,

been working,

have been

have been

writing

writing?

working, writing

working, writing?

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

He/she/you/

Will he/she/

they will have

you/they have

they will not

you/they not have

been working,

been working,

have been

been working,

writing

writing?

working, writing

writing?

Functions

Examples

1.

The Notional Verb

He is at home now.

The students are in the classroom.

2.

An Auxiliary Verb

He is writing a letter.

I was asked a difficult question.

3.

A Link Verb

Jhon is a student. He is intelligent.

He is the best student in our group.

4.

A Modal Verb

We are to meet at noon.

They are to begin this work at once.

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE VERB «TO HAVE»

Functions

Examples

1.

The Notional Verb

She has a large family.

We have got a comfortable flat.

2.

An Auxiliary Verb

He has graduated from the University.

I have been waiting for you for half an hour.

3. A Modal Verb

I have to get up early on Mondays.

They had to go there. He will have to do it.

320

Functions

Examples

1. The Notional Verb

The exercise was done well.

You didn't do anything to help her.

2. An Auxiliary Verb

a) The Present and Past Indefinite

He doesn't work here.

(interrogative and negative

Did you see him yesterday?

forms)

— Yes, I did.

b) The Imperative Mood

Don't be late for the lessons.

(negative form)

But I do know him.

c) to express emphasis

GENERAL

QUESTIONS

Predicate

Sub-

Part of

Object

Adverbial

or

ject

the

Modifiers

Short Answers

auxiliary

Predicate

verb

Affirmative

Negative

Is

he

at home?

Yes, he is.

No, he isn't.

Do

you

take

books

here?

Yes, I do.

No, I don't.

Does

she

live

in Kyiv?

Yes,she does

No, she doesn't.

Did

it

rain

last night?

Yes, it did.

No, it didn't.

Will

he

be living?

there?

Yes, he will.

No, he won't.

Are

you

studying?

French?

in class?

Yes, I am.

No, I'm not.

Was

Ann

Yes, she was.

No, she wasn't.

Can

you

swim?

Yes, I can.

No, I can't.

TAG QUESTIONS

Jack can come, can't he?

A tag question is a question added at the end of

Fred can't come, can he?

a sentence. Speakers use tag questions chiefly to make

sure their information is correct or to seek agreement.

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG = AFFIRMATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED

Mary is here, isn't she?

Yes, she is.

You like tea, don't you?

Yes, I do.

They have left, haven't they?

Yes, they have.

NEGATIVE SENTENCE + AFFIRMATIVE TAG = NEGATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED

Mary isn't here, is she?

No, she isn't.

You don't like tea, do you?

No, I don't.

They haven't left, have they?

No, they haven't.

This/That is your book, isn't it?

The tag pronoun for this/that = it

These/Those are yours, aren't they?

The tag pronoun for these/those = they

There is a meeting tonight, isn't

In sentences with there + be, there is

there?

used in the tag.

Everything is okay, isn't it?

Personal pronouns are used to refer to

Everyone took the test, didn't they?

indefinite pronouns. They is usually used

in a tag to refer to everyone, someone,

everybody, somebody,no one, nobody.

Nothing is wrong, is it?

Sentences with negative words take

Nobody called on the phone, did they?

affirmative tags.

You've never been there, have you?

I amsupposed to be here, am I not?

am I not? is formal English.

I am supposed to be here, aren't I?

aren't I? is common in spoken English.

When did they arrive?

Yesterday.

When is used to ask

When will you come?

Next Monday.

questions about time.

Where is she?

At home.

Where is used to ask

Where can I find a pen?

In that drawer.

questions about place.

Why did he leave early?

Because he's ill.

Why is used to ask

Why aren't you coming with us?

I'm tired.

questions about reason.

How did you come to

By bus.

How generally asks about

school?

Carefully.

manner.

How does he drive?

How much money does

Ten dollars.

How is used with much and

it cost?

Fifteen.

many.

How many people

came?

How old are you?

Eighteen.

How is also used with adjectives

How cold is it?

Ten below zero.

and adverbs.

How soon can you get

In ten minutes.

there?

50 miles an hour.

How fast were you

driving?

Two years.

How long asks about length of

How long has he been

here?

Every week.

time.

How often do you write

How often asks about frequency.

home?

500 miles.

How far is it to Paris

How far asks about distance.

from here?

QUESTION

ANSWER

To answer

a): Spell the word.

a) How do you spell «coming»? C-O-M-I-N-G.

b) How do you say «yes» in Japanese? Hai.

To answer

b): Say the word.

c) How do you say/pronounce this word?

