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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
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the medicine complies with quality standards relating to safety and manufacturing, and it provides information about how and when to use it.
But you should be aware that:
• THR products are intended for conditions that can be self-
medicated and don't require medical supervision, such as coughs, colds or
general aches and pains;
• using THR products for more serious conditions could be harmful,
especially if you delay seeking medical advice;
• claims made for THR products are based on traditional usage and
not on evidence of the product's effectiveness;
• a THR mark doesn't mean the product is completely safe for eve-
ryone to take.
You can find THR-registered products in your local health shop,
pharmacy or supermarket.
Risks of buying herbal medicines online or by mail order
The risks of obtaining fake, substandard, unlicensed or contaminated
medicines are increased by buying medicines online or by mail order. Unlicensed herbal medicines manufactured outside the UK may not be subject
to regulation. They may be copies of licensed medicines, but made in unlicensed factories with no quality control. Some websites may appear to be
legitimate, but are fronted by bogus doctors or pharmacists. Herbal products sold online may also contain banned ingredients and toxic substances.
You can find a list of banned and restricted herbal ingredients on the
GOV.UK website. Herbal slimming products and sexual health products, for
example, are best avoided because they have been found to contain dangerous ingredients, including pharmaceutical ingredients, that aren't stated
on the label.
Reporting side effects
You can report any side effect or adverse reaction to a herbal medicine using the Yellow Card Scheme run by the Medicines and Healthcare
products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). This can help the MHRA identify new
side effects or risks associated with medicines, including herbal remedies.
You should report adverse reactions or side effects if:
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• you suspect the side effect or adverse reaction was caused by a
conventional medicine or herbal medicine you were taking;
• the side effect occurs when you're taking more than one medicine
or herbal medicine.
It's important to include as much detail as possible, particularly any
brand name or manufacturer's details relating to the herbal medicine. In
the past, Yellow Card reports have been used to identify interactions between St John's wort and other medicines, and to highlight the use of dangerous substances like mercury, lead and arsenic in unlicensed Ayurvedic
and traditional Chinese medicines.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. Herbal medicines are medicines with active ingredients made from
plant parts, such as leaves, roots or flowers, aren’t they?
2. Does "natural" medicines necessarily mean they're safe for you to
take?
3. Can herbal medicines cause problems if you're taking other medi-
cines?
4. Do they have any side effects?
5. What have you known about herbal medicines and surgery from
the text?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. People with serious health conditions, such as liver or kidney dis-
ease should avoid herbal medicines.
2. Herbal medicines are very useful for people who are going to have
surgery.
3. The abbreviation THA is decoded like Traditional Herbal Registration.
4. Use only THA products when buying a herbal medicine.
5. The risks of obtaining fake, substandard, unlicensed or contaminated medicines are increased by buying medicines through Internet resourses or by mail order.
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Text 19. Antivirals
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 19. Antivirals
Antivirals are medications that help your body fight off certain viruses
that can cause disease. Antiviral drugs are also preventive. They can protect
you from getting viral infections or spreading a virus to others.
What are viruses?
Viruses are tiny (microscopic) infectious agents that grow and multiply
only inside living cells of an organism. Viruses have receptors that allow
them to attach to healthy (host) cells in your body. Once a virus attaches to
and enters a host cell, it can replicate (make copies of itself). The host cell
dies, and the virus infects other healthy cells. Sometimes, viruses remain in
a host cell without replicating or damaging it. The virus is still there (which
means you could be contagious), but you don’t have symptoms. This latent,
or inactive, virus can become active at any time and cause symptoms or be
passed on to others. The way viruses spread depends on the type of virus.
Viruses can spread through: modes of viral spread (differs by type of virus):
• contaminated bodily products like blood, urine, feces (poop),
vomit, ejaculate (semen) and saliva;
• bug bites (transfer of a virus from a bug’s saliva into a person’s
blood) ;
• skin-on-skin contact, including sex.
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How do antiviral medications work?
Antiviral medicines work differently depending on the drug and virus
type. Antivirals can:
• block receptors so viruses can’t bind to and enter healthy cells;
• boost the immune system, helping it fight off a viral infection;
• lower the viral load (amount of active virus) in the body.
What do antivirals treat?
