Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Экономика инновационной деятельности предприятия = Economics of innovative activity of enterprise. Учебное пособие

.pdf
Скачиваний:
0
Добавлен:
08.09.2026
Размер:
2 Мб
Скачать
☆
SURFHGXUH IRU WKH GLVSXWHV VHWWOHPHQW 2IWHQ XSRQ H[SLU\ RI WKH PDLQ OLFHQVH
DJUHHPHQWWKHSDUWLHVDJUHHWRFRRSHUDWHLQWKHIXWXUH
,QWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\YDOXDWLRQ
,QWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ ULJKWV ZKLFK EHORQJ WR WKH ILUP FRQVWLWXWH LWV
LQWDQJLEOHDVVHWV DQGDUH SXWRQ WKHILUP¶V EDODQFHVKHHW  2ZQHURI LQWHOOHFWXDO
SURSHUW\ULJKWVZRXOGOLNHWRVHOOWKHPD[LPXPQXPEHURIFRSLHVVLQFHWKHFRVWRI
UHSOLFDWLQJ LV ORZ /LFHQVRU PD[LPL]HV LWV LQFRPH ZKHQ XVLQJ VRFDOOHG
GLVFULPLQDWRU\ SULFHV LH GLIIHUHQW SULFHV IRU GLIIHUHQW FDWHJRULHV RI FXVWRPHUV
GHVLJQDWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUDELOLW\WRSD\7KLVDSSURDFKWRVHWGLIIHUHQWSULFHVWR
GLIIHUHQWFDWHJRULHV RIFXVWRPHUVIRUH[DPSOHLVIUHTXHQWO\XVHG LQWKHPDUNHWRI
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGVWDWLVWLFDOVRIWZDUH
7KHSULFHRIWKHOLFHQVHLVLQIOXHQFHGE\ PDQ\ IDFWRUV LQFOXGLQJ WKH QDWXUH
RIWKHXVHRIWKHLQYHQWLRQWKHSDFHRIPRUDOGHSUHFLDWLRQRILQQRYDWLRQDVZHOODV
WKH YHORFLW\ RI LQQRYDWLRQ GLIIXVLRQ DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO SURJUHVV LQ D SDUWLFXODU
LQGXVWU\
7KH OLFHQVH SULFH LV WKH UHVXOW RI EDUJDLQLQJ DQG GHSHQGV RQ WKH UHODWLYH
SRZHURIWKHOLFHQVRUDQGWKHOLFHQVHH,QJHQHUDOWKHSULFHRIH[FOXVLYHOLFHQVHLVD
PRQRSRO\SULFHDQGLWGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQWKHFRVW RIWHFKQRORJ\SURGXFWLRQ,WLV
UHODWHG WR WKH DGGLWLRQDO UHYHQXH IURP WKH VDOH RI SURGXFWV PDQXIDFWXUHG XQGHU
OLFHQVH
,QGXVWULDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO ULVNV IURP SRVVLEOH XQGHUSURGXFWLRQ DQG
GLIILFXOWLHVLQPDUNHWVDOHVDIIHFWUHYHQXHVREWDLQHGE\WKHOLFHQVHH
6HYHUDODSSURDFKHVDUHXVHGIRUGHWHUPLQLQJ WKH SULFH RIWKH OLFHQVH(YHU\
OLFHQVHLVXQLTXHDQGGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHOLFHQVHSULFHLVRQHRIWKHPRVWGLIILFXOW
TXHVWLRQV RI WKH OLFHQVH DJUHHPHQW 6RPHWLPHV WKH OLFHQVHH EX\V D OLFHQVH WR
FRQWLQXHKLV RZQUHVHDUFKRQWKHLQQRYDWLRQWRSLFZKLFKDOORZVKLPWREHFRPHD
91
OHDGHULQWKHSURGXFWLRQRI LQQRYDWLRQ JRRGV 7KHOLFHQVRU PD\ DOVRKDYH LWV RZQ
VSHFLILFREMHFWLYHVLQPLQGZKLFKDUHQRWFOHDUDWWKHWLPHRIWKHWUDQVDFWLRQ
&OHDUFRPPRQPHWKRGRORJ\IRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHSULFHRIDOLFHQVHGRHV QRW
H[LVW(DFK SDUW\ GHILQHV WKH OLFHQVH SULFH LQLWVRZQZD\DQGWKHQWKHSURFHVVRI
EDUJDLQLQJEHJLQV7KHUHVXOWRIWKH EDUJDLQLQJ XOWLPDWHO\GHSHQGV RQ WKH UHODWLYH
