Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Экономика инновационной деятельности предприятия = Economics of innovative activity of enterprise. Учебное пособие
.pdf
HQWHUSULVH $ WHFKQRORJLFDOO\ DGYDQFHG SURGXFW LV DQ H[LVWLQJ SURGXFW ZLWK
LPSURYHG TXDOLW\ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV KLJKHU HFRQRPLF HIILFLHQF\ GXHWRWKHXVHRI
PRUH HIIHFWLYH FRPSRQHQWV RU PDWHULDOV DQG SDUWLDO FKDQJH RI RQH RU PRUH
WHFKQLFDOVXEV\VWHPV
SURFHVV LQQRYDWLRQV LQFOXGH GHYHORSPHQW DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI
WHFKQRORJLFDOO\ QHZ RU FRQVLGHUDEO\ XSJUDGHG SURGXFWLRQ PHWKRGV LQFOXGLQJ
PHWKRGV RI WUDQVIHU RI SURGXFWV SURGXFWLRQ PHWKRGV LQ ORJLVWLFV GHOLYHULHV RI
JRRGVDQGVHUYLFHVDQGDOVRLQDX[LOLDU\W\SHVRIDFWLYLW\
7KHnon-technological innovations LQFOXGH
organizational innovations WKH UHDOL]HGQHZ EXVLQHVVPHWKRGV WKH QHZ
RUJDQL]DWLRQRIZRUNSODFHVWKHQHZH[WHUQDOUHODWLRQV
marketing innovationsWKHQHZRULPSURYHGPDUNHWLQJPHWKRGVLQFOXGLQJ
QHZ VDOHV PHWKRGV DQG SUHVHQWDWLRQV RI SURGXFWV JRRGV VHUYLFHV WKHLU
LQWURGXFWLRQDQGSURPRWLRQRQWKHPDUNHWVDQGQHZSULFHVHWWLQJVWUDWHJLHVHWF
ecological innovations WKH LQQRYDWLRQV SURPRWLQJ LQFUHDVH RI DQ
HFRORJLFDO VDIHW\ GHFUHDVH RU SUHYHQWLRQ RI QHJDWLYH LPSDFW RQ HQYLURQPHQW
SHUIRUPHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWHFKQRORJLFDORUJDQL]DWLRQDORUPDUNHWLQJLQQRYDWLRQV
7KH FRQFHSW ³LQQRYDWLRQ´ LV WKH FRUQHUVWRQH RI WKH LQQRYDWLYH SURFHVV
UHSUHVHQWLQJ FUHDWLYH SURFHVV RI GHYHORSPHQW DQG WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ RI VFLHQWLILF
NQRZOHGJHWRWKHQHZSURGXFWVUHFRJQL]HGE\FRQVXPHUV
7KH VLPSOHVW PRGHO RI LQQRYDWLYH SURFHVV LV WKH LQQRYDWLYH FKDLQ ZKLFK
LQFOXGHV WKH FRPSOHWH UHVHDUFK DQG SURGXFWLRQ F\FOHV FRQVLVWLQJ RI UDWKHU
LQGHSHQGHQWVWDJHV7DEOH
11
6WDJHVRILQQRYDWLYHSURFHVV
7DEOH
%DVLFUHVHDUFK
$SSOLHGUHVHDUFK
Science Production Consumption
&RQVWUXFWLRQZRUN
3URGXFWLRQ
GHYHORSPHQW
3URGXFWLRQ
SURGXFWLRQ
5HDOL]DWLRQRIQHZ
FRQVXPHU
2SHUDWLRQRIQHZ
SURGXFWLRQE\WKH
LQQRYDWLRQ
'LIIXVLRQRIDQ
,QQRYDWLYH SURFHVV FDQ EH SURYLGHG DV D VHW RI UHVXOWV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKH
7DEOH
7DEOH
0DLQFRPSRQHQWVRILQQRYDWLYHSURFHVV
1RYHOW\ XSGDWLQJ QHZ
LGHDQHZNQRZOHGJH
,QQRYDWLRQ IURP /DWLQ
LQQRYDWLR±LQWKHGLUHFWLRQ
RIFKDQJHV
'LIIXVLRQRIDQLQQRYDWLRQ 'LVWULEXWLRQRIWKHLQQRYDWLRQDOUHDG\ PDVWHUHGLHDSSOLFDWLRQRI
5HVXOW RI WKH ILQLVKHG VFLHQWLILF UHVHDUFK IXQGDPHQWDO DQG
