Clans and Tartans

The Gaelic word ‘clan’ means ‘family’ or ‘descendants’ and the great clans of the 16^th and 17^th centuries were indeed very similar to enormous families, ruled by powerful chiefs. Sometimes were fierce battles between different clans but nowadays the Mc Donalds and Mc Kenzies, the Campbells and the Lindsays all live in peace with each other. It is possible to find people with these surnames in many English-speaking countries, and they all feel they share the same background.

The wearing of tartans or colored checks was common in the Highlands before the defeat by the English in 1745. Originally, the tartan was worn as a single piece of cloth, drawn in at the waist and thrown over the shoulder. The kilt didn’t become popular until the beginning of the 18^th century. Each clan has its own tartan and, since the first international gathering of the clans in 1972, many people have become interested in traditional forms of Scottish dress. Tartans are now part of international fashion.

Many people in Scotland have the name Mc Donald or Mc Kenzie. ‘Mac’ means ‘son of’ and people with this name usually feel they belong to the same family or clan. Campbell or Cameron are other common surnames. Common boys’ names are Angus, Donald, Duncan, and girls’ names are Morag, Fiona or Jean. The names Jimmy and Jock are so common that many English people call a man from Scotland ‘a Jimmy’ or ‘a Jock’.

Match the words and their definitions:

1. kilt	a) a pattern of colorful lines and squares on cloth that is typical of Scotland
2. clan	b) a relative of a person who lived in the past
3. tartan	c) very large in size or quantity
4. descendant	d) a skirt with many folds worn by men as part of the national dress in Scotland
5. enormous	e) a group of families who are related to each other, especially in Scotland

Are the following statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1. Nobody wears tartans now.

2. You can only find people with the names Mc Donald or Mc Kenzie in Scotland.

3. A man from Scotland is sometimes called by the English ‘a Jimmy’ or ‘a Jock’.

4. There are fierce battles between the clans.

5. The first international gathering of the clans was held in 1972.

Daily Life

Phonetics	Lexics	Grammar	Reading	Writing	Communication	Culture Clips
Practice the sounds: [i], [i:], [x], [e]	Daily Routine. What’s the time? Poem:’Habits’	Present Simple/Present Continuous Prepositions of time	My Working Day	Write an article about someone’s lifestyle	Talk about your daily routine. Ask and answer questions in pairs	Wales – The Land of Song

Phonetics

Practice the sounds

[i]	[i:]	Sounds in contrast
big	me	peak-pick
chips	Pete	green-grin
history	these	reason-risen
kitchen	cheap	read-rid
link	peace	heel-hill
ministry	tea	sheep-ship
picnic	feet	seat-sit
pin	key	beat-bit
primitive	extreme	lead-lid
slim	metre	teen-tin

Read as quickly as possible.

1. Sticks, big sticks, six big sticks, with six big sticks, to be on the picnic with six big sticks, a witch wished to be on the picnic with six big sticks.

2. Ease, with equal ease, Japanese with equal ease, Chinese and Japanese with equal ease, speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease. He speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease.

Find Russian equivalents to the following proverbs and sayings:

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Pleased to meet you.

It isn’t his business.

It’s all Greek to me.

Lexics

attend/miss classes	посещать/пропускать занятия
be fond of/be keen on/be interested in/be crazy about something	любить что-л./увлекаться/интересоваться чем-л./сходить с ума по чему-л.
brush one’s hair	расчёсывать волосы
catch the train	поспеть к поезду
clean/brush one’s teeth	чистить зубы
do homework	делать домашнее задание
do morning exercises	делать утреннюю зарядку
do some sport	заниматься спортом
drink coffee/tea/juice/mineral water	пить кофе/чай/сок/минеральную воду
get dressed	одеваться
get tired	уставать
get to the University	добираться до университета
get up	вставать
go shopping	ходить за покупками
go to bed	ложиться спать
go to the cinema/theatre/a club	ходить в кино/театр/клуб
go to the library	ходить в библиотеку
go to work	ходить на работу
have a bath	принять ванну
have a rest	отдыхать
have breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper	завтракать/пить чай/обедать/ужинать
help somebody about the house	помогать кому-л. по дому
in the morning/at midday/in the afternoon/in the evening/at night	утром/в полдень/днём/вечером/ночью
it takes me 20 minutes to get to the University	у меня уходит 20 минут, чтобы добраться до университета
listen to the radio	слушать радио
make one’s bed	заправлять постель
make-up	макияж
play football/tennis/basketball/chess/hockey	играть в футбол/теннис/баскетбол/шахматы/хоккей
play the guitar/the piano/the violin	играть на гитаре/пианино/скрипке
read a newspaper/magazine/book	читать газету/журнал/книгу
see friends	встречаться с друзьями
switch on/off	включать/выключать
take a shower	принимать душ
visit relatives	навещать родственников
wake up	просыпаться
wash oneself	умываться
watch TV	смотреть телевизор
weekdays	будние дни
weekend	выходные