VWUHQJWKRIWKHFRQWUDFWLQJSDUWLHV
Types of royalties
7ZR PDLQ IRUPV RI SD\PHQW IRU WKH OLFHQVH XVHG LQ SUDFWLFH DUH
Royalties±UHJXODUDQQXDOSD\PHQWVE\OLFHQVHHRIDFHUWDLQIL[HGLQWHUHVWUDWH
The lump-sum paymentVLQJOHSD\PHQW IRU WKH OLFHQVH WKH DPRXQW RI ZKLFK LV
FOHDUO\DJUHHGXSRQLQQHJRWLDWLRQVDQGGRHVQRWGHSHQGRQIXWXUHVDOHVRIOLFHQVHG
SURGXFWV
'LIIHUHQWEDVHVFDQEHFKRVHQWRFDOFXODWHUR\DOWLHV
5HYHQXHVIURPWKHVDOHRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV
*URVVSURILWIURPWKHVDOHVRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV
&RVWRIWKHOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV
)L[HGUDWHSHUXQLWRISURGXFWLRQ
6SHFLDOEDVH
5R\DOWLHVDUHSDUWRILQFRPHREWDLQHGE\OLFHQVHHIURPWKHXVHRIWKHOLFHQVH
SDLGWR WKH OLFHQVRU)RUH[DPSOH WKHOLFHQVHHUHJXODUO\ SD\V RISURILW IURP
WKHVDOHRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWVWRWKHOLFHQVRU
7KHUR\DOW\UDWHDVVWLSXODWHGLQWKHOLFHQVHPD\EHIL[HGGXULQJWKHWHUPRI
WKH FRQWUDFW RU PD\ YDU\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH PDUNHW VLWXDWLRQ 7KH VRFDOOHG
combined form RI SD\PHQW LV RIWHQ XVHG LQ SUDFWLFH ILUVW WKH down payment
FRYHULQJ H[SHQVHV RI WKH OLFHQVRU RQ DUUDQJLQJ D GHDO DQG VHFRQG royalty
SD\PHQWVDIWHUVDOHVRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV
7KHDPRXQWRIWKHlump sum paymentLVHVWDEOLVKHGRQWKHEDVLVRIH[SHFWHG
YROXPHRIVDOHVIRUWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHOLFHQVH,I VDOHV H[FHHG WKH DJUHHG YROXPH
WKHH[WUDSURILWLWIXOO\UHWDLQHGE\WKHOLFHQVHH
92
7KH OXPSVXP SD\PHQW PD\ EH EDVHG RQ VHYHUDO YDULDEOHV
 7RWDO GLVFRXQWHG H[SHFWHG UHYHQXH IURP WKH VDOHV REWDLQHG GXULQJ WKH OLFHQVH
DJUHHPHQW
/LFHQVRU¶VH[SHQVHVRQOHJDOSURWHFWLRQRIWKHOLFHQVH
7KH OLFHQVH SULFH FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG DV GLVFRXQWHG YDOXH RI IXWXUH UR\DOW\
SD\PHQWVDJUHHGXSRQEHWZHHQWKHOLFHQVRUDQGOLFHQVHH
T
DPRVP uuu
diii

ZKHUH
¦
iL
i
P
±WKHSULFHRIWKHOLFHQVHRQWKHUR\DOWLHVEDVLV
L
TQXPEHURI\HDUVRIWKHOLFHQVHDJUHHPHQW
V WKHYROXPHRISURGXFWLRQXQGHUWKHOLFHQVHDJUHHPHQWLQWKHLWK\HDU
i
R UR\DOW\UDWHLQWKHLWK\HDU
i
P XQLWSULFHLQWKHLWK\HDULIFDOFXODWLRQEDVHLVWKHYROXPHRIVDOHV
i
D WKHGLVFRXQWIDFWRU
di
7KHOLFHQVHSULFH FDQDOVREH FDOFXODWHGDV FHUWDLQ SHUFHQWDJHRIH[SHFWHG
GLVFRXQWHGSURILWVIURPWKHVDOHRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWVIRUWKHGXUDWLRQRIWKHOLFHQVH
7KHUHPD\EHRWKHUYDULDQWVEXWLQDQ\FDVHWKHOLFHQVHSULFHLVDFHUWDLQSDUWRIWKH
H[SHFWHGDGGLWLRQDOSURILWVIURPWKHVDOHRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV
Methods for royalties’ calculation.