Most viruses clear up without antiviral medications. Healthcare providers prescribe antivirals to treat chronic or life-threatening viral infections,
including:
• coronaviruses like COVID-19;
• ebola;
• flu, including H1N1 (swine flu) ;
• genital herpes;
• hepatitis B and hepatitis C;
• human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Can antivirals cure viral infections?
Antiviral drugs can ease symptoms and shorten how long you are sick
with viral infections like the flu and Ebola. They can rid your body of these
viruses. Viral infections like HIV, hepatitis and herpes are chronic. Antivirals
can’t get rid of the virus, which stays in your body. However, antiviral medicines can make the virus latent (inactive) so that you have few, if any, symptoms. Symptoms that develop while you take antivirals may be less severe
or go away faster.
Can antivirals prevent the spread of viral infections?
Yes, antiviral drugs can keep you from getting certain viral infections
after a suspected or known exposure. For instance, taking specific antivirals:
• During pregnancy lowers the risk of a mother passing HIV to her
newborn (babies also receive antiviral medicine after delivery).
• Daily lowers the risk of giving herpes or HIV to others or getting
HIV from an infected partner.
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• Within 72 hours of a potential HIV exposure can lower the chances
of getting infected.
• Within 48 hours of exposure to the flu virus may keep you from
getting sick.
How do you take antiviral medications?
Most antivirals are oral drugs that you swallow. But you may also receive antiviral medications as: eyedrops, inhaled powder, injection (shot)
into a muscle, IV into a vein, topical (skin) ointments or creams.
How long do you need to take antiviral drugs?
Treatment length varies depending on the antiviral drug and viral infection. You may need one dose of an IV drug or a week of oral medicine.
People who have chronic ailments like HIV may take daily antivirals for life.
This drug regimen keeps the virus from becoming active. It can prevent the
virus from infecting others.
What’s the difference between antibiotics and antivirals?
Antibiotics help the immune system fight off bacterial infections. Bacteria typically reproduce outside of cells, making it easier for medicines to
target them. An antibiotic can usually treat many different types of bacterial
infections. But the drugs do not affect viruses. Each antiviral only works
against a specific virus. Because viruses inside cells are harder to target, antiviral drugs are more challenging to develop. There are more viruses than
antiviral drugs to treat them.
What are the potential side effects of antivirals?
Side effects from antivirals vary depending on the drug type and
strength (dosage). You may experience: cough, dry mouth, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, headaches, insomnia, joint pain or muscle pain, nausea and
vomiting, skin rash.
What is antiviral resistance?
Skipping doses or starting and stopping an antiviral medicine can allow a virus to change/adapt so that the antiviral is no longer effective. This
is antiviral resistance. People who take antivirals for extended periods are
more prone to antiviral resistance.
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Who shouldn’t take antiviral medications?
Antivirals are relatively safe medicines. Children as young as two
weeks, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding individuals, can take certain
antiviral medications. Guidelines for who shouldn’t take antivirals vary depending on the drug. Your healthcare provider can determine whether an
antiviral medicine is safe for you. Antiviral medications can treat certain viruses, putting an end to symptoms. For people with chronic viral infections,
antiviral drugs can stop the virus from multiplying and causing problems.
The medicine also lowers your chances of giving the virus to others. Your
healthcare provider may prescribe an antiviral as a preventive measure if
you have a known viral exposure. Taking antiviral medicines for a long time,
or failing to take them as prescribed, can lead to antiviral resistance.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. Antivirals are medications that help your body fight off certain vi-
ruses causing diseases, aren’t they?
2. What are tiny (microscopic) infectious agents that grow and multi-
ply only inside living cells of an organism?
3. Can viruses spread through bug bites and skin-on-skin contact?
4. Children as young as two weeks, as well as pregnant and breastfeeding individuals take certain antiviral medications without any risks for
their health.
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false.
1. Contaminated bodily products like blood, urine, feces (poop), vomit, ejaculate (semen) and saliva are the sources of viruses.
2. Antivirals can block receptors so viruses can’t bind to and enter
healthy cells.
3. Skipping doses or starting and stopping an antiviral medicine allow
a virus to adapt so that resistant to antivirals appear.
4. Antivirals have serious side effects so patients with muscle problems cannot take those medicines.
5. Antiviral drugs can stop the virus from multiplying and the patient
soon recovers.
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Text 20. Home oxygen therapy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 20. A procedure of oxygen therapy
Home oxygen therapy involves breathing in air that contains more oxygen than normal through a mask or tube connected to a device in your
home.