The Days of the Week

Sunday	воскресенье
Monday	понедельник
Tuesday	вторник
Wednesday	среда
Thursday	четверг
Friday	пятница
Saturday	суббота

Poem to enjoy

Habits

Bob gets up at 6 o’clock

He never wakes up late

He always gets up early

He never sleeps till 8.

He always drinks his coffee black

He never uses cream

He rarely has a sleepless night

He never has a dream.

He does his breakfast dishes

Then puts them on the shelf

Walksaround the kitchen

Humming to himself.

What’s the time?

9:00 – It’s nine o’clock/It’s nine sharp.

9:10 – It’s ten past nine/It’s nine ten.

9:15 – It’s a quarter past nine/It’s nine fifteen.

9:30 – It’s half past nine/It’s nine thirty.

9:35 – It’s twenty five to ten/It’s nine thirty five.

9:45 – It’s a quarter to ten/It’s nine forty five.

a.m. (ante-meridiem) – before midday (24:00 – 12:00)

p.m. (post-meridiem) – after midday (12:00 – 24:00)

Grammar

Present Simple

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative/Long form	Negative/Short form
I like	Do I like?	I do not like	I don’t like
You like	Do you like?	You do not like	You don’t like
He likes	Does he like?	He does not like	He doesn’t like
She likes	Does she like?	She does not like	She doesn’t like
It likes	Does it like?	It does not like	It doesn’t like
We like	Do we like?	We do not like	We don’t like
You like	Do you like?	You do not like	You don’t like
They like	Do they like?	They do not like	They don’t like

We use the Present Simple for daily routines, repeated actions or habits, permanent states.

e.g. I start work at nine. He watches BBC news every evening. She lives in Egypt.

Time expressions used with Present Simple: every hour/day/week/month/summer/year etc, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, always, every morning/evening/afternoon/night, in the morning/afternoon etc.

Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of these verbs:

boil close cost go have like meet open smoke teach

1. Steve ten cigarettes a day.

2. We usually dinner at 7 o’clock.

3. Water at 100 degrees Celsius.

4. In Britain the banks at 9:30 in the morning.

5. The City Museum at 5 o’clock in the evening.

6. Tina is a teacher. She English to young children.

7. I feature films. I watch them every day.

8. He for a walk every evening.

9. It’s an expensive hotel. It much to stay there.

10. Your job is very interesting. You a lot of people

Prepositions of Time

AT	time: at 7 o’clock holidays: at Christmas expressions: at the weekend, at noon
IN	months: in September, in May seasons: in spring/in autumn years: in 1969, in 1974, in 2009 expressions: in the morning/in the evening
ON	days: on Wednesday, on New Years Day dates: on 6th June, on 19th November

Fill in: at, in, on.

1. I start work 9 o’clock.

2. The concert is 2^nd November.

3. My sister’s birthday is January.

4. The garden is lovely spring.

5. It’s 15:25 now. The train leaves 15:35.

6. I’m going holiday October.

7. We don’t work Sundays.

8. The shops close 7p.m.

9. Goodbye! See you Monday.

10. Jill left school 2001.

a) Read the article below and put the paragraphs in the correct order.

My Parents’ Favorite Day

by Jenny Green

A In the evenings, Mum cooks a light dinner and Dad usually plays computer games with us. After dinner, we all watch TV and then we go to bed.

B My parents love Sundays. They can relax after a tiring week and we can all spend a peaceful day together.

CMy parents’ favorite day is Sunday. They love Sundays because they don’t go to work so we can spend the day together.

D On Sunday mornings, my parents wake up late. My brother and I always make them a big breakfast. Then we get dressed and go for a drive in the countryside. We usually have lunch in a lovely restaurant. After that we sometimes go for a long walk along the river or visit our grandparents.

b) Answer the questions.

1. Who is the writer?

2. How many paragraphs are there in the article?

3. In which paragraphs does Jenny give the reasons why her parents’favorite day is Sunday? What reasons does she mention?