7KHUR\DOW\UDWHIRUDSDUWLFXODUOLFHQVHDJUHHPHQWFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW WKH LQGXVWU\ DYHUDJH UR\DOWLHV SUHYDLOLQJ LQGHDOV ZLWK VLPLODU
DQGLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHSURGXFWVDVZHOODVLQIRUPDWLRQRQSUHYLRXVO\VLJQHGOLFHQVH
DJUHHPHQWV7RFDOFXODWHUR\DOWLHVWKHVRFDOOHGUXOH RI  WKH³FRVW´DSSURDFK
WKH³JHQHUDOEXVLQHVVDSSURDFK´DQGRWKHUFDQEHXVHG
,QWKHFDVHRIUR\DOWLHVEDVHGRQindustry’s average royalty rateSUHYDLOLQJ
RQ VLPLODU DQG LQWHUFKDQJHDEOH SURGXFWV WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ RQ UR\DOW\¶V UDWHV LQ
YDULRXVVHFWRUVLVXVHG)RU H[DPSOH UR\DOWLHV DUHFDOFXODWHG DVSHUFHQWDJH RI WKH
EDODQFH VKHHW SURILW RQ WKH OLFHQVH 7KH UR\DOW\ UDWHV YDU\ E\ LQGXVWU\ DQG E\
FRXQWU\
93
7KH DYHUDJH UR\DOW\ YDOXH LQ WKH VDPH LQGXVWU\ YDULHV FRQVLGHUDEO\ E\
FRXQWU\6RIRUWKHSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWU\LQWKH86$WKHUDQJHRIUR\DOWLHVLV
RIWKHSURILWVWKHDYHUDJHLQ*HUPDQ\±WKHDYHUDJHLQ)UDQFH
ZKLFKQDWXUDOO\DIIHFWVUR\DOWLHVIRUHDFKVSHFLILFOLFHQVHWUDQVDFWLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVV
WKHDYHUDJH DPRXQWRI UR\DOW\UDWHV LVMXVW DSXUH UHIHUHQFH WRRO ZKLFK GRHV QRW
WDNHLQWRDFFRXQWWKHW\SHDQGVSHFLILFVRIHYHU\SDUWLFXODUOLFHQVH
7KHUR\DOW\UDWHIRUDQH[FOXVLYHOLFHQVHPXVWEHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHSULFHRID
QRQH[FOXVLYH OLFHQVH 7KH UR\DOW\ IRU WKH WHFKQRORJ\ ZKLFK FDQ EH HDVLO\
PRGLILHGWRE\SDVV WKH SDWHQWLQQR ZD\ VXLWVIRUWKHHYDOXDWLRQRIDSDWHQWIRUD
SLRQHHU LQQRYDWLRQ +RZHYHU DYHUDJH UDWHV VWLOO UHIOHFW WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ WKH
LQGXVWU\+LJKUR\DOW\UDWHLQWKHSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQGXVWU\LVH[SODLQHGE\WKHWLPH
FRQVXPLQJ ZD\ RI D QHZ SURGXFW WR WKH PDUNHW VWULQJHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV RI VWDWH
FRQWUROFRQWLQXRXV LPSURYHPHQWVLQPHGLFDO WUHDWPHQWV DQGDJJUHVVLYH DFWLYLWLHV
RIJHQHULFVSURGXFHUV,QWKLVFDVHWKHKLJKOHYHORIUR\DOWLHVLVQHHGHGWRRIIVHWWKH
KLJKFRVWVLQFXUUHGDQGWRVWLPXODWHIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQW
ϳϭ

,I OLFHQVRU RU OLFHQVHH KDV GDWDRQ UR\DOW\UDWHV LQ WKH UHDO OLFHQVLQJGHDOV
WKH\FDQXVHWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQIRUVHWWLQJUR\DOWLHVLQWKHLUVSHFLILFGHDOV
$QRWKHUSRVVLEOHDSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQHWKHYDOXHRIDOLFHQVHLVWRXVHWKH
 UXOH ZKHQ OLFHQVHH DJUHHV WR SD\WKH OLFHQVRU  RI WKHH[SHFWHGJURVV
SURILWIURPVDOHVRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV
7KHUH LV DOVR D cost approach WR OLFHQVH SULFLQJ ZKLFK IRFXVHV RQ
DVVHVVPHQWRIWKHWRWDOFRVWRI5'SURGXFWLRQDQGILQLVKLQJRIWKHSURWRW\SHIRU
WKHSDWHQW KROGHU7KHQ WKH SULFHRI H[FOXVLYHOLFHQVH FHQWHUVWRZDUGV WKH FRVWRI
UHFRYHU\SOXVVRPHQRUPDO SURILW DQG WKHSULFH RIQRQH[FOXVLYHOLFHQVHGHSHQGV
RQ WKH QXPEHU RI OLFHQVHV VROG 7KH GHVLUH RI WKH OLFHQVRU WKURXJK WKH VDOH RI
OLFHQVHVWR UHLPEXUVHH[SHQVHVDQG PDNHDSURILW LVTXLWH FOHDU EXWLQ SUDFWLFH LW
RIWHQKDSSHQVWKDWWKHSULFHRIWKHOLFHQVHFRYHUVRQO\RIWKH5'FRVWV

ϳϭ
LQWKHFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\LQWKHSKDUPDFHXWLFDOLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIFRQVXPHU JRRGV±RIWKHJURVVYROXPHRIVDOHVRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIQRQGXUDEOH FRQVXPHUJRRGVRIPDVVFRQVXPSWLRQ
94
:KHQ EX\LQJ D OLFHQVH WKH OLFHQVHH H[SHFWV D SRVVLEOH IXWXUH VWUHDP RI
SD\PHQWV DQG GRHV QRW WKLQN DERXW WKH SDVW FRVWV LQFXUUHG E\ WKH OLFHQVRU
+RZHYHULQGHWHUPLQLQJWKHOLFHQVHSULFHWKHFRVWDFFRXQWLQJLVXVHIXODVDNLQGRI
UHIHUHQFHJXLGH
:KHQ WKH PDUNHW SURVSHFWV IRU WKH QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV DUH XQFOHDUDQG
LQYHQWRUVGRQRWKDYHVXIILFLHQWILQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV ODUJHFRPSDQLHVRIWHQEX\XS
SURPLVLQJ LGHDV IURP LQYHQWRUV DW SULFHV ZHOO EHORZ FRVWV 7KHVH SULFHV GR QRW
UHODWHWRWKHH[SHFWHGIXWXUHSURILWVIURPWKHVDOHRIOLFHQVHGSURGXFWV0DQ\ODUJH
FRPSDQLHV KDYH HVWDEOLVKHG VSHFLDO GHSDUWPHQWVIRU VHDUFKLQJ DQGSXUFKDVLQJ RI
SURPLVLQJVFLHQWLILFGHYHORSPHQWVIURPWKHPDUNHWVLQFHLWLVRIWHQDFRVWHIIHFWLYH
ZD\WRREWDLQUHVRXUFHVIRUIXWXUHLQQRYDWLYHSURGXFWLRQV
5HFHQWO\WKHDSSURDFKWRGHWHUPLQHWKHSULFHRISDWHQWVDQGOLFHQVHVIURPWKH
general business profile EHFDPH SRSXODU. ,W LV EDVHG RQ H[SHFWDWLRQV RI
SURIHVVLRQDOVUHJDUGLQJ WKHIXWXUHSURGXFW OLQHRI FHUWDLQ FRPSDQ\RU EXVLQHVV LQ
JHQHUDO DQG QRW RQO\ RQ H[SHFWDWLRQV DERXW WKH LPSDFW RI D VHSDUDWH OLFHQVH
WUDQVDFWLRQ7KHSXUSRVH RI WKHOLFHQVHVDQGSDWHQWV VDOH IURPWKH VWDQGSRLQWRID
FRPSDQ\LVWRFRYHUWRWDO5'H[SHQVHVRIWKHFRPSDQ\DVDZKROH
,QSUDFWLFHWKHILQDOSULFHGHSHQGVRQPDQ\XQSUHGLFWDEOHHFRQRPLFIDFWRUV
VR WKH FRQWUDFWLQJ SDUWLHV XVH D YHU\ EDODQFHG DQG IOH[LEOH DSSURDFK WR WKH
KDUPRQL]DWLRQRIWKHOLFHQVHSULFH
3D\PHQWV IRU OLFHQVHV PD\ WDNH PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH
XVXDO PRQHWDU\ IRUP LW FDQ EH D SD\PHQW LQ WKH IRUP RI OLFHQVHG SURGXFWV RU
VXSSO\ RI FRPSRQHQWV WR WKH OLFHQVRU IRU WKHSURGXFWLRQ RIJRRGV SD\PHQWZLWK
VKDUHVZKHQWKHOLFHQVRUEHFRPHVFRRZQHURIWKHOLFHQVHH¶FRPSDQ\DQGRWKHUV
&RPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\LQ5XVVLD
,WLV H[WUHPHO\ LPSRUWDQWWR EHDEOHWR FRPPHUFLDOL]HWKH 5' UHVXOWVDQG
LQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\ WR LQFUHDVHSURGXFWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLYHSURGXFWV ,Q 5XVVLDWKLV
95
SUREOHPLVYHU\DFXWH,QWKH0LQLVWU\RI,QGXVWU\RIWKH5XVVLDQ)HGHUDWLRQ
KDVGHYHORSHGWKH&RQFHSWRIWKHYHQWXUHFDSLWDOLQGXVWU\ LQ 5XVVLD ZKHUH ZDV
VXJJHVWHG WR RUJDQL]H 7HFKQRORJ\ 7UDQVIHU &HQWHUV 77&V RQ WKH EDVLV RI
XQLYHUVLWLHVDQGDFDGHPLFLQVWLWXWLRQV7KHVH77&VVKRXOGHQJDJH UHVHDUFKUHVXOWV
LQWKHFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ77&VZKLFKKDYHEHHQHVWDEOLVKHGRYHUWKHSDVW\HDU
DUH GHVLJQHG WR FUHDWH QHZ KLJKWHFK EXVLQHVVHV EDVHG RQ UHVHDUFK UHVXOWV RI
DFDGHPLFLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHV
7KH LGHD WR FRPPHUFLDOL]H VFLHQWLILF SRWHQWLDO LV QRW QHZ ,Q :HVWHUQ
FRXQWULHVWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUFUHDWLRQRI QHZ SURGXFWVDQG QHZ EXVLQHVV RXWRI
VFLHQWLILF LGHDV VXFFHVVIXOO\ IXQFWLRQV IRU GHFDGHV)RU 5XVVLD WKLV LV D UHODWLYHO\
QHZ SKHQRPHQRQ ZKLFK GHYHORSV TXLWH VXFFHVVIXOO\ 77&V DUH GHVLJQHG WR
SURGXFHIURPIXQGDPHQWDODQGDSSOLHG5'DVWUHDPRISDWHQWVDQGOLFHQVHVDQG
JRLQJIXUWKHUWRFUHDWHFRPSDQLHVWKDWFRXOGSURGXFHLQQRYDWLRQJRRGV7KHUHIRUH
WKHDLPLVWRFUHDWHHIILFLHQWPRGHOVIRU77&VIRUFRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDO
SURSHUW\DQGLQQRYDWLRQIURPLGHDWRSURGXFWRQWKHPDUNHW7RGRWKLV77&VKHOS
LQYHQWRUV\RXQJFRPSDQLHVDQGRWKHUSURIHVVLRQDOVWRDVVHVVFRPPHUFLDOSRWHQWLDO
RIWKHLU GHYHORSPHQWVWR FRQGXFWPDUNHW UHVHDUFK WR IRUP EXVLQHVV FRQFHSWV WR
DWWUDFW LQYHVWPHQW WR GHYHORS WKH VFKHPH RI WHFKQRORJ\ WUDQVIHU DQG KHOS WR
SURPRWHWKHSURGXFWVWRWKHPDUNHW
0DQ\ 77&V KDYH DOUHDG\ EHHQ FUHDWHG LQ WKH 5XVVLDQ )HGHUDWLRQ 7RPVN
7HFKQRORJ\7UDQVIHU&HQWHULVRQHRIKLJKO\VXFFHVVIXOFRQVXOWLQJFRPSDQLHV7KLV
FHQWHU FDQ EH YLHZHG DV D PRGHO 77 FHQWHU ,W RIIHUV WKH IROORZLQJ VHUYLFHV
PDUNHWLQJ UHVHDUFK GHYHORSPHQW RI EXVLQHVV SURMHFWV DQG IXQGUDLVLQJ SURGXFWV
SURPRWLRQ SURYLVLRQ RI VHUYLFHV IRU VFLHQWLILF RUJDQL]DWLRQV WUDLQLQJ VHPLQDUV
7RDVVHVV WKHFRPPHUFLDO SRWHQWLDO RIGHYHORSPHQWV WKH 7RPVN77& ZRUNV ZLWK
DXWKRUVRI WKHVHGHYHORSPHQWV77&ORRNVIRUVSHFLILFFRPSHWLWLYHDGYDQWDJHVIRU
FRQVXPHUVFRQGXFWV SULPDU\ UHVHDUFK WR GHWHUPLQH WKH GHPDQG IRU WHFKQRORJ\ RU
SURGXFW7RPVN77&KDVGHYHORSHGLWVXQLTXHPHWKRGRORJ\IRUDVVHVVPHQWRIWKH
FRPPHUFLDO SRWHQWLDO RI WKH WHFKQRORJ\ 7RPVN 77& DOVR RIIHUV LWV FOLHQWV WKH
96
