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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5240_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Figure 8.2 (b): The true and assumed beam paths which lead to the
apparent “stretching” of the hemangioma are shown here (true
beam path solid arrows; assumed beam path dithered arrow,
acoustic mirror yellow highlight).
Figure 8.3: A mirror which is tilted out of plane may result in the
visualization of a mirrored object without the visualization of the true
object. In this example, a liver cyst is being projected into the chest.
The true object is not visualized. It lies within the liver either in front
or behind the current plane of section.
Figure 8.4: The liver and kidney are being mirrored in this image of
the right upper quadrant (RUQ). Both the true objects and the false
(mirror) objects are visualized.
Figure 8.5: The left kidney and parts of the spleen are being
mirrored in this image. However, due to the tilt of the acoustic
mirror, one of the true objects (left kidney) is not visualized. The
spleen (S) and the mirror image of the spleen (s) are both seen, but
are different in shape.
Figure 8.6: Live twin gestation showing reciprocal projections of the
skull margin into each twin’s skull.
Figure 8.7: The true and assumed beam paths which lead to one of
the artifacts shown in Figure 8.6 (true beam path solid arrows,
assumed beam path dithered arrows, acoustic mirror yellow
highlight).
Mirror 1: tibial surface, Mirror 2: transducer surface
This type of mirroring, where multiple copies of the same object are
seen, can occur when two opposing mirrors reflect the same object
back and forth. Some hotel elevators have mirrors on opposing walls
leading to an interesting optical illusion of multiple copies of the
occupants disappearing into infinity.
In the case of the image shown in Figures 8.8 and 8.9, the tibial
surface forms one mirror and the opposing mirror is the transducer
surface. One can think of this image as an exceptionally good form
of reverberation where the specular reflectors as well as the soft
tissue are being replicated.
Figure 8.8: A pre-tibial hematoma is being assessed using a linear
array transducer. There are several copies of the mass below the
tibial surface.
Figure 8.9: The true and assumed beam paths for the image shown
in Figure 8.8 (true beam path solid arrows, assumed beam path
dithered arrows).
Mirror: tibial surface
Figure 8.10: Pre-tibial varicose vein (VV) with corresponding mirror
image artifact below the tibial surface (vv).
Mirror: lung air
Figure 8.11: The subclavian artery (SCA) and its mirror image (sca)
are visualized in the infraclavicular window.
Figure 8.12: The mirror effect can be visualized in all imaging modes
including color Doppler (see above), and also power Doppler and
spectral Doppler.
Mirror: tracheal air
Figure 8.13: Mid-sagittal image of the thyroid isthmus demonstrates
the cartilaginous rings of the trachea (T) with corresponding mirror
images (t).
Mirror: rectal gas
Figure 8.14: This mirror image artifact of the bladder mimics a cystic
pelvic mass. The mirror has a convex curvature with respect to the
incident beam causing the false object to appear smaller than the
original object.