Word Combinations

to be easy to go along	быть лёгким в общении
to be proud of smb	гордиться кем-либо
to bring up children	воспитывать детей
to foster a child	усыновлять
to get divorced	разводиться
to get married	жениться
to help oneself about the house	помогать кому-либо по дому
to make a proposal	делать предложение
to marry for love	жениться по любви
united family	дружная семья
to be single	холостой, одинокий, незамужняя

Grammar

The indefinite article

The indefinite article a (an) has developed from the numeral one. It occurs only before singular nouns:

e.g. Peter started life as a schoolmaster.

The principle meaning of the indefinite article is to denote what kind of object (thing, person, etc.) the speaker has to do with:

e.g. A man and a woman sat opposite us, but they didn’t talk.

e.g. We saw a house with a lawn in front of it.

The indefinite article is a before nouns beginning with a consonant sound (a girl, a cat, a house) and an before nouns beginning with a vowel sound (an idea, an arm, an eagle).

The verb to be

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
I am a scientist.	Am I a scientist?	I am not a scientist.
You are a scientist.	Are you a scientist?	You are not a scientist.
He is a scientist.	Is he a scientist?	He is not a scientist.
She is a scientist.	Is she a scientist?	She is not a scientist.
We are scientists.	Are we scientists?	We are not scientists.
You are scientists.	Are you scientists?	You are not scientists.
They are scientists.	Are they scientists?	They are not scientists.

Fill in am, is or are, as in the example

John: Excuse me, are you Sarah Green?

Sarah: Yes, I – . Who – you?

J.: I – John Briggs, Jamie’s father.

S.: Nice to meet you, Mr. Briggs.

J.: Nice to meet you too. Where – Jamie? – he here?

S.: Yes, he – . He – over there.

The verb have got

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative
I have got a sister	Have I got a sister?	I have not got a sister
You have got a sister	Have you got a sister?	You have not got a sister
He has got a sister	Has he got a sister?	He has not got a sister
She has got a sister	Has she got a sister?	She has not got a sister
We have got a sister	Have we got a sister?	We have not got a sister
You have got a sister	Have you got a sister?	You have not got a sister
They have got a sister	Have they got a sister?	They have not got a sister

Fill in have, haven’t, has, hasn’t

I – got a TV, but I – got a computer.

Their father – got dark curly hair, but he – got a moustache.

Rachel – got a towel and nice flippers.

What color eyes – your parents got?

We – got any cousins.

The Noun

Common			Proper
Concrete	Abstract	Collective	Personal	Geographic
a book	success	news	Dick	Ufa
a disk	advice	family	Brown	London
a computer	freedom	company	Peter Nikitin	Moscow

Countable Nouns have the singular and the plural form: a storm – storms, an elephant – elephants.

Most nouns take –s to form their plural: a clock – clocks, a map –maps.

Nouns ending in –s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -tch, -x, -o take –es: a bus -buses, a dress –dresses, a bench –benches, a dish –dishes, a match –matches, a fox –foxes, a hero –heroes, but photos, pianos, discos, radios, zoos, videos, cuckoos.

Nouns ending in a vowel +y take –s in the plural: a play – plays, a toy –toys, a boy – boys.

Nouns ending in a consonant +y drop the y and take – ies: a baby –babies, a country –countries, a cherry –cherries.

Some nouns ending in –f or –fe drop the –f or –fe and take –ves to form their plural: a wife –wives, a knife –knives, a leaf –leaves, a half –halves, a roof –roofs, a cliff –cliffs, a giraffe -giraffes.

Remember:

a man –men	a deer –deer	a Japanese -Japanese
a woman –women	a fish –fish	a Portuguese -Portuguese
a child –children	a carp –carp	a species -species
a foot –feet	a trout –trout	a series -series
a goose –geese	a sheep –sheep	a means -means
a louse –lice	a swine –swine	a grown –up –grown-ups
a mouse –mice	a Chinese –Chinese	a curriculum -curricula
a tooth –teeth	a Swiss -Swiss	a formula –formulae

Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They have only singular forms. These nouns include:

food: cheese, butter, salt, pepper, bread, spaghetti, etc.

liquid: coffee, milk, water, tea, lemonade, etc.

We can use the following nouns in front of some uncountable nouns to show quantity:

a bar – a bar of chocolate

a bottle –a bottle of lemonade

a bowel –a bowel of soup

a carton –a carton of milk

a cup – a cup of coffee

a glass – a glass of water

a kilo – a kilo of cheese

a loaf – a loaf of bread

a packet –a packet of spaghetti

a slice – a slice of lemon

Remember the following material uncountable nouns: wood, oil, iron, steel, paper, coal, rubber, silk, iron-ore, glass, manganese, silicon, silver, gold, etc.

Write the plural form:

name, cup, money, furniture, information, hair, news, advice, knowledge, forget-me-not, coffee, perfume, tooth, woman, louse, file, army, box, potato, scissors, reindeer, mountain, fruit, month, shelf, party, city, goose, formula, hobby, berry, play, face, class, bed, camera, exam, snow, poem, clock, flower, soap, soup, snake, plant, novel, life, blood, gardener, host, honey.

The Possessive Case

Singular	Plural
-‘s	-‘	-‘s
a boy’s toy	students’ books	men’s hobbies
a girl’s dress	cousins’ hats	sheep’s wool
an actress’s life	teachers’ lives	deer’s horns
a woman’s magazine	lawyers’ duties	children’s pictures
Burns’(s) poems	the Romanovs’ family tree	mice’s tails

We use of with inanimate things or abstract nouns: the roof of the house, the end of the story, the cover of the book, the back of the chair.