DSSOLHG5'DQGRWKHUVFLHQWLILFDQGWHFKQLFDODFKLHYHPHQWV
1HZLGHDV FDQ KDYH WKH IRUP RIGLVFRYHU\ FRQFHSWV WHFKQLTXHV
LQVWUXFWLRQVHWF
5HVXOWRIQHZNQRZOHGJHGHYHORSPHQWLWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQQHZ
RU XSJUDGHG SURGXFWV VROG LQ WKH PDUNHW RU LQ QHZ RU XSJUDGHG
HQJLQHHULQJPHWKRGVXVHGLQSUDFWLFDODFWLYLWLHV
LQQRYDWLYH SURGXFWV VHUYLFHV WHFKQRORJLHV LQ QHZ SODFHV DQG
FRQGLWLRQV
7KH IRUP DQG VSHHG RI WKLV SURFHVVGHSHQG RQ WKH VWUXFWXUH DQG
FDSDFLW\RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQFKDQQHOVDELOLW\RIHFRQRPLFDJHQWVWR
UHDFWTXLFNO\WRLQQRYDWLRQV
6SHHGRIGLIIXVLRQGHSHQGVRQWKHW\SHRILQQRYDWLRQWDE
7DEOH
7KHIDFWRUVGHWHUPLQLQJWKHVSHHGRILQQRYDWLRQGLIIXVLRQ
)DFWRUV &RQWHQWV
&RPSDUDWLYHDGYDQWDJH 6XSHULRULW\ RI LQQRYDWLRQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH DYDLODEOH DQDORJV IRU
H[DPSOH LQFUHDVH RI DFFXUDF\ RI PHDVXUHPHQWE\ WKH GHYLFHLQFUHDVH LQ WKH
QXPEHURIGHYLFHIXQFWLRQVHWF
&RPSOH[LW\
&RPSOH[LW\ DV LQWHUQDO FRPSRQHQW RI QHZ LGHDV RU JRRGV +LJK OHYHO RI
FRPSOH[LW\PHDQVWKHKLJKHUFRVWVRIFRQVXPHUIRUWUDLQLQJ
12
&RPSDWLELOLW\
&RPPXQLFDWLYHQHVV
3RVVLELOLW\RI
DSSUREDWLRQ
'HJUHHRIDQLQQRYDWLRQFRPSDWLELOLW\ZLWKWKHHVWDEOLVKHGSUDFWLFHRISRWHQWLDO
XVHUV ,I FRQVXPHUV FKDQJH WKH KDELWXDORSHUDWLRQV SURFHGXUH WKHUHDUH FRVWV
IRU VZLWFKLQJ RU DGDSWDWLRQ DQG WKH VSHHG RI GLIIXVLRQ RI DQ LQQRYDWLRQ
GHFUHDVHV ,I QHZ JRRGV DUH FRPSOHWHO\ FRPSDWLEOH WR SXUFKDVLQJ KDELWV
DFFHSWDQFHFDQKDSSHQYHU\TXLFNO\
6LPSOLFLW\RIWKHH[SODQDWLRQRIWKHLQQRYDWLRQHVVHQFHWRSRWHQWLDOXVHUV6RPH
EHQHILWVDUH UHDGLO\YLVLEOH JRRGV³VKRZ XS´WKHPVHOYHVFDUVSKRQHV HWF
,QWKHFDVHRIJRRGVZLWK³SRVWSRQHG´ EHQHILWV LW LV PRUHGLIILFXOW WR PDUNHW
WKHPDQGWKHUHIRUHGLIIXVLRQKDSSHQVPRUHVORZO\
$QRSSRUWXQLW\WRSUHOLPLQDU\WHVWLQJWKHVDPSOHRIDQHZLWHP
,WLVQHFHVVDU\ WR HPSKDVL]H WKDW WKH LQQRYDWLRQ LV QRWRQO\WKHFRPSRQHQWRI
LQQRYDWLYHSURFHVVZKLFKUHSUHVHQWVWKHUHVXOWRILPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDQHZLGHDRU
DQDGYDQFHG SURGXFWPHWKRGVWKH SURFHVVHVLQWR SUDFWLFH EXWLQQRYDWLRQ LVDOVR
LWVHOIJRRGEHLQJWKHHQGUHVXOWRIFUHDWLYHDFWLYLW\6RIRUH[DPSOHDQLQQRYDWLYH
SURGXFW EHLQJ WKH UHVXOWRI 5' DW WKH VDPHWLPH FRQWDLQV D VHW RINQRZOHGJH
LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKLVSURGXFWLWVIHDWXUHVDQGSURSHUWLHV
7KXVVSHDNLQJDERXWDQLQQRYDWLYHSURFHVVZHFRPHWRDFRQFOXVLRQWKDWLW
LVDFRQVHFXWLYHFKDLQRIPRGLILFDWLRQVVWDUWLQJIURPWKHHPHUJHQFHRIQHZLGHDWR