4. What tense does Jenny use in her article?

Present Continuous

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative/Long form	Negative/Short form
I am eating	Am I eating?	I am not eating	I’m not eating
You are eating	Are you eating?	You are not eating	You’re not eating
He is eating	Is he eating?	He is not eating	He’s not eating
She is eating	Is she eating?	She is not eating	She’s not eating
It is eating	Is it eating?	It is not eating	It’s not eating
We are eating	Are we eating?	We are not eating	We’re not eating
You are eating	Are you eating?	You are not eating	You’re not eating
They are eating	Are they eating?	They are not eating	They’re not eating

We use Present Continuous for temporary situations, actions happening at or around the moment of speaking.

e.g. They are staying at the Grand Hotel at present. She is looking for a better job.

Time expressions used with Present Continuous: now, at the moment, at present, still, Look! Listen! Hush!

e.g. They are reading at the moment. Hush! The baby is sleeping. She is still writing a test.

Remember

Do not use these verbs in Present Continuous: want, like, love, hate, need, prefer, depend, know, mean, understand, believe, remember, forget.

1. I’m tired. I want to go home. (not “I’m wanting”)

2. Do you know that boy? Yes, but I forget his name.

3. I don’t understand. What do you mean?

We use be going to:

to talk about our future plans and intentions.

He is going to play basketball tomorrow afternoon. (He is planning to…)

to make predictions based on what we can see.

It’s going to rain. There are dark clouds in the sky. (I can see the clouds)

Write negative and interrogative sentences:

1. She is going to tell him the truth.

2. I’m going to the theatre tonight.

3. They are going to buy a computer.

4. We are going to have a barbecue.

5. Dad is going to repair the car.

Complete the sentences. Use am/is/are + one of these verbs:

building coming having playing cooking standing swimming

1. Listen! Helen the piano.

2. They a new hotel in the city center at the moment.

3. Look! Somebody in the river.

4. –You on my foot. – Oh, I’m sorry.

5. Hurry up! The bus .

6. –Where are you, George? –In the kitchen, I a meal.

7. (on the telephone) –Hello. Can I speak to Ann, please? –She a shower at the moment. Can you phone again later?

Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, as in the example.

1. visiting/ they/their parents/are

They are visiting their parents.

2. bank/you/are/to/going/the?

3. having/cup/we/a/are/of/tea

4. is/eating/she/ice-cream/an?

5. talking/to/are/their/neighbours/they

6. a/wearing/is/he/not/hat

7. cleaning/he/is/windows/the?

8. not/she/is/a/writing/letter

9. they/watching/football match/a/are?

10. not/she/a/is/pizza/making

Put the verbs into the correct box.

work sleep shop put ask swim take stop make walk ride leave have start run

+ ing	without –e + ing	double consonant + ing
working	taking	putting

Underline the correct item.

1. I see/am seeing that the station is out of control.

2. The sausages are tasting/taste delicious.

3 Do you enjoy/are you enjoying this party?

4. These flowers are smelling/smell nice.

5. He has/is having a Siamese cat.

6. I don’t know/I am not knowing where she keeps the keys.

7. Ann is Italian. She is coming/comes from Italy.

8. Paul listens/is listening to a new record in his room.

9. We are watching/watch a new film now.

10. It is still raining/rains.

Read and translate the text. Retell the text in the third person singular.

My Working Day

My working day starts very early. From Monday to Friday I get up at half past three and I have a shower and a cup of coffee. I usually leave the house at ten past four because the car always arrives a few minutes early. I get to the studio at about five o’clock and start work. Good Morning Britain starts at seven o’clock and finishes at nine o’clock. Then I leave the studio at a quarter past ten. After that, I get home at three o’clock. A woman helps me with the housework and the ironing. I read the newspaper and do some work. Then my husband gets home at half past five in the afternoon and I cook dinner. We stay at home in the evening. We don’t go out because I go to bed very early. We usually watch television and then I go to bed at half past eight. I’m usually asleep by nine o’clock. At weekends I don’t get up until ten o’clock. In the evening, we often see some friends or go to the cinema. But I’m always up early again on Monday morning.

Write an article about someone’s life style.

Read the dialogue then act it out in pairs.

Chris: Hi, Dave.

Dave: Hi. You don’t look well. What’s wrong?

Chris: I feel very tired.

Dave: It’s your own fault, Chris. You work too hard.

Chris: My fault?! You never help me with the house work. I’m the one that gets up at 6 o’clock, make the breakfast and the beds before I catch the 7:15 train to work.

Dave: But you can relax in the evenings.

Chris: No, I can’t! I come home at 5 o’clock, water the plants, clean the house, then cook the dinner while you sit and watch TV, and after that…

Dave: And after that?