RSWLPDO WHFKQRORJ\ RI FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ 77& GHILQHV JURXSV RI SRWHQWLDO
FXVWRPHUV DQG RUJDQL]HV LQLWLDO QHJRWLDWLRQV UHYHDOV FRQVXPHU SUHIHUHQFHV IRU
IXWXUHSURGXFWV7RPVN77&DVVLVWVLQWKHVDOHRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\OLFHQVHV7R
GR WKLV 77& LV ORRNLQJ IRU SRWHQWLDO EX\HUV RUJDQL]HV QHJRWLDWLRQV DVVLVWV LQ
VLJQLQJRIOLFHQVHDJUHHPHQWVDQGFRQWUROVWKHWLPHO\UHFHLSWRISD\PHQWV
$QLPSRUWDQWDFWLYLW\RI77&LVDGHYHORSPHQWRIDEXVLQHVV
SURMHFW
77&UHQGHUVWKHIROORZLQJVHUYLFHV
'HYHORSPHQWRIWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHSURGXFW
&RQGXFWLQJFRPSUHKHQVLYHPDUNHWUHVHDUFK
%XLOGLQJHIIHFWLYHEXVLQHVVPRGHO
3URWHFWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\
5LVNDVVHVVPHQWVWXG\
&DOFXODWLRQRIILQDQFLDOLQGLFDWRUVRIWKHSURMHFW
7RDWWUDFWLQYHVWPHQW7RPVN77&KHOSVWRLGHQWLI\WKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHW\SH
DQGVRXUFHRIIXQGLQJDQGVHDUFKHVIRUDSSURSULDWHSDUWQHUV
3RVWLQYHVWPHQWVXSSRUW WRWKHSURMHFWDLPVDWUHGXFLQJWKHULVNVWRLQYHVWRU
DQGKHOSVFRPSDQLHVDFKLHYHWKHSODQQHGSHUIRUPDQFH
7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW ILQDO VWDJH RI 77& ZRUN LV WR SURPRWH LQQRYDWLYH
SURGXFWVWR PDUNHW 77&XVHV LWV RZQFDOOFHQWHUWR SURPRWH LQQRYDWLRQSURGXFWV
E\ GLUHFW VHOOLQJ LH FRQGXFWV WHOHSKRQH FRQYHUVDWLRQV GLUHFWO\ ZLWK SRWHQWLDO
FRQVXPHUV
7RPVN 77& LV VXFFHVVIXO LQ SURPRWLRQ RI PHGLFDO HTXLSPHQW QDYLJDWLRQ
HTXLSPHQW FRQVXPHU JRRGV SURGXFWV IRU WKH RLO DQG JDV LQGXVWU\ ODERUDWRU\
HTXLSPHQWODVHUHTXLSPHQWPHDVXULQJDQGDQDO\WLFDOHTXLSPHQW
7KHUH DUH PDQ\ RWKHU 77&V ZKLFK HIIHFWLYHO\ SDUWLFLSDWH LQ
FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQRILQQRYDWLRQVLQ5XVVLD7KHSURFHVVRIUHSOLFDWLQJWKHEHVW
VDPSOHVRILQQRYDWLRQWUDQVIHULVXQGHUZD\
)LQGLQJV: 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\LVLWV
XQLTXHQHVV 3URWHFWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\LVQHHGHGWRDSSO\LW
97
LQSURGXFWLRQRILQQRYDWLRQJRRGV7KLVSURWHFWLRQQRZDGD\VLVGRQHE\PHDQVRI
WKHVWDWHUHJLVWUDWLRQDQGSDWHQWLQJ1RWDOOREMHFWVRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\DUH
SDWHQWDEOH,QGXVWULDOSURSHUW\REMHFWVVXFKDVLQYHQWLRQVXWLOLW\PRGHOVLQGXVWULDO
GHVLJQVDQGRWKHUVUHSUHVHQWLQWDQJLEOHDVVHWVRIWKHFRPSDQ\ZKLFKZKHQSXWRQ
WKHEDODQFHVKHHWFDQVLJQLILFDQWO\LQFUHDVHWKHYDOXHRIWKHILUP
,Q 5XVVLD WKH UHVXOWV RI LQWHOOHFWXDO DFWLYLW\ KDYH EHFRPH D QHZ NLQG RI
FRPPHUFLDOSURGXFWV$QLQVWLWXWHRISDWHQWDWWRUQH\VLVHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKHFRXQWU\