Paraphrase the following using the possessive case.

Example: The son of our manager – our manager’s son

The house of Mr. Smith, the bags of those women, the cottage of my parents, the name of this town, the mother of Kate and Mary, the children of my aunt Ann, a flat of my father-in-law, the wives of Henry the Eighth, the cause of the problem, a semester of eight weeks, the back of the car, the policy of the company, the gravitation of the planet, the meaning of this word, the capital of England.

a) Read the text

My Family

My name’s Ellen and my husband’s name is Peter. We’ve got three children – two sons and a daughter. Our sons’ names are Ian and Ben. They’re twins, but they aren’t identical. Ian has got dark hair, but Ben’s hair is fair. Our daughter’s name is Tracy. She is eight years old. The boys’ are four.

My father’s name is Frank and my mother’s name is Maureen. I’ve got two younger brothers, called Adam and Bobby. Adam is married. His wife’s name is Ulrike. She is from Sweden. She has got long, blond hair. They’ve got a baby daughter, called Anna. So my parents have got four grandchildren – two grandsons and two granddaughters.

My husband has got an older sister, but he hasn’t got any brothers. His sister’s name is Millie. She is still single.

Mark the sentences T (true) or F (false). Correct the false statements

1. Frank is Ben’s grandfather. ….

2. Ian has got short fair hair. ….

3. Adam is Bobby’s brother. ….

4. Millie hasn’t got a husband. ….

5. Bobby is married. ….

6. Peter hasn’t got any sisters. ….

7. Frank and Maureen’s granddaughters are twins. ….

8. Ben’s brother has got dark hair. ….

b) Ask your partner about his/her family.

c) Draw your family tree.

Act out the dialogue.

– How do you do, Robert? Nice to meet you. I’ve heard a great deal about you from my cousin.

– How are you getting on, John? Glad to see you too. I’ve just returned from Belfast. I stayed there at my pen friend’s house. It’s a very nice and united family.

– Have you got a family?

– Yes, I’ve got mum, daddy and two younger brothers, Nick and Tom.

– How old are your brothers?

– Nick is 12 and Tom is 14.

– What are your parents’ names?

– My mummy’s name is Helen, my dad’s name is Philip.

– What are they?

– My father is an engineer. He works at the factory. He is a well-skilled specialist. My mother is a dentist by profession, but she is a housewife now. She is bringing up us. She is very kind and easy to go along. Do you have any brothers or sisters?

– Unfortunately not. I’m the only child in the family. My mother is a lawyer, she works for an insurance company. My father is a businessman. He works too much, but daddy really loves his job. I’m proud of my family

Culture Clips

What do you know about the largest English-speaking countries?

	Location	Population	Capital	Language	National emblem
Britain	on the British Isles	60 mln	London	English, Welsh, Gaelic	England –red rose, Wales –leek, daffodil, Scotland –thistle, Northern Ireland -shamrock
The USA	on the north American continent	283 mln	Washington, D.C.	English, Spanish	the baldheaded eagle
Canada	on the north American continent	31 mln	Ottawa	English, French	the maple leaf
Australia	in the southwest of the Pacific Ocean	19 mln	Canberra	English	the kangaroo
New Zealand	in the south Pacific	3.7 mln	Wellington	English, Maori	the kiwi bird

Read the text

The world is full of people. Some things about us are the same, while other things can be very different. But we are all wonderful!

Some people are short and thin, and some people are tall and fat! Our eyes can be many beautiful shades of blue, green or brown. And hair is another story! It can be blond, brown, red, black, grey or white.

Our families can be quite different as well. Some are large, some are small. But all of them are special!

A Small Family

Anna is 8 and she is from Brazil. There are four people in her family: father, mother and an elder brother, Fred. She is from a community. A community is a place where many families live and work together. The community has got 200 houses and one school with about 100 students.

An Only Child

Lucy is from the USA. She is 10. She has a very small family. She’s got a mum and a dad, but she hasn’t got any brothers or sisters. She is an only child, but she has lots of cousins to play with.

A Big Family

Amfana is 7. He is from Africa. He has got a big family, with a mother, a father, grandparents and lots of brothers and sisters. He has got a lot of aunts, uncles and cousins, too. In his village, all the women are called ‘mother’, all the men are called ‘father’ and all the children are called ‘brother’ or ‘sister’. Amfana has a very big family!

General understanding:

1. What color eyes and hair have people got?

2. What is a community?

3. Has Lucy got any brothers or sisters?

4. What kind of family has Amfana got?

5. Where is Anna from?

Translate the article in written form

Kibiri is a farmer and a vet in Senegal. He is thirty five years old. Kibiri and his wife have got seven children, five girls and two boys. They live with Kibiri’s father and his brother’s family. They all work on the farm. The men and the older boys are often away from home with the animals. The women and girls stay at home with the old and sick people. The women make yoghurt and sell it for food, oil, salt and other things for the home. Kibiri’s wife and their daughters walk ten kilometers twice a day to get water. It’s hard work but they are a very happy family.

Speaking

Why do people learn foreign languages? How much English do you see in our country? Does it help you in everyday life? Give some examples.

Learning Foreign Languages Helps Me

to get a good job

to read English books

to see English films

to travel abroad

to speak to foreign visitors

to play computer games

to work on the computer

to please your parents

to pass an examination successfully

Poem to enjoy