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NEWBORN METRIC CONVERSION TABLES
Temperature
FAHRENHEIT (F) TO CELSIUS (°C)
°F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C
95.0 35.0 98.0 36.7 101.0 38.3 104.0 40.0
95.2 35.1 98.2 36.8 101.2 38.4 104.2 40.1
95.4 35.2 98.4 36.9 101.4 38.6 104.4 40.2
95.6 35.3 98.6 37.0 101.6 38.7 104.6 40.3
95.8 35.4 98.8 37.1 101.8 38.8 104.8 40.4
96.0 35.6 99.0 37.2 102.0 38.9 105.0 40.6
96.2 35.7 99.2 37.3 102.2 39.0 105.2 40.7
96.4 35.8 99.4 37.4 102.4 39.1 105.4 40.8
96.6 35.9 99.6 37.6 102.6 39.2 105.6 40.9
96.8 36.0 99.8 37.7 102.8 39.3 105.8 41.0
97.0 36.1 100.0 37.8 103.0 39.4 106.0 41.1
97.2 36.2 100.2 37.9 103.2 39.6 106.2 41.2
97.4 36.3 100.4 38.0 103.4 39.7 106.4 41.3
97.6 36.4 100.6 38.1 103.6 39.8 106.6 41.4
97.8 36.6 100.8 38.2 103.8 39.9 106.8 41.6
NOTE: °C = (°F – 32) × 5⁄9. Celsius temperature equivalents have been rounded to one decimal place by adding 0.1 when the second decimal place is 5 or greater.
See inside back cover for additional tables.
Merenstein & Gardner’s Handbook of
NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE: AN INTERPROFESSIONAL APPROACH
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Merenstein & Gardner’s Handbook of
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NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE: AN INTERPROFESSIONAL APPROACH
MARY ENZMAN-HINES, Ph D, APRN, CNS, CPNP, APHN-BC
9th
edition
SANDRA L. GARDNER, RN, MS
Retired Clinical Nurse Specialist;
Retired Pediatric Nurse Practitioner;
Director, Professional Outreach Consultation;
Aurora, Colorado
BRIAN S. CARTER, MD, FAAP
Professor of Pediatrics
University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine
Division of Neonatology & Bioethics Center
Children’s Mercy Hospital-Kansas City
Kansas City, Missouri
Professor Emeritus
Beth El College of Nursing and Health Sciences
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs;
Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
Co-Owner of Integrative Pediatric Health Care
Englewood, Colorado
SUSAN NIERMEYER, MD, MPH, FAAP
Professor
Department of Pediatrics
University of Colorado Denver
Anschutz Medical Campus
School of Medicine
Aurora,
Colorado
Elsevier
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3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043
MERENSTEIN & GARDNER’S HANDBOOK OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE NURSING: AN INTERPROFESSIONAL APPROACH, NINTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-56903-3
Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notice
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verication of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or contrib­utors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2006, 2002, 1998, 1993, 1989, 1985 by Mosby, Inc., an aliate of Elsevier Inc.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019955906
Content Strategist: Lee Henderson Content Development Specialist: Laura Klein Publishing Services Manager: Deepthi Unni Project Manager: Srividhya Vidhyashankar Design Direction: Bridget Hoette
Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
We dedicate this edition to the memory of Gerald B. Merenstein, MD—our friend,
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colleague, and mentor who was also a wonderful husband, father, and grandfather. As the inspiration for this text, Gerry contributed to the fields of neonatal and pediatric care through his dedication to nurses, nurse practitioners, child health associates, interns, residents, fellows, neonates, and their families. We miss him every day and know that his empathy, knowledge, teaching, and compassion influences all of us, as well as the newborns, children, and families that he and we serve.
SLG BSC MEH SN
In memory of Stephanie Marie Gardner, whose three days of life did have a purpose. To Muffy Roo, Millie Moo, and Mollie Mittens, my sweet rescue dogs, for their eminent patience for the last 3 years!
SLG
To my family: Angel, Sean, Yvonne, Rebecca, and Jacquelyn; my mentors and colleagues; and all of the children and families who have allowed me to share with them both joyous and difficult times in their lives.
BSC
To my family: James, Jennifer, Sean, Finnoula, Steve, and Sarah for their enduring source of love, confidence, and encouragement and to all the families who have informed my practice and knowledge about caring for fragile infants.
MEH
To all of the babies, families, and dedicated caregivers who have been my constant teachers; my mentor Jacinto Hernandez, who opened my horizons to a larger world; and my husband John for his unfailing love and support.