Who can benefit from home oxygen therapy?
Home oxygen therapy can be useful for people who do not have
enough oxygen in their blood. It can help with conditions such as:
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
• pulmonary fibrosis;
• heart failure;
• severe long-term asthma;
• pulmonary hypertension;
• cystic fibrosis;
• breathing problems caused by a combination of being obese and
having an underlying condition.
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Home oxygen therapy can help with symptoms such as:
• breathlessness;
• feeling tired all the time;
• memory problems;
• coughing.
Getting assessed for home oxygen therapy
Your doctor will refer you to a specialist clinic if they think your symptoms can be helped by home oxygen therapy. To check the amount of oxygen in your blood, you may have a blood test and an oxygen sensor may
be attached to your finger or earlobe (a pulse oximetry test). You may also
be asked to breathe into a device that checks how well your lungs are working. This test is called spirometry.
Using home oxygen therapy
The main ways of using home oxygen therapy are through:
• short tubes placed in your nostrils – this is called a nasal cannula;
• a mask over your nose and mouth.
Some people may need a tube inserted into an opening made in the
front of their neck (a tracheostomy) or a tube placed in their mouth and
down their windpipe.
There are 3 types of devices that can be used to give you oxygen:
• an oxygen concentrator;
• large oxygen cylinders;
• portable cylinders.
An engineer will install the equipment and explain how to use it safely.
Oxygen concentrator machine
An oxygen concentrator is recommended if you need to have oxygen for
most of the day (including when you're asleep). The machine is about the
size of a home printer and plugs into an electrical socket.
Large oxygen cylinders
Oxygen cylinders will probably be prescribed if you only need oxygen for a short time – for example, if you need to relieve sudden periods of
breathlessness.
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Portable oxygen cylinders
It may be possible to use a small, portable oxygen cylinder outside
your home. This is called portable oxygen or ambulatory oxygen.
Most portable oxygen cylinders weigh around 2kg and are small
enough to fit inside a small backpack or shopping trolley. This size cylinder
holds just under 2 hours' worth of oxygen. Portable oxygen cylinders are
not suitable for everyone.
Oxygen suppliers
There are 4 companies in England that provide home oxygen services
for the NHS. Each covers a different geographical area. You can contact
your supplier if you have a question about your device.
Air Liquide:
• 0808 143 9991 for London
• 0808 143 9999 for the South West of England
• Baywater Healthcare: covers the North West of England, Yorkshire
and The Humber, West Midlands and Wales (0800 373 580)
• BOC: covers the East of England, East Midlands and Northern Ire-
land (0800 136 603)
• Dolby Vivisol: covers the North East of England and the South East
of England (0800 917 9840)
Going on holiday
As long as you're well enough to travel and you plan in advance, you
should be able to go on holiday while using oxygen.
Speak to staff at your local clinic as soon as possible if you're thinking
about going on holiday, particularly if you want to go abroad.
They can advise you about what you need to do to stay safe while
you're away.
You will also need travel insurance.
If you're going on holiday in the UK, talk to your oxygen supplier to
see if it's possible for oxygen to be delivered to your destination. Try to
give them as much notice as possible.
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The British Lung Foundation website has more information and advice about going on holiday with a lung condition.
Using oxygen safely
Do:
• install fire alarms and smoke detectors in your home and make
sure they're working;
• tell your local fire brigade that you have oxygen at home;
• keep your device at least 3 metres away from any appliances that
use an open flame, such as a gas cooker or gas fire;
• keep your device at least 1.5 metres away from other electrical
appliances, such as a television, hair dryer or electrical heater.
Don’t:
• do not smoke, or let anyone smoke near you, when using your de-
vice – also smoking will make your oxygen therapy far less effective;
• do not use flammable liquids, such as cleaning fluid, paint thinner
or aerosols when using your device;
• do not use oil-based emollients, such as Vaseline, when using your
device.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. What does home oxygen therapy involve?
2. Can home oxygen therapy be useful for people who do not have
enough oxygen in their blood?
3. Which conditions can be treated by home oxygen therapy?
4. How can you check the amount of oxygen in your blood?
5. What are the main ways of using home oxygen therapy?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. Home oxygen therapy means breathing in air that contains more
oxygen than normal through a mask or tube connected to an apparatus in
your home.
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