Chris: I walk the dog while you play computer games.

Culture Clips

Wales – The Land of Song

Wales is one of the most beautiful countries in the United Kingdom. Cymru, as it is known in Welsh, is surrounded by sea on three sides, whereas the eastern part of the country borders with England. The country is full of little towns, castles and picturesque seaside villages. Cardiff, the capital, is the bustling university town with an impressive castle, wonderful museums, galleries and lovely buildings.

English is the official language, but Welsh, one of the oldest languages in Europe, is still spoken in some parts of the country. In fact, a special committee was established in 1988 to protect the language and today Welsh school children are taught both languages. Welsh has a beautiful song-like quality, which is perhaps one reason why singing is such a favorite past time. Playing music, including traditional instruments such as the harp, is another popular hobby.

Wales’ breathtaking beauty attracts travelers from around the world. Snowdonia, Britan’s second largest national park is located in the north of Wales. With its amazing forests, lakes, waterfalls, rivers and ancient burial sights, the park is a popular tourist attraction. In the north of the country, high above a pretty bay, stands Caernarfon Castle built in 1283 for the first Prince of Wales. In the west is St.David’s, quaint village by the sea that has the largest cathedral in Wales.

Wales has many wonderful traditions. The Welsh are proud of their culture. One of the oldest cultural competitions, The Royal National Eisteddfod, takes place every year at the beginning of August. It is an eight-day festival of music and poetry to celebrate Welsh language, art and culture. It is the largest and most popular festival in Wales and attracts thousands of visitors.

Unit 4

Student’s Life

Phonetics	Lexics	Grammar	Reading	Writing	Communication	Culture Clips
Practice the sounds[au], [qu]	University Life	Modal Verbs (can, may, must). Past Simple/Past Continuous	Educational System in Ufa	Write a letter to a pen-friend about your university	Read the dialogue, then act it out in pairs	Halloween (October, 31)

Phonetics

Practice the sounds

[au]		[qu]
ou	ow	o	oa	ow	o+ll,ld
out loud house mouse count ground found round	owl cow now how down clown flower power	no rose stone globe open over phone tone	boat goat road oak coat goal boast soap	low snow yellow fellow window show throw flow	roll bold cold gold old fold roller told

Sounds in contrast

[au]	[qu]
now	know
gown	goal
town	tone
owl	old
rouse	rose
loud	load
about	boat
row (шум, ссора)	row (ряд)
how	whole

Read as quickly as possible.

1. A cow, a brown cow, a brown cow now, a brown cow now lives in a house, a brown cow now lives in a round house, a brown cow now lives in a round house in a town. Wow! A brown cow now lives in a round house in a town.

2. The road, the road below, the road below goes, the road below goes from Rome, the road below goes from Rome to the coast. The road below goes from Rome to the south coast. We are very close to our home.

Find Russian equivalents to the following proverbs and sayings.

When in doubt, leave it out.

To make a mountain out of a molehill.

Out of sight, out of mind.

To be out and about.

Lexics

academic year/school year	учебный год
amateur art activities	художественная самодеятельность
applicant	абитуриент
campus	студгородок
carry on research work	вести научно-исследовательскую работу
chair (man ,woman)	зав. кафедрой
curriculum	курс обучения, учебный план
dean	декан
education	образование
extramural department	заочное отделение
fee-paying department	платное отделение
finish school	заканчивать школу
full-time/part-time education	дневное/вечернее обучение
General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE)	аттестат об окончании среднего образования
give a scholarship	платить стипендию
graduate…from	заканчивать вуз
gymnasium	гимназия
have high grades	иметь высокие оценки
head of a university/rector	ректор университета
hostel/dormitory	студенческое общежитие
junior general secondary education	младшее общее среднее образование
learn/learn by heart	узнавать/учить наизусть
lyceum	лицей
nursery school/kindergarten	детский сад
postgraduate	аспирант
primary school/elementary stage	начальная школа/ступень
secondary school/stage	среднее образование (школа, ступень)
senior general secondary education	старшее общее среднее образование
student of distant education	студент заочного отделения
study	учить (ся)
teach	обучать/учить кого-либо
teaching staff	преподавательский состав
technical college	техникум
train	воспитывать, учить; тренировать
tutor/lecturer/reader/teaching instructor(TI)	преподаватель университета, лектор
Unified/Russian National Examination	ЕГЭ
vocational	технический, профессионально-технический

Grammar

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs take no –s in the third person singular except for have to and need. They come before the subject in questions and take “not” after them in negations.