To answer c): Pronounce

the word.

d)

How are getting along?

Great.

In d), e), and f): How is your life?

e)

How are you doing?

Fine.

Is your life okay? Do you have any

f)

How's it going?

Okay.

problems?

So-so.

NOTE: f) is often used in greetings:

Hi, Bob. How's it going?

g)

How do you feel?

Terrific!

The questions in g) ask about

How are you feeling?

Wonderful!

health or about general

Great!

emotional state.

Fine.

Okay.

So-so.

A bit under

the weather.

Not so good.

Terrible!

Awful!

h) How do you do?

How do you do?

How do you do? is used by both

speakers when they are

introduced to each other in

a somewhat formal situation.

Who can answer that

I can.

Who is used as the subject

question?

Jane and Tom.

of a question.

Who came to visit you?

It refers to people.

Who is coming to dinner

Ann and Tom.

Who is usually followed by

tonight?

We do.

a singular verb even if

Who wants to come with me?

the speaker is asking about

more than one person.

Whose book did you borrow?

David's.

Whose ask questions

Whose key is this? (Whose is this?)

It's mine.

about possession.

What made you angry?

His rudeness.

What is used as the subject of

What went wrong?

Everything.

a question.

It refers to «things».

What do you need?

I need a pencil.

What is also used as an

What did Alice buy?

A book.

object.

What did he talk about?

His vacation.

About what did he talk?

(formal)

What kind of soup is that?

It's bean soup.

What kind of asks about

What kind of shoes did he

Sandals.

particular variety or type of

buy?

something.

What did you do last night?

I studied.

What + a form of do is used

What is Mary doing?

She is reading

to ask questions about

a book.

activities.

What countries did you

Italy and Spain.

What may accompany a noun.

visit?

Seven o'clock.

What time did she come?

What colour is his hair?

Dark brown.

What is Tom like?

He's kind and

What + be like asks for

friendly.

a general description of

What is the weather like?

Hot and humid.

qualities.

What does Tom look like?

He is tall and has

What + look like asks for

dark hair.

a physical description.

324

What does her house look

It's a large, red

like?

brick house.

I have two pens.

The blue one.

Which is used instead of what

Which pen do you want?

That one.

when a question concerns

Which one do you want?

choosing from a definite, known

Which do you want?

quantity or group.

Which book should I buy?

Which countries did he visit?

Paris and

In some cases, there is little

What countries did he visit?

Canada.

difference in meaning between

Which class are you in?

This class.

which and what when they

What class are you in?

accompany a noun.

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect

Continuous

Present

I write letters

I am writing

I have written

I have been

every week.

a letter now.

a letter today.

writing for

an hour.

Past

I wrote

I was writing

I had written

I had been

this letter

a letter at

all my letters

writing for

yesterday.

5 o'clock.

by 9 o'clock.

an hour when

you came.

Future

I shall write

I shall be

I shall have

If you come at

this letter

writing a letter

written all my

7 I shall have

tomorrow.

at 5 o'clock

letters by 9 clock

been writing for

tomorrow.

tomorrow.

an hour by that

time.

Indefinite

Continuous

Perfect

Perfect

325

Continuous

Present

These letters are

A letter is being

The letter has

written (by me)

written (by me)

been written (by

every week.

now.

me) today.

Past

This letter was

This letter was

By 9 o'clock all

written yesterday.

being written at

my letters had

5 o'clock.

been written.

Future

This letter will be

All my letters

written tomorrow.

will have been

written by

7 o'clock

tomorrow.

1.

Викладач пояснює новий

на кожному

1.

The teacher explains new

матеріал.

уроці

material at every lesson.

2.

Новий матеріал

на кожному

2.

New material is explained

пояснюється викладачем.

уроці

by the teacher at every

lesson.

3.

Викладач пояснює новий

зараз

3.

The teacher is explaining

матеріал.

new material now.

4.

Новий матеріал

зараз

4.

New material is being

пояснюється викладачем.

explained by the teacher now.

5.

Викладач пояснив новий

на цьому

5.

The teacher has explained

матеріал.

тижні

new material this week.

6.

Новий матеріал був

на цьому

6.

New material has been

пояснений викладачем.

тижні

explained by the teacher

this week.

7.

Викладач пояснює новий

уже 10 хв.

7.

The teacher has been

матеріал.

з 9 год.

explaining new material for

ранку

10 minutes since 9 o'clock in

the morning.

8.

Новий матеріал

уже 10 хв.

8.

New material has been

пояснюється викладачем.

з 9 год.

explained by the teacher

ранку

for 10 minutes since

9 o'clock in the morning.