LWVSUDFWLFDO HPERGLPHQW LQ D VSHFLILF SURGXFW WHFKQRORJ\ LQFOXGLQJ GLVWULEXWLRQ
RIDOUHDG\PDVWHUHGLQQRYDWLRQLQQHZSODFHVDQGFRQGLWLRQV
5DWHVRILQQRYDWLYHSURFHVV
,QQRYDWLYH SURFHVVLV G\QDPLF DQG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW HVFDODWLQJ UDWHV RI
WKHVFLHQWLILF DQG WHFKQLFDO SURJUHVV ZKLFK KDV DIIHFWHG SUDFWLFDOO\ DOO VSKHUHV RI
KXPDQ DFWLYLWLHV LW DFTXLUHV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF IHDWXUHV ZKLFK DUH VKRZQ LQ
UHGXFWLRQRID WLPH ODSVHEHWZHHQ WKHHPHUJHQFHRID QHZ LGHDLWVGHYHORSPHQW
DQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VHTXHQWLDOFKDQJHRI WHFKQRORJLFDO PRGHVZKLFKEHFRPH
VKRUWHU7KH WLPH RI QRYHOW\ FRQYHUVLRQLQWRLQQRYDWLRQZKLFKLQFOXGHVDQXPEHU
RIVWDJHVKDVEHHQUHGXFHG
7KHPDLQ SKDVHVRI WKHOLIH F\FOH RIWHFKQRORJLFDO PRGHRI SURGXFWLRQDUH
SUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH
13
)LJ/LIHɫ\FOHRIWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHRISURGXFWLRQ
7HFKQRORJLFDO PRGHVRI SURGXFWLRQ LQ WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW JR WKURXJKWKUHH
SKDVHV8VXDOO\WKHWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHRISURGXFWLRQODVWVDURXQG\HDUV
7KHILUVWSKDVHLVDSKDVHRIHPHUJHQFH DQG IRUPDWLRQ LQ WKHHFRQRP\RID
QHZ WHFKQRORJLFDO PRGH RI SURGXFWLRQ 7KH VHFRQG SKDVH UHSUHVHQWV D SKDVH RI
UDSLG JURZWK ZKHQ WKH QHZ WHFKQRORJLFDO PRGH EHFRPHV GRPLQDQW 7KLV SKDVH
ODVWV DERXW \HDUV 'XULQJ WKH WKLUG SKDVH WKH WHFKQRORJLFDO PRGH JUDGXDOO\
EHFRPHVREVROHWHDQGGLVDSSHDUV$QHZWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHJUDGXDOO\VWHSVLQ
,W LV FRQVLGHUHG WKDW VWDUWLQJ IURP WKH LQGXVWULDO UHYROXWLRQ WKHUH ZHUH
WHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHVLQWKHZRUOGWKHVL[WKRQHLVFRPLQJDWWKHPRPHQW
(DFKWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKVSHFLILFVFLHQWLILF DQG WHFKQLFDO
GLVFRYHU\ZKLFK KDVPDGHWKHVLJQLILFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHLQGXVWU\DQG EHFRPH
GULYHURIHFRQRPLFGHYHORSPHQW7KHVHGLVFRYHULHVDUHOLVWHGLQWDE
&KDUDFWHUL]LQJWKHWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHRISURGXFWLRQZHGLVWLQJXLVKSHULRGV
RI WKHLU GRPLQDQFH DERXW \HDUV FRUH RI WHFKQRORJLFDO PRGH NH\ IDFWRU RI
WHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHIRUPDWLRQRIDQHZWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHFRUH
14
7DEOH
E
I
7HFKQRORJLFDOPRGHVRISURGXFWLRQ
ʋ
%HJLQQLQJ
7/&
,
%HJLQQLQJ RI WKH )LUVW
,,
6WHDPHUD &UHDWLRQ RI D VWHDPHQJLQH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH
,,,
%HJLQQLQJ RI WKH VHFRQG
,9
(QHUJ\HUD2LOHUD 7KH EHOW FRQYH\HU DW )RUGV HQWHUSULVH ,QWHUQDO
9
6FLHQWLILF DQG WHFKQLFDO
9,
V (UDRIQDQRWHFKQRORJLHV 'HFUHDVH LQ SRZHU DQG PDWHULDO LQWHQVLW\ R
1DPHRIWKHWHFKQRORJLFDOPRGHRI
\HDU
LQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ
LQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ6WHHOHUD
UHYROXWLRQ ,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQHUD
SURGXFWLRQ
(YHQWIDFWRU
&UHDWLRQ RI WKH VSLQQLQJ FDU E\ $UNUD\W 5 DQG
FRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHILUVWFRWWRQIDFWRU\
UDLOURDG
7KHLQYHQWLRQRI%HVVHPHUSURFHVVFRQVWUXFWLRQ
RISODQWIRUXVDJHRI%HVVHPHUFRQYHUWRU
FRPEXVWLRQ HQJLQH ZLUH WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
DXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\FRQVWUXFWLRQRIDLUFUDIWV
$FKLHYHPHQWV LQ WKH ILHOG RI PLFURHOHFWURQLFV
LQIRUPDWLFV
HQJLQHHULQJ QHZ W\SHV RI HQHUJ\ PDWHULDOV
VSDFH H[SORUDWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQ RI WKH ILUVW ,QWHO
PLFURSURFHVVRU
SURGXFWLRQ&UHDWLRQ RIKLJKWHFKSURGXFWVEDVHG
RQQDQRWHFKQRORJLHVFHOOXODUWHFKQRORJLHV
LRWHFKQRORJLHV JHQHWLF
,Q YDULRXV FDVHV WKH LQWHUYDO EHWZHHQ VFLHQWLILF QRYHOW\ DQG LWV SUDFWLFDO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQFRXOGEHORQJRU FRXOGEHVKRUWWKDWGHSHQGHGRQWKHDYDLODELOLW\
RI WKH FRQVXPHU GHPDQG 6R IRU H[DPSOH LW WRRN DOPRVW \HDUV IURP WKH
PRPHQW RI GLVFRYHU\ LQ RI YDOXDEOH FKHPLFDO HOHPHQW DOXPLQXP WR LWV
SUDFWLFDOXVHZKHQDIWHUWKH:RUOG:DU,,LWZDVXVHGDVDOOR\VIRUSURGXFWLRQ RI
KRXVHZDUHZLQGRZIUDPHVZLQJVRISODQHVHWF
)RUODVHULWWRRN\HDUV IURP WKH PRPHQWRI LWVGLVFRYHU\ WR WKHSUDFWLFDO
XVH/DVHUKDVEHFRPHRQHRIWKHPDLQFRPSRQHQWVLQWKHRSWLFDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
PHGLFLQHUHVHDUFKRIVSDFHHWF
,QWKHFDVH ZLWK;UD\VWKHWLPH ODSVHZDVPLQLPDO ;UD\V GLVFRYHUHGE\
9.5HQWJHQLQLQVHYHUDO\HDUVZHUHXVHGLQPHGLFLQHDQGRSWLFV
+RZHYHUWKHGHVFULEHGVLWXDWLRQVDULVHLQ H[FHSWLRQDOFDVHV7KHWLPHODSVH
EHWZHHQWKHGLVFRYHU\DQGLWVSUDFWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQLVXVXDOO\ORQJFRPPHQVXUDEOH
LQGXUDWLRQWRWKHPDLQVWDJHVRILQQRYDWLYHSURFHVV
15
7\SHVRILQQRYDWLRQVWKHLUGHYHORSPHQWDQGLQWHQVLW\
%DVHG RQ YDULRXV FULWHULD WKH PXOWLIDFHWHG FRQFHSW RI µLQQRYDWLRQ´FDQEH
JURXSHGLQWRGLIIHUHQWFODVVLILFDWLRQVZLWKWKHLUIHDWXUHVDQGGLVWLQFWLYHSURSHUWLHV
7KHUH DUH YDULRXV DSSURDFKHV WR WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLRQV ,Q WKH