Can + Infinitive without to Present Simple	Could + Infinitive without to Past Simple	Could + Infinitive without to Subjunctive Mood (Сослагательное наклонение)
He can speak Italian. You can cross the street here. I’m afraid you can’t come in now. She can’t be rich. Her house is too small.	He could speak Italian when she was six. You could cross the street here last year, but not now. I was afraid you couldn’t come in yesterday. She couldn’t be rich because her house was too small.	Couldyouhelpme? (Не могли бы вы помочь мне?) We could cross the street here now but the light is red. (Мы могли бы перейти здесь дорогу сейчас, но свет красный)

Ability (physical or mental)	Nick can play the flute. These children can use computers well.
Request/permission	- Can I take your ruler? – Of course you can. - Could you give me a lift to the office? – I’m sorry, I can’t do it today.
Possibility	You can always have a quick snack at Mc Donald’s. Students can take books from different libraries.
Logical assumption	- Can it be true? – It can’t be true. Can it be 10 o’clock already? – It can’t be 10 o’clock.
Criticism («ты мог бы»)	You could be more polite. She could have called us.

May + Infinitive without to Present Simple	Might + Infinitive without to Past Simple	Might + Infinitive without to Subjunctive Mood
He may come today. May I go out? Sam may pass his test this time. Rubbish may not be left here.	Might I borrow your car? He might move to Spain. She looks miserable. She might lost her job. Dad might not be in his office.	Youmight helpme! (Ты мог бы и помочь мне!) They might have called us. (Они могли бы и позвонить нам).

Possibility	We may go to Egypt next year. One day all your dreams may come true.
Formal request/permission	May I have a glass of water? - May I use your notebook? – Certainly you may.
Suggestion	They may have done the work. It may be true but we are not sure.
Advice/criticism (is used only with might)	You might wait for me! There is a lot of time. (Тымог быи подождать меня. Ещё много времени). He might have warned us about it. Nowit’stoolate. (Онмог быи предупредить нас об этом. Сейчас уже слишком поздно).

Must + Infinitive without to Present Simple	Had to + Infinitive Past Simple
You must come to class on time. His face is red. He must be very angry. Your mum mustn’t drive fast on this road. Must Betty stay at home today? – Yes, she must.	We had to send the fax last night. They had to do the test a week ago. Did you have to stay late at work the day before yesterday? You didn’t have to apologize yesterday.

Necessity/ obligation	I must lose some weight. You must remember to visit your granny.
Prohibition	You mustn’t speak Russian in class. She mustn’t enter the staff-room.
Logical assumption	That must be our neighbour. (Это,должно быть, наш сосед).His face is red. Hemust beveryangry.(Должно бытьон очень сердитый).

Put in can/could, may/might, must/had to.

1. She got the job because she speak five languages.

2. I was tired last night but I not sleep.

3. Come on! We hurry. We haven’t got much time.

4. Sue not come to the party.

5. Mum go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

6. I sit here? Yes, of course.

7. My hair is dirty. I wash it.

8. Barbara have told me about her plans.

9. Nick not swim when he was six.

10. My niece didn’t know how to use the sewing-machine. I show her.

Underline the correct item.

A: Can/must I feed the animals at the zoo?

B: No, you don’t have to/mustn’t. Read the sign!

A: Do you think Jack will come to the party?

B: I’m not sure. He may/must come.

A: Mum, can/must I have some friends over tonight?

B: Yes, but you can/must tidy your room first.

A: You mustn’t/don’t have to wake up early tomorrow.

B: Why not?

A: It’s Sunday.

A: Could/might you open the door, please?

B: Yes, sure.

Past Simple

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative/Long form	Negative/Short form
I played/spent	Did I play/spend?	I did not play/spend	I didn’t play/spend
You played/spent	Did you play/spend?	You did not play/spend	You didn’t play/spend
He played/spent	Did he play/spend?	He did not play/spend	He didn’t play/spend
She played/spent	Did she play/spend?	She did not play/spend	She didn’t play/spend
It played/spent	Did it play/spend?	It did not play/spend	It didn’t play/spend
We played/spent	Did we play/spend?	We did not play/spend	We didn’t play/spend
You played/spent	Did you play/spend?	You did not play/spend	You didn’t play/spend
They played/spent	Did they play/spend/	They did not play/spend	They didn’t play/spend

We use the Past Simple for past habits; actions which started and ended in the past; actions which happened at a specific time in the past.

e.g We did a lot of housework yesterday. Mr Smith came into the room, took off his coat and sat down. They moved to Belfast from Cardiff in 2005.

Time expressions used with the Past Simple: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night/week/month/year/Sunday, two weeks/ a month ago, in 2006.

Write negative and interrogative sentences.

1. Caroline went to the cinema three times last week.

2. William Shakespeare died in 1616.

3. My family bought a new car last year.

4. I played computer games last night.

5. She met her friends yesterday evening.

Complete the sentences. Use one of these verbs in the Past Simple.

clean enjoy finish happen live open rain smoke start stay

1. My daughter her teeth three times yesterday.

2. Billy 10 cigarettes yesterday evening.

3. The play at 8 p.m. and at 10 p.m. last Saturday.

4. The accident the day before yesterday.

5. Mozart from 1756 to 1791.

6. It was hot in the room, so I the window.

7. Today the weather is nice, but it two days ago.

8. We our holiday last weekend. We at a very good hotel.

Remember: affirmative of regular verbs:

We add –d to verbs ending in –e. I invite – I invited.

We add –ed to verbs ending in consonant. He works – He worked.

Verbs ending in consonant +y drop the –y and add – ied. We study –We studied.

Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants double the last consonant and take –ed. It stops – It stopped.

Some verbs are irregular. The Past Simple is not –ed. Here are some important irregular verbs:

be –was/were	fall -fell	leave -left	sell -sold
begin -began	find -found	lose -lost	sit -sat
bring -brought	fly -flew	make -made	sleep -slept
build -built	forget -forgot	meet -met	speak -spoke
buy -bought	get -got	pay -paid	stand -stood
catch -caught	give -gave	put -put	take -took
come -came	go -went	read –read (/red/)	tell -told
do -did	have -had	ring -rang	think -thought
drink -drank	hear -heard	say -said	win -won
eat -ate	know -knew	see -saw	write -wrote

Write the past of these verbs: work, find, start, speak, dance, go, study, tell, stop, be, clean, make, marry, get, stay, see, play, plan, know, think.

Write sentences about yourself. What did you do yesterday?

Past Continuous

Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative/Long form	Negative/Short form
I was going	Was I going?	I was not going	I wasn’t going
You were going	Were you going?	You were not going	You weren’t going
He was going	Was he going?	He was not going	He wasn’t going
She was going	Was she going?	She was not going	She wasn’t going
It was going	Was it going?	It was not going	It wasn’t going
We were going	Were we going?	We were not going	We weren’t going
You were going	Were you going?	You were not going	You weren’t going
They were going	Were they going?	They were not going	They weren’t going

We use the Past Continuous for:

two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.

e.g. I was reading a newspaper while Steve was watching television.

an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it.

e.g. She was leaving the house when the telephone rang.

an action in progress at a started time in the past.

e.g. The children were playing football at 6 p.m. yesterday.

background information in a story.

e.g. It was snowing heavily when Tom left home yesterday morning.

Time expressions used with the Past Continuous: while, when, as, all day/night/morning, at five o’clock yesterday, this time last year, all day yesterday.

Match the verbs to their uses.

1. It was half past ten at night and Janice was waiting for her husband to come home. ( )

2. She was watching TV when the doorbell rang. ( )

3. She was wearing a long white dress and she was holding a bouquet of flowers. ( )

4. It was raining heavily outside. ( )

A two or more actions happening at the same time in the past

B background information in a story

Caction interrupted by another shorter action in the past

Daction in progress at a stated time in the past

Write interrogative sentences in the Past Continuous.

1. (what /Drove /do /when you saw him?) What was Drover doing when you saw him?

2. (what /she /wear /yesterday?)

3. (it /rain /when you went out?)

4. (where /you /live /in 2003?)

5. (what / Mum /do /while /Dad /iron?)

Fill in: am/is/are or was/were.

1. Listen! Kate playing the piano.

2. I working at 10:30 last night.

3. It not raining at the moment.

4. They watching TV while Granny cooking dinner.

5. Hush! The baby sleeping.

Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or Past Continuous.

Dear Sarah,

I 1) was (be) really pleased to receive your postcard. It sounds like you 2) (have) a great time in England. Anyway, you will never believe what 3) (happen) to me last weekend.

I 4) (go) to Johann’s party when it 5) (start) to rain. As I 6) (wait) at the bus stop a car 7) (drive) past me at full speed. Before I 8) (know) it, I was soaking wet. I 9) (feel) miserable –the people at the bus stop 10) (laugh) and I 11) (look) a mess. It was very embarrassing. Why do these things always happen to me?

That’s all for now. Write back soon.

Love,

Sally

Read and translate the text.