PAST

1.

Викладач пояснив новий

учора

1. The teacher explained new

матеріал.

material yesterday.

2.

Новий матеріал був

учора

2. New material was explained

пояснений викладачем.

by the teacher yesterday.

3.

Викладач пояснював новий

учора

3. The teacher was explaining

матеріал.

о 10 годині

new material yesterday at

10 o'clock.

4.

Новий матеріал

учора

4. New material was being

пояснювався викладачем.

о 10 годині

explained by the teacher

yesterday at 10 o'clock.

FUTURE

1.

Викладач пояснить

завтра

1. The teacher will explain new

новий матеріал.

material tomorrow.

2.

Новий матеріал

завтра

2. New material will be explained

буде пояснений

by the teacher tomorrow.

викладачем.

3.

Викладач пояснить

завтра

3. The teacher will have explained

новий матеріал.

до кінця

new material tomorrow by

першого

the end of the first lesson.

уроку

4.

Новий матеріал

завтра

4. New material will have been

буде пояснений

до кінця

explained by the teacher

викладачем.

першого

tomorrow by the end of the first

уроку

lesson.

MODAL VERBS

CAN; COULD; TO BE ABLE TO

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) ability;

I can run fast.

I could run fast when I was

capability

I can help you.

a child, but now I can't.

I am able to help you.

I was able to help you.

I will be able to help you.

2) informal

You can use my car tomorrow.

permission

3) polite request

Can I borrow your pen? Could

I borrow your pen?

Could you help me?

4) impossibility

That can't be true!

That can't have been true!

(negative only)

That couldn't be true!

That couldn't have been

true!

5) suggestion

— I need help in math.

You could have talked to

You could talk to your teacher.

your teacher.

6) less than

— Where is John?

He could have been at

50% certainty

He could be at home.

home.

7) doubt;

Can she know Japanese?

Can he have done it?

astonishment

(interrogative)

MAY; MIGHT

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) polite request

May I borrow your pen?

—

Might I borrow your pen?

2) formal

You may leave the room.

permission

3) less than

— Where is John?

He may have been

50% certainty

He may be at the library.

at the library.

He might be at the library.

He might have been

at the library.

MUST; BE TO; HAVE TO; HAVE GOT TO

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) duty; obligation;

I must go to class today.

I had to go to class

strong necessity

I have to go to class today.

yesterday.

I have got to go to class today.

2) lack of necessity

I don't have to go to class today.

I didn't have to go

(negative)

to class yesterday.

3) prohibition

You must not open that door.

(negative)

4) 90% certainty

Mary isn't in class. She must be

Mary must have been

sick. (present only)

sick yesterday.

5) plan;

We are to meet at nine.

We were to meet

agreement

at nine.

6) order;

You must go there at once.

instruction

You are to go there at once.

7) destiny

He was never to see his

(past only)

wife again.

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) advisability;

I should study tonight.

I should have studied last night.

desirability

I ought to study tonight.

I ought to have studied last

night.

2) 90% certainty

She should do well on

She should have done well on

the test.

the test.

She ought to do well on

She ought to have done well on

the test. (future only)

the test.

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) polite question

Shall I open the window?

to make a suggestion

2) future with «I» or

I shall arrive at nine.

«we» as subject

(will = more common)

Uses

Present/Future

Past

1) 100 %

He will be here at nine.

He said he would be here at

certainty

nine.

2) polite request

Will you please pass the salt?

Would you please pass

the salt?

Would you mind if I left early?

3) willingness

— The phone's ringing.

I'll get it.

4) preference

I would rather go to the park

I would rather have gone

than stay home.

to the park.

Examples

Functions

One should always be polite.

one means any person, people in

How does one get to 5th Avenue from here?

general.

One must keep one’s word.

The subject of an impersonal

sentence. (usually not translated)

This book is more interesting than the one

Any function for replacing

we read last week.

a noun already mentioned.

Here are two books. Which one would you

like?

One should take care of one’s health.

Notice the pronouns that may be

One should take care of his health.

used in the same sentence to

One should take care of his or her health.

refer back to one.

THE PRONOUNS «BOTH, EITHER AND NEITHER»

Examples

Functions

Both these children are mine.

Both is plural in meaning

These children are both mine.

and applied only to two

Both my children are boys.

persons or things.

They both accepted the invitation.

You are both right.

They have both been invited.

We must both go there.

Either refers to two persons or

things and has two meanings.

a) Take either book. I don’t mind which.

a) one or the other of two;

The news didn’t shock either of them.

Have you seen either of your parents

b) each of two; both.

today?