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Файл:Экономика инновационной деятельности предприятия = Economics of innovative activity of enterprise. Учебное пособие
.pdf
ECONOMICS
OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY
OF ENTERPRISE
ЭКОНОМИКА
ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ
ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ
Рекомендовано
федеральным государственным автономным учреждением
«Федеральный институт развития образования»
(ФГАУ «ФИРО») в качестве учебного пособия для использования
в образовательном процессе образовательных организаций,
реализующих программы высшего образования
по направлению подготовки 38.04.01 Экономика
(уровень магистратуры)
Москва
Российский университет дружбы народов
2017

УДК 338.242:658.5:001.895(075.8)
ББК -5*65.2/4-65.9+65.05
Э40
Регистрационный номер рецензии № 338 от 15.09.2017 ФГАО «ФИРО»
Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor A.M. Margolin;
Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor A.V. Sharkova
Executive Editor –
Professor of the Department of National Economy of RUDN University, PhD I.V. Karzanova
Reviewers:
Российского университета
У т в е р ж д е н о
РИС Ученого совета
дружбы народов
The team of authors:
PhD, Professor I.V. Karzanova (Chapters 2, 4, 6, Paragraphs 5.1, 5.2, 5.4);
PhD, Associate Professor Yu.V. Solovieva (Introduction, Chapter 1, Paragraph 5.3);
PhD, Associate Professor S.B. Zaynullin (Chapter 3);
PhD, Associate Professor D.L. Paleev (Paragraphs 7.1, 7.2 );
PhD, Associate Professor T.V. Samuseva (Paragraphs 7.3, 7.4)
Translation:
I.V. Karzanova (Chapters 2, 3, 4, 6, Paragraphs 5.1, 5.2, 5.4),
Yu.V. Solovieva (Introduction, Chapter 1, Paragraph 5.3),
T.V. Samuseva (Chapter 7)
Э40 Экономика инновационной деятельности предприятия =
Economics of innovative activity of enterprise: учеб. пособие /
И. В. Карзанова, Ю. В. Соловьева, С. Б. Зайнуллин, Д. Л. Палеев,
Т. В. Самусева. – Москва : РУДН, 2017. – 195 с. : ил.
В пособии рассматриваются вопросы организации и управления инновационной деятельностью предприятия в рыночных условиях. Рассмотрены стратегии и формы государственного регулирования инновационных процессов, коммерциализация
интеллектуальной собственности, особенности финансирования инновационных проектов. Особое внимание уделяется современным формам организационной деятельности – венчурным фирмам, инновационной инфраструктуре, кластерам и др. Представлены подходы к оценке экономической эффективности инновационных проектов.
Предназначено для студентов магистратуры, обучающихся по направлению
«Экономика».
The textbook addresses the issues of organization and management of enterprise’s
innovative activities in market conditions. The strategies and forms of state regulation of
innovation processes, the intellectual property commercialization, the specificity of innovative projects financing are considered. Particular attention is paid to modern organizational
forms of innovation – venture firms, innovation infrastructure, clusters, etc. Approaches to
assessing the economic efficiency of innovative projects are presented.
For master program students in the field of Economics.
ISBN 978-5-209-07983-5 © Карзанова И.В., Соловьева Ю.В., Зайнуллин С.Б.,
Палеев Д.Л., Самусева Т.В., 2017
© Российский университет дружбы народов, 2017

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