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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5240_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Figure 6.4: An enlarged version of the image in Figure 6.3. The
causative interfaces are highlighted in white. Note that the
reverberation artifact has identical spacing. As the amplitude of the
reverberating pulse diminishes over time, the artifact also disappears
with time/depth (green lines).
Figure 6.5: In this image, reverberation artifact is mimicking carotid
plaque or thrombus.
Reverberation artifact: effect of transducer pressure
The reverberation artifact tends to weaken with time/depth.
Increasing the distance between the causative structure and the
structure of interest may substantially reduce the effect of
reverberation.
Figure 6.6 (a): Reverberation artifact is seen contaminating the
leading portion of this simple ovarian cyst.
Figure 6.6 (b): The artifact is not apparent and contrast resolution
improves after the sonographer reduced transducer pressure.
Figure 6.7 (a): The reverberation artifact often affects visualization
of vessels. In this example, reverberation artifact is seen
contaminating the lumen of the common carotid artery (CCA).
Figure 6.7 (b): The artifact is not apparent and contrast resolution
improves after the sonographer reduces transducer pressure. In this
case, the added advantage of reducing pressure is that the structure
of interest (CCA) lies closer to the elevation plane focus of this
transducer where slice thickness is smaller.
Reverberation artifact: angle dependence
Figure 6.8 (a): The reverberation artifact is seen filling the lumen of
a simple cyst when the transducer is perpendicular to the abdominal
wall, giving the impression of a solid mass.
Figure 6.8 (b): Reduction of reverberation and improvement in
contrast resolution was achieved by tilting (heel-toeing) the
transducer in the scan plane away from 90°. Tilting the transducer
away from 90 degree incidence to the abdominal wall in the scan
plane or elevation plane or both tends to reduce reverberation.
Figure 6.9 (a): The reverberation artifact is seen filling the lumen of
a simple cyst when the transducer is directed perpendicular to the
abdominal wall.
Figure 6.9 (b): Reduction of reverberation and improvement in
contrast resolution was achieved by tilting the transducer away from
90° in the elevation plane.
Reverberation artifacts and solid structures
Reverberation artifacts tend to produce echoes of low amplitude.
The artifact is easy to spot in anechoic structures but it blends into
solid organs such as the liver where it degrades image quality while
being rather inconspicuous. The artifact may reduce the operator’s
ability to visualize real objects in the zone of reverberation, however,
the operator may be unaware the artifact is there. Can you
determine which image in this liver series is most affected by
reverberation?
Figure 6.10 (a)