WKH\ VKRXOG FDUU\ RXW SDWHQW DQG OLFHQVLQJ DFWLYLWLHV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGV
,QWHOOHFWXDO SURSHUW\ VXFK DV UHVHDUFK UHSRUWV LQYHQWLRQV GHVLJQ
GRFXPHQWDWLRQ VRIWZDUH EXVLQHVV SODQV HWF DUH YHU\ SHFXOLDU DVVHWV WKDW DUH
WUDQVIHUUHG WR PDQXIDFWXULQJ ILUPV RQ D QRQSURILW DQGRU FRPPHUFLDO EDVLV
7HFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHULVPDLQO\GRQHWKURXJKWKHOLFHQVLQJDJUHHPHQWV
7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIOLFHQVHV ±H[FOXVLYHDQGQRQH[FOXVLYHOLFHQVHV
IXOO OLFHQVH VXEOLFHQVH SDWURQ OLFHQVHV DQG RWKHU 3URGXFWLRQ RI OLFHQVHG
SURGXFWVLWVSULFH PDUNHWV W\SHVRIOLFHQVHIHHV DQGRWKHU GHWDLOVDUH GHILQHGLQ
WKHOLFHQVHDJUHHPHQWV2QHRIWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWLVVXHVLVQHJRWLDWLRQRIWKHOLFHQVH
SULFH,Q WKH PDUNHW RI VFLHQWLILF DQG WHFKQLFDO SURGXFWV WKH V\VWHP RI PRQRSRO\
GLVFULPLQDWRU\ SULFLQJ GRPLQDWHV ,Q JHQHUDO WKH OLFHQVH SULFH LV WKH UHVXOW RI
EDUJDLQLQJDQGUHIOHFWVWKHUHODWLYHEDUJDLQLQJSRZHURIWKHOLFHQVRUDQGOLFHQVHH
/LFHQVHV SD\PHQWV FDQ WDNH GLIIHUHQW IRUPV IRU H[DPSOH WKH UR\DOW\
SD\PHQWV WKH OXPSVXP SD\PHQWV DQG WKH FRPELQHG SD\PHQWV 'LIIHUHQW
DSSURDFKHV DUH XVHG IRU GHWHUPLQLQJ UR\DOW\ UDWHV LQGXVWU\ DYHUDJH UR\DOWLHV
UR\DOWLHVRQWKHEDVLVRIHDUOLHUDJUHHPHQWVWKHFRVWDSSURDFKWKHUXOHRIWZHQW\
ILYHSHUFHQWHWF
0DQ\ HQWLWLHV SDUWLFLSDWH LQ WKH ZRUOG PDUNHW RI VFLHQWLILF DQG WHFKQLFDO
SURGXFWV  LQGLYLGXDO LQYHQWRUV VPDOO LQQRYDWLYH FRPSDQLHV ODUJH LQGXVWULDO
FRPSDQLHV 7KH PDLQ UROH LQ SURGXFWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLRQ SURGXFWV VWLOO EHORQJV WR
ODUJHILUPVZKLFKKDYHDVWURQJUHVHDUFKDQGSURGXFWLRQEDVH
98
$ IDLUO\ HIILFLHQW LQVWLWXWLRQDO PHFKDQLVP IRU VHUYLFLQJ WKH PDUNHW RI
VFLHQWLILFDQGWHFKQLFDOSURGXFWVH[LVWVQRZDGD\V,WLVUHSUHVHQWHGE\FRPSDQLHV
LQWHUPHGLDULHV GLYLVLRQV WKDW VHDUFK IRU QHFHVVDU\ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG GHDO ZLWK
OLFHQVHV¶ VDOHV DQG DFTXLVLWLRQV RUJDQL]H H[KLELWLRQV DQG IDLUV $Q LPSRUWDQW
HOHPHQW RI WKH LQQRYDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH RI PRGHUQ HFRQRPLHV LV WHFKQRORJ\
WUDQVIHU FHQWHUV WKDW IDFLOLWDWH WKH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLRQ LQWR LQQRYDWLYH
SURGXFWVVROGRQWKHPDUNHW
Questions for discussion:
7KHFRPSRVLWLRQRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\
7KHFRQFHSWRILQGXVWULDOSURSHUW\
7KHFRQFHSWDQGPHDQLQJRI³NQRZKRZ´IRULQQRYDWLRQ
7KHQHHGWRSURWHFWLQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\