Educational System in Bashkortostan

Each principal educational stage is represented in Ufa: secondary schools, vocational schools, technical colleges, higher educational institutions. Secondary schools have all the training facilities and teaching aids, language laboratories and computer classes. Schools are becoming increasingly autonomous, economically independent. Curricular take into account the ethnic peculiarities of the Republic and include subjects dedicated to culture, history, geography and ecology of Bashkortostan. A number of schools have turned into gymnasiums and lyceums. Along with basic subjects, their curricular comprise marketing and management, politology and sociology, psychology and basic ethics. A special emphasis is giving to foreign languages studies.

About two dozen of Ufa technical colleges and vocational schools train future construction and petrochemistry specialists, instructors and musicians, cooks and dress-makers, hair-stylists and public transport, co-operative, forestry colleges. There is a ballet school, teachers’ training schools and a college of arts.

The principal higher educational institutions of Bashkortostan are concentrated in Ufa. The major one – the Bashkir State University – was established in 1957. Its students study economics, physics, biology, law, foreign languages and many other subjects.

Very well known beyond the republic’s borders are the other two largest institutions: the Aviation Technical University and the Oil Technical University.

The Academy of Arts named after Z. Ismagilov initiated over a quarter of a century ago trains future singers, musicians, painters, actors and stage directors.

There is also a Higher School of the Ministry for Internal Affairs and Flying School (trains helicopter pilots).

Large scientific establishments are primarily represented by the branches of the two Academics – the Ufa Research Center of the Russian Academy of Science and the Academy of Science of the Republic of Bashkortostan started in 1991.

Do you know…

Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla was established in 1967. It’s a major scientific, educational and cultural center of our republic. More than 10 thousand undergraduates study at 12 departments: physics and mathematics, philology, foreign languages, history, science and geography, art and graphic, psychology, pedagogy, Bashkir philology, Tatar philology, physical culture and sociology. The preparatory faculty trains future applicants to the University. There is a graduate course for those who carry on independent research work to get the candidate degree.

Today the University has 7 buildings. There are a lot of study rooms and laboratories with modern facilities, computing and audio-visual equipment.

Students take part in scientific conferences and Olympiads, various sport competitions and amateur art activities. Much attention is paid to the development of sports. There are 3 gymnasiums and a swimming pool at the University. The different aspects of student life are covered in the newspaper “Auditoria”.

The University gives scholarships to those who have high grades. There are also several hostels on the territory of the campus.

Answer the questions:

1. What departments does the University have?

2. Who gets a scholarship from the University?

3. What activities can students take part in?

4. When was your University established?

5. Who is the rector of your University?

6. What faculty do you study at?

Write a letter to a pen-friend about your university.

Read the dialogue then act it out in pairs.

Sue: Hello, Meg! I haven’t seen you for ages.

Meg: Hi, Sue. I graduated from the university last month. And now I’m looking for a job.

Sue: Really? Did you enjoy university life when you were a student, Meg?

Meg: Oh, yes. Lectures didn’t start until 10:00, so I could sleep late every day.

Sue: You lazy thing! What were the lectures like?

Meg: Well, we had a break at 1:00 for lunch, then I had lectures from 2:00 to 5:00 in the afternoon.

Sue: And after that?

Meg: I met my friends for coffee.

Sue: And when did you actually study?

Meg: Just before the exams, of course!

Culture Clips

Halloween

Halloween is the day or evening before All Saints’ Day. Many Halloween stories and games are hundreds of years old. Then people believed in devils, witches and ghosts. Now most people do not believe in devils.

American children celebrate Beggar’s Night as Irish children did in the 17^th century. They dress up in Halloween costumes and go out into the streets to beg.

They often wear masks over their faces. They carry baskets and bags. They go from house to house and knock on the door. They ring the bell. When people come to the door, the children say: “Trick or treat! Trick or treat”, meaning “Give us a treat or we’ll play a trick on you”. People give the children sweets, cookies and apples.

A favorite Halloween custom is to make a jack-o’-lantern. The children scrape out a pumpkin and cut the eyes, nose and mouth.

They light a candle inside the pumpkin to scare their friends. They set jack-o’-lanterns in the windows.

Poem to enjoy

Halloween

Trick or treat, trick or treat!

Give us something good to eat!

Give us candy, give us cake,

Give us something sweet to take.

Give us cookies, fruit and gum,

Hurry up and give us some.

You had better do it quick

Or we’ll surely play a trick!

Trick or treat, trick or treat,

Give us something good to eat!