7DEOHZHZLOOFRQVLGHUWKHGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHVWKDWDUHLQWKHEDVLVRIGLIIHUHQW
LQQRYDWLRQV¶FODVVLILFDWLRQ
7DEOH
0DLQFODVVLILFDWLRQVLJQVRILQQRYDWLRQJURXS
ʋ &ODVVLILFDWLRQVLJQ *URXS
6LJQLILFDQFH %DVLFLPSURYLQJSVHXGRLQQRYDWLRQV
7KHUHODWLRQ WRWKHFXUUHQW
RSHUDWLQJV\VWHP
3ODFHRIUHDOL]DWLRQ %UDQFKZKHUHWKHLQQRYDWLRQZDVSURGXFHGEUDQFKZKHUH LWZDVDSSOLHG
'HSWKRIFKDQJH &KDQJHRILQLWLDOSURSHUWLHVRIV\VWHP RUSURGXFW XSGDWLQJRIWKHH[LVWLQJ
'HYHORSHUFUHDWRU 2ZQ LQWHUQDO LQKRXVH LQQRYDWLRQV GHYHORSHG DQG SURGXFHG E\ RZQ
7HUPRI GHYHORSPHQW DQG
UHDOL]DWLRQ
)LQDQFLQJ 6WDWHEXGJHWRIIEXGJHWRZQSULYDWH
6FDOHRIGLIIXVLRQ /RFDOVSHFLILFLQGXVWU\JOREDO
7KH SODFH LQ WKH
SURGXFWLRQFKDLQ
1DWXUHRIWKHQHHGVPHW 1HZUHTXLUHPHQWVWKHH[LVWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV
'HJUHHRIQRYHOW\ ,QQRYDWLRQ EDVHG RQ D QHZ GLVFRYHU\ EDVHG RQ D QHZ PHWKRG RI
7LPLQJ RI HQWU\ WR WKH
PDUNHW
&RVWV /DUJHDYHUDJHORZFRVW
'HJUHHRIULVN +LJKDYHUDJHORZ
2ULJLQ $GDSWLQJVWUDWHJLF
$SSOLFDWLRQDUHD 7HFKQLFDOWHFKQRORJLFDO RUJDQL]DWLRQDO PDQDJHULDO LQIRUPDWLRQVRFLDO
5HSODFLQJUDWLRQDOL]LQJH[SDQGLQJRSHQLQJ
EUDQFKZKHUHLWZDVFRQVXPHG
IXQFWLRQV DGDSWLYH FKDQJHV GHYHORSPHQW DQG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI QHZ
JHQHUDWLRQVQHZW\SHVHWF
PHDQVMRLQWH[WHUQDOSXUFKDVHGIURPRXWVLGHVRXUFHV
/RQJWHUPPHGLXPWHUPVKRUWWHUP
7KH PDLQ SURGXFW DQG WHFKQRORJ\ FKDLQV VXSSOHPHQWDU\ SURGXFW DQG
WHFKQRORJ\FKDLQV
DSSOLFDWLRQRIDOUHDG\NQRZQSKHQRPHQD
,QQRYDWLRQVOHDGHUVLQQRYDWLRQVIROORZHUV
HWF
:H ZLOO FRQVLGHU VHYHUDO JURXSV LQ PRUH GHWDLOV 6R DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH
LPSRUWDQFHFULWHULRQZHFRQVLGHU
16
x WKHbasic innovationsRUradical innovationsZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQDODUJH
GLVFRYHU\RUWKHLQYHQWLRQDUHGLUHFWHGWRGHYHORSPHQWRIDEVROXWHO\QHZSURGXFWV
PHWKRGV WHFKQRORJLHV IRU H[DPSOH D &' SOD\HU IRU ODVHU GLVNVZDVDEDVLF
LQQRYDWLRQ LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH VRXQGUHSURGXFLQJ HTXLSPHQW ZRUNLQJ DV ³D
PDJQHWLFKHDGDPDJQHWLFILOP´
x WKH improving innovationsRUincremental innovation GLUHFWHG WR
LPSURYHPHQW RI SURSHUWLHV DQG SDUDPHWHUV RI DOUHDG\ PDGH DQG XVHG SURGXFWV
VHUYLFHV DQG WHFKQRORJLHV IRU H[DPSOH SURGXFWLRQ RI WKH FDVVHWWH WDSH UHFRUGHU
DIWHU EREELQ WDSH UHFRUGHU WKH SULQFLSOH RI UHSURGXFWLRQ UHPDLQHG WKH VDPH ³D
PDJQHWLFKHDG DPDJQHWLFILOP´KRZHYHUWKHH[WHULRUFKDQJHGFRQVLGHUDEO\WKH
SURGXFWEHFDPHPRUHFRPSDFWFRQYHQLHQWDQGSUDFWLFDO
x WKH pseudo-innovations RULHQWHG WR SDUWLDO LPSURYHPHQW RI REVROHWH
JHQHUDWLRQVRIHTXLSPHQWDQGWHFKQRORJLHVFRORUIRUPILQLVKLQJHWF
2QH FDQ REVHUYH WUDQVLWLRQ IURP LQQRYDWLRQV IURP ORZHU OHYHO WR KLJKHU
OHYHODFFRUGLQJWRWKHGHSWKRIWKHFKDQJHVDQGHIIHFWVSURGXFHGE\LQQRYDWLRQ
UHSURGXFWLRQ RI LQLWLDO SURSHUWLHV RI D SURGXFWLRQ V\VWHP RU SURGXFW
SUHVHUYLQJDQGXSGDWLQJRIWKHH[LVWLQJIXQFWLRQV
FKDQJH RI TXDQWLWDWLYH SURSHUWLHV RI V\VWHP D UHJURXSLQJ RIV\VWHP
FRPSRQHQWVIRUWKHSXUSRVHRILWVIXQFWLRQLQJLPSURYHPHQW
DGDSWLYHFKDQJHVRISURGXFWLRQV\VWHP HOHPHQWVIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIEHWWHU
ILWWLQJWRHDFKRWKHU
QHZ RSWLRQ WKH HOHPHQWDU\ TXDOLWDWLYH FKDQJH ZKLFK LV EH\RQG VLPSOH
DGDSWLYHFKDQJHV
QHZJHQHUDWLRQFKDQJHRIWKHPDMRULW\RISURSHUWLHVRIWKHV\VWHPEXWWKH
EDVLFFRQFHSWVWLOOUHPDLQV
QHZ W\SH TXDOLWDWLYH FKDQJH RI LQLWLDO SURSHUWLHVRI WKH V\VWHPDQG WKH
LQLWLDOFRQFHSWZLWKRXWFKDQJHRIWKHIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
QHZVRUWWKHKLJKHVWFKDQJHLQIXQFWLRQDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHV\VWHPZKLFK
FKDQJHVLWVIXQFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH
17
UDGLFDOEDVLF
LPSURYLQJ
PRGLILFDWLRQ
&ODVVLI\LQJ LQQRYDWLRQV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWKWKH VFDOH RI GLIIXVLRQ ZH SD\
DWWHQWLRQ WRWKHLU IHDWXUHV 6R local innovations DVVXPH WKH XVH RI H[SHULHQFH RI
RQHHQWHUSULVHE\DQRWKHUHFRQRPLFHQWLW\IRUH[DPSOHLQWKHVSKHUHRIUHVRXUFH
VDYLQJZRUNLQFHQWLYHVZRUNZLWKVXSSOLHUVHWFindustry innovationsUHSUHVHQW
WKHLQQRYDWLRQV ZKLFKZHUHQRWXVHGHDUOLHUE\HQWHUSULVHVRIWKLVLQGXVWU\global
innovations DUH DSSOLHG LQ DOO LQGXVWULHV DQG DVVXPH HVVHQWLDOO\ QHZ W\SHVRI
SURGXFWVWHFKQRORJLHVQHZPHWKRGVRIPDQDJHPHQWZKLFKGRQRWKDYHDQDORJVLQ
ZRUOGSUDFWLFH
'HSHQGLQJRQWKHGHJUHHRIQRYHOW\LQQRYDWLRQVDUHGLYLGHGRQinnovations
created on the basis of a new discovery or invention; innovations created on the
basis of a new method applied to already known phenomena &RQVLGHULQJ
LQQRYDWLRQV IURP WKH SRLQW RI YLHZ RI WKH GHJUHH RI QRYHOW\ WKH\ FDQ DOVR EH
FODVVLILHGDFFRUGLQJWR WKHLUQRYHOW\IRU WKH PDUNHW:LWK UHVSHFW WRWKHVHFULWHULD
ZHGLVWLQJXLVKnew to given enterprise / company; new to specific industry; new
industries / directions to the country; new industries / directions to the world
$FFRUGLQJ WR . &KULVWHQVHQV PRGHO
VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RI QHZ
WHFKQRORJLHV RQ DFWLYLWLHV RI FRPSDQLHV JRHV WKURXJK VR FDOOHG ³disruptive
innovations´ 7KHLU HVVHQFH LV WKDW DV VRRQ DV QHZ WHFKQRORJ\ DSSHDUV LQ WKH
PDUNHW DQG ILQGV WKH EX\HU IRU ZKRP WKH QHZ SURSHUWLHV DUH QHFHVVDU\ WKH
WHFKQRORJ\EHJLQVWRMXVWLI\LWVQDPHYROXPHVRISURGXFWLRQDUHJURZLQJSURPSWO\
DQGDV DUHVXOWWKH QHZWHFKQRORJ\UHSODFHV WKHSUHYLRXVRQH ,WKDVKDSSHQHG WR
VXFK LQQRYDWLRQV DV SKRQHZKLFK UHSODFHG WKH WHOHJUDSK DVWHDPVKLS UHSODFHG
VDLOLQJVKLSVHPDLOLQVWHDGRIWUDGLWLRQDOPDLOHWF³'LVUXSWLYHLQQRYDWLRQV´LQ
ϰ
)RU PRUH GHWDLO VHH $JDUNRY 6$ .X]QHWVRYD ( 6 *U\D]QRYD 0 2 Innovative
management and state innovative policy. 0 $FDGHP\ RI 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFHV SXEOLVKLQJ KRXVH
>5XVVLDQ@
&KULVWHQVHQ &0 The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great
Firms to Fail+DUYDUG%XVLQHVV6FKRRO3UHVV
18
IDFWOHDGWRFKDQJHRIDUDWLRRIYDOXHVLQWKHPDUNHWVLQFHWKHSURGXFWWHFKQRORJ\
H[LVWHGHDUOLHUEHFRPHVQRQFRPSHWLWLYHDQGWKHYDOXHRIWKHPDLQSURSHUWLHVRIROG
WHFKQRORJLHVSURGXFWVLVORVW
7KH *HUPDQ UHVHDUFKHU * 0HQVK KDV SURSRVHG KLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI
LQQRYDWLRQVKHKDVGLVWLQJXLVKHGWKHbasic, improving innovationsZKLFKSURPRWH
IRUPDWLRQRI QHZLQGXVWULHV DQG QHZPDUNHWV DQGWKH pseudo-innovationsZKLFK
LPSURYH WKH SURGXFW RU WHFKQRORJ\ TXDOLW\ RU VOLJKWO\ FKDQJH HOHPHQWV RI
HQJLQHHULQJSURFHVV
7KH 5XVVLDQ VFLHQWLVW <X9<DNRYHWV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR EDVLF LPSURYLQJ DQG
SVHXGRLQQRYDWLRQV KDV VXJJHVWHG WR GLVWLQJXLVK WKH PLFURLQQRYDWLRQV ZKLFK
LPSURYHFHUWDLQ SDUDPHWHUVRIHTXLSPHQWDQGDSSOLHGWHFKQRORJLHVRQWKHEDVLVRI
VPDOOLQYHQWLRQV WKDW FRQWULEXWHVWR PRUH HIIHFWLYHSURGXFWLRQ RI WKHVHPRGHOV RU
WKHLUPRUHHIIHFWLYHXVH
3DUWLFLSDQWVRILQQRYDWLYHSURFHVVDQGIRUPVRIWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQ
)RU WKH G\QDPLF GHYHORSPHQW RI VFLHQWLILF DQG KLJKWHFK EXVLQHVV
SURIHVVLRQDO DSSURDFK WR FUHDWLRQ RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ NQRZOHGJHFDUULHUV
VFLHQWLILF FRPPXQLW\ HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV HQWUHSUHQHXUV DQG WKH VWDWH LV
QHHGHG 7KH ZRUOG V\VWHP RI LQVWLWXWHV RI LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ JRYHUQPHQW
LQVWLWXWLRQV EXVLQHVV DQG VFLHQFH LV EDVHG RQ WKH V\VWHP RI WKH PDQDJHG
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVZKLFKDOORZVLQYHVWPHQWSODQQLQJFKDQQHOLQJIXQGVWRWKHPRVW
VXFFHVVIXOGLUHFWLRQVDQGFUHDWLRQRIHIIHFWLYHSUDFWLFH±RULHQWHGSURJUDPV
6FKHPDWLFDOO\ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLYH SURFHVV SDUWLFLSDQWV FDQ EH
SUHVHQWHGDVIROORZV
ϲ
0HQVFK * Gemischtwirtschaftliche Innovationspraxis: Alternative
Organisationsformen der staatlichen Forschungs- und Technologiepolitik*|WWLQJHQ
ϳ
<DNRYHWV<X9Acceleration of scientific and technical progress: theory and economic
mechanism0RVFRZ(NRQRPLND>5XVVLDQ@
19
,QVWLWXWHVRIWKHVFLHQWLILFVSKHUH
VFLHQWLILFUHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWHV
GHYHORSPHQWDOEXUHDXVHWF
)LQDQFLDODQGHFRQRPLF
LQVWLWXWHV
,QVWLWXWHVRIEXVLQHVV
,QWHUVWDWHLQVWLWXWHVIRUVFLHQWLILFDQGWHFKQLFDOFRRSHUDWLRQ
6WDWHOHJDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQVWLWXWHRISURSHUW\
FRS\ULJKWHWF
6\VWHPRISURIHVVLRQDO
HGXFDWLRQ
6RFLDOLQVWLWXWHV
)LJ,QWHUDFWLRQRILQQRYDWLYHSURFHVVSDUWLFLSDQWV
Triple Helix Model and its transformation
&RQVLGHULQJ UHODWLRQV RI LQQRYDWLYH SURFHVV SDUWLFLSDQWV H[SHUWV PDLQO\
VSHDNDERXWLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQLWVWKUHHPDLQSDUWLFLSDQWV±WKHVWDWHVFLHQFHDQG
LQQRYDWLYH EXVLQHVV $QDO\VLV RI WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQ LV LQ WKH FRUH RI WKH VRFDOOHG
³7ULSOH+HOL[´FRQFHSWWKHPRGHORIVWUDWHJLFLQQRYDWLYHQHWZRUNV
7ULSOH+HOL[PRGHOZDVGHYHORSHGLQ(QJODQGDQG+ROODQGDWWKHEHJLQQLQJ
RI WKH VW FHQWXU\ E\ SURIHVVRU RI 1HZFDVWOH 8QLYHUVLW\ +HQU\ (W]NRZLW] DQG
SURIHVVRU RI $PVWHUGDP 8QLYHUVLW\ /RHW /H\GHVGRUII
7KH 7ULSOH +HOL[
V\PEROL]HV WKH FRRSHUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SRZHU VWDWH EXVLQHVV LQGXVWU\ DQG
XQLYHUVLW\ VFLHQFH ZKLFK DUH FUXFLDO HOHPHQWV RI LQQRYDWLYH V\VWHP RI DQ\
FRXQWU\ 7KH 7ULSOH +HOL[ 0RGHO VWXGLHV KRZ YDULRXV LQVWLWXWHV LQWHUDFW DW HDFK
VWDJHRIDQLQQRYDWLYHSURGXFWFUHDWLRQ$WWKHLQLWLDOVWDJHNQRZOHGJHJHQHUDWLRQ
WKH SRZHU DQG XQLYHUVLW\ LQWHUDFW ZLWK HDFK RWKHU WKHQ GXULQJ D WUDQVIHU RI
WHFKQRORJLHVWKHXQLYHUVLW\FRRSHUDWHVZLWKEXVLQHVVDQGWKHUHVXOWDQLQQRYDWLYH
SURGXFWLVEURXJKWWRWKHPDUNHWMRLQWO\E\WKHSRZHUDQGEXVLQHVV
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH FRQFHSW WKHGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQ LQ WKHV\VWHPRILQQRYDWLYH
GHYHORSPHQWLVKHOGE\ WKH LQVWLWXWHVUHVSRQVLEOH IRU FUHDWLRQRI QHZ NQRZOHGJH
(W]NRZLW] + /H\GHVGRUII/ The Dynamic of Innovations: from National System and
"Mode 2" to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations5HVHDUFK3ROLF\
20
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]