:D\VRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\SURWHFWLRQ
0DUNHWPHWKRGRILQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\YDOXDWLRQ
3URILWEDVHGPHWKRGIRULQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\YDOXDWLRQ
&RVWEDVHGPHWKRGIRULQWHOOHFWXDOSURSHUW\YDOXDWLRQ
,PSRUWDQFHRIWHFKQRORJ\FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQIRUFUHDWLRQRI
LQQRYDWLRQ
7KHWDVNVDQGDFWLYLWLHVRIWHFKQRORJ\WUDQVIHUFHQWHUV
99
&KDSWHU,QQRYDWLYHDFWLYLW\RIHQWHUSULVHV
,QQRYDWLYHFRPSDQ\
$XVWULDQ HFRQRPLVW -RVHSK 6FKXPSHWHU WKH IRXQGHU RI WKH WKHRU\RI
LQQRYDWLRQ SUDLVHG WKH HQWUHSUHQHXU DQG LQQRYDWRU ZKR LV QRW OLPLWHG WR WKH
LPSURYHPHQWRQO\RIWKHWHFKQLFDOVLGHRIWKHSURGXFWLRQEXWDOVRXVHVPDQDJHULDO
PDUNHWLQJ DQG RWKHU LQQRYDWLRQV WR FUHDWH D QHZ EHQHILW ZKLFK ZLOO ZLQ WKH

PDUNHW
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKH GHILQLWLRQ RI 2VOR0DQXDO LQQRYDWLRQ LVWKH ILQDO
RXWFRPH RI LQQRYDWLRQ DFWLYLW\ ZKLFK LV HPERGLHG LQ WKH IRUP RIDQHZRU
LPSURYHGSURGXFWRUVHUYLFHWKDWLVHPEHGGHGLQWKHPDUNHWDQHZRULPSURYHG
WHFKQRORJLFDOSURFHVVXVHGLQSUDFWLFHRUDQHZDSSURDFKWRVRFLDOVHUYLFHV

,QQRYDWLYHHQWUHSUHQHXUVKLSDORQJZLWKWKH FUHDWLRQ DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI
WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQ DOVR LQFOXGHV PDUNHWLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDO LQQRYDWLRQ ,Q WKLV FRQWH[W DQ\ ILUP ZKLFK FRQWULEXWHV WR WKH
FUHDWLRQ GLVVHPLQDWLRQ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLRQ LQ WKH HFRQRP\ LV DQ
LQQRYDWLYHILUP

6WDWLVWLFV FRXQWV FRPSDQ\ DV DQ LQQRYDWLYH FRPSDQ\ LI LW KDV LQWURGXFHG
VRPHLQQRYDWLRQ RYHUWKH REVHUYDWLRQSHULRG  $FFRUGLQJWR VWDWLVWLFVLQQRYDWLYH
DFWLYLW\ RI HQWHUSULVHV LQFOXGHV UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW 5' FDUULHG RXW
LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RU FRPPLVVLRQHG WR WKH WKLUG SDUW\ SXUFKDVH RI PDFKLQHU\ DQG
HTXLSPHQWUHODWHGWRWHFKQRORJLFDOLQQRYDWLRQDFTXLVLWLRQRIQHZWHFKQRORJLHV
SXUFKDVH RI VRIWZDUH LQGXVWULDO GHVLJQ HGXFDWLRQ DQG WUDLQLQJ UHODWHG WR
LQQRYDWLRQPDUNHWLQJUHVHDUFKDQGRWKHU


ϳϮ
6FKXPSHWHU-Theory of Economic Development0RVFRZ3URJUHVV3>5XVVLDQ@
ϳϯ
Russian Innovation Index (2011) .(G*RNKEHUJ/0RVFRZ:1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK8QLYHUVLW\
³+LJKHU6FKRRORI(FRQRPLFV´3>5XVVLDQ@
ϳϰ
<XGDQRY $ What is an innovative compan\  3UREOHPV RI (FRQRPLFV  ʋ
>5XVVLDQ@
ϳϱ
Russian Innovation Index (2011), RSFLW3>5XVVLDQ@
100
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]