Unit 5

My Native Place

Phonetics	Lexics	Grammar	Reading	Writing	Communication	Culture Clips
Practice the sounds [ei], [ai]	There is no place like home	Future Simple. Types of Questions. The Numeral	The Land of Bashkiria	Write an article about a country and its people	Read out the dialogue	Thanksgiving Day

Phonetics

Practice the sounds

[ai]				[ei]
igh	i+gn	i+ ld	i+ nd	ai	ay	ey	eigh
high right flight bright night	sign design	child wild mild	mind kind bind blind find	rain plain aim train praise	day say pay stay today	they grey hey fey	eight neighbor weigh vein weight

Sounds in contrast

[ei]	[ai]
day lay may say main fate lake today way	die lie my sign mine fight like fly why

Read as quickly as possible.

1. Races, great races, for great races, a place for great races, a famous place for great races, this lake is a famous place for great races, this amazing lake is a famous place for great races. This amazing lake in Wales is a famous place for great races.

2. Mike, Mike likes, Mike likes pies, Mike likes spicy pies, Mike likes spicy pies with pike.

Mike likes spicy pies with fried pike.

Find Russian equivalents to the following set phrases, idioms, proverbs and sayings.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

A cat has nine lives.

A stitch in time saves nine.

Make hay while the sun shines.

Lexics

Grammar

Future Simple

Affirmative/Short Form	Interrogative	Negative/Long form	Negative/Short form
I shall/will write/I’ll write	Shall/Will I write?	I shall/will not write	I shan’t/won’t write
You will write/You’ll write	Will you write?	You will not write	You won’t write
He will write/He’ll write	Will he write?	He will not write	He won’t write
She will write/She’ll write	Will she write?	She will not write	She won’t write
It will write/It’ll write	Will it write?	It will not write	It won’t write
We shall/will write/We’ll write	Shall/Will we write?	We shall/will not write	We shan’t/won’t write
You will write/You’ll write	Will you write?	You will not write	You won’t write
They will write/They’ll write	Will they write?	They will not write	They won’t write

We use the Future Simple:

for actions or predictions which may (not) happen in the future or actions which we cannot control and will inevitably happen.

e.g. He will be ten next year. She’ll probably buy the dress. (prediction)

to make predictions based on what we believe or think. We usually use will with I think, I believe, I expect, probably.

e.g. I’ll probably be home late this evening. I don’t think the exam will be very difficult.

when we decide to do something at the time of speaking (on-the-spot decisions).

e.g. - Did you phone Ruth? - Oh no, I forgot. I’ll (I will) phone her now. Since it’s getting dark, I’ll turn on the light.

Time expressions used with the Future Simple: tomorrow, tonight, next week/month, in two/three etc. days, the day after tomorrow, soon, in a week/month etc.

Remember

we can use the Present Continuous for actions we have already arranged to do in the near future (fixed arrangements).

e.g. I’m flying to Madrid tomorrow. He’s coming to dinner on Saturday

we use the first conditional to talk about real or very probable situations in the present or future.

If/When + Present Simple, will + Infinitive

e.g. If you don’t eat, you will be hungry. If I study hard, I’ll do well in the test.

we use if when we are not certain that something will happen.

e.g. If Tom comes, I’ll cook dinner.

we use when to show that something will certainly happen.

e.g. When Tom comes, I’ll cook dinner.

Write negative and interrogative sentences.

1. You’ll sleep until 10 a.m.

2. I’ll forget to phone him.

3. It’ll happen next week.

4. She’ll find the information soon.

5. We’ll explain the answer.

Fill in will, won’t or shall.

Mum: Anna! 1) Will you please stop making so much noise! 2) never finish this work if you don’t.

Anna: But Mum, what 3) I do? If I don’t practice, I 4) pass my violin exam tomorrow.

Mum: And I 5) be in trouble at work if I don’t finish this. Then I 6) get promoted.

Anna: 7) I go upstairs then?

Mum: Thanks, Anna. That 8) help.

Answer the questions about yourself using I think, I hope, I believe, I expect, I’m sure, probably, perhaps, as in the example.

1. – Where will you be at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning? – I expect I’ll be at work.

2. – What will you do for your summer holiday?

3. – Where will you go on Saturday evening?

4. – How will you spend next month’s scholarship?

5. – What will you buy your friend for his/her birthday?

Fill in: will or be going to.

1. – I’ll park the car here. – Be careful, you hit the wall!

2. – Here’s the waiter! Would you like a drink? – Yes, please. I have a glass of water.

3. – This ice-cream is delicious! – Don’t eat any more. You be sick.

4. – Watch out! You knock the vase over. – Oh! I didn’t see it.

5. – You have to do the washing up. – I know. I do it now.

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