SN
In Memoriam
Billy F. Andrews Sr., MD
Jimmie Lynne Scholl Avery
L. Joseph Butterfield, MD
Lula O. Lubchenco, MD
William A. Silverman, MD
CONTRIBUTORS
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Rita Agarwal, MD, FAAP
Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology Department of Anesthesiology; Associate Director Pediatric Anesthesia Education Department of Anesthesiology Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford Stanford, California
Anne M. Ambia, MD
Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, Texas
James S. Barry, MD
Medical Director Neonatal Intensive Care Unit; Associate Professor of Pediatrics Department of Pediatrics Section of Neonatology University of Colorado School of Medicine Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado
Terri J. Bisio, BSN
Registered Nurse Kidney Center Children’s Hospital Aurora, Colorado
Wanda T. Bradshaw, MSN, RN, NNP-BC
Assistant Professor and Lead Faculty NNP Specialty Duke University School of Nursing Durham, North Carolina; Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Cone Health Greensboro, North Carolina
M. Colleen Brand, PhD, APRN, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Department of Neonatology Texas Children’s Hospital; Assistant Professor Pediatrics-Newborn Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas
Bridget M. Bronsert, DNP, MSN, RNC, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Clinical Coordinator Neonatal Intensive Care Unit SCL Lutheran Medical Center Wheat Ridge, Colorado
Laura D. Brown, MD
Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado
Jessica L. Brunkhorst, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Missouri
Deanne Buschbach, RN, MSN, NNP, PNP
Director Center for Advanced Practice Neonatology and Center for Advanced Practice Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
Melissa A. Cadnapaphornchai, MD
Pediatric Nephrologist Rocky Mountain Pediatric Kidney Center Rocky Mountain Hospital for Children/Presbyterian
St. Luke’s Medical Center
Denver, Colorado
vi
CONTRIBUTORS
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vii
Betsy H. Cammack, MD
Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Fellow Division of Neonatology Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri
Suzanne M. Carrington, DNP, CNM
Assistant Professor College of Nursing University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado
Angel Carter, DNP, APRN, NNP-BC
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse Ambulatory Neonatology Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri
Brian S. Carter, MD, FAAP
Professor of Pediatrics Medical Humanities & Bioethics Pediatrics—Neonatology University of Missouri—Kansas City School of
Medicine; Bioethicist Bioethics Center Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri
Heather Furlong Brown, MD
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Division of Neonatology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville Kentucky
Jane Davis, BSN, RNC-NIC
Charge Nurse Neonatal Intensive Care Unit University of Colorado Hospital Aurora, Colorado
Jane Deacon, NNP-BC, MS
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado
David J. Durand, MD
Neonatologist Division of Neonatology UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital—Oakland Oakland, California
Nancy K. English, PhD, APRN, CHPN, CT
Professor College of Nursing University of Colorado Denver, Colorado
Susan B. Clarke, MS, BSN, RNC-NIC, RN-BC, CNS
Retired, Professional Development Specialist Professional Development Department Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado
Kristi Coe, MSN, NNP, CNS, PNP
Consulting Associate, MSN Program Duke University School of Nursing Durham, North Carolina; Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Cone Health Greensboro, North Carolina
Mary Enzman-Hines, PhD, APRN, CNS, CPNP, APHN-BC
Beth El College of Nursing and Health Sciences Department of Nursing University of Colorado at Colorado Springs; Professor Emeritus Department of Nursing University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Colorado Springs, Colorado; Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Co-Owner, Integrative Pediatric Health Care, LLC Englewood, Colorado
Lori Erickson, BSN, MSN
CHAMP Clinical Program Manager Ward Family Heart Center Children’s Mercy Hospital—Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri
CONTRIBUTORSviii
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Ruth Evans, BSN, MSN, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado
Amanda Flaherty, BSN, RNC-NIC
Transport RN Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Valley Children’s Hospital Madera, California
Patricia A. Froese, DNP, APRN, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Division of Neonatology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Cincinnati, Ohio
Margaret E. Gallagher, MD
Pediatric Surgeon Department of Surgery Brooke Army Medical Center San Antonio, Texas
Sandra L. Gardner, RN, MS
Retired Clinical Nurse Specialist Retired Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Director Professional Outreach Consultation Aurora, Colorado
Edward Goldson, MD, FAAP
Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Medical Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado
William W. Hay Jr., MD, FAAP
Professor of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado
Kendra Hendrickson, MS, RD, CNSC, CSP
Clinical Dietitian Neonatal Intensive Care Unit University of Colorado Hospital Aurora, Colorado
Carmen Hernandez, MSN, NNP-BC
Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Women’s Services Lutheran Medical Center Wheat Ridge, Colorado
Chi Hornik, PharmD, BCPS, CPP
Assistant Professor Pediatrics and Pharmacy Duke University Medical Center and Duke Clinical
Research Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Jodi Jackson, MD
Neonatologist Department of Pediatrics Children’s Mercy Hospital Kansas City, Missouri; Medical Director Neonatal Unit Department of Pediatrics AdventHealth, Shawnee Mission Shawnee Mission, Kansas; Chairperson, Director NAS Initiative Kansas Perinatal Quality Collaborative Topeka, Kansas
Ara S. Hall, MD
Assistant Professor Neurology University of Missouri—Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri
Susan Harvey, BSN, MSN
Instructor—Nurse Practitioner Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders University of Colorado Aurora, Colorado
M. Douglas Jones Jr., MD, FAAP
Professor Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado