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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
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bles (raw red sweet pepper, raw green sweet pepper, Brussels sprouts,
broccoli, sweet potatoes, cauliflower).
Vitamin D can absorb calcium to promote bone growth and maintain
strong bones and teeth. The average adult needs 600 International Units
(IU) of vitamin D each day. Older adults (ages 70 and older) need 800 IU
each day. Most people get some level of vitamin D through exposure to
sunlight. However, using sunscreen will decrease your exposure to vitamin
D.It is also difficult to get enough vitamin D through diet alone because
there are not a lot of food choices rich in vitamin D. In fact, some primary
food sources of vitamin D come from foods that have added vitamin D
(called fortified foods).
The following foods are sources of vitamin D: fatty fish (salmon,
swordfish, canned tuna), fortified milk, fortified orange juice, fortified cereal, fortified yogurt, cheese.
Vitamin E is an antioxidant, which is a nutrient that helps fight damage
to the cells in the body. Adults need 15 milligrams of vitamin E per day.
The following foods are good sources of vitamin E: nuts and seeds
(sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, peanuts, brazil nuts, turnip greens, peanut) butter, spinach, avocado, tomato-based products
(paste), sauce, puree.
Lack of vitamins and its consequencies. Things to consider
Not getting the vitamins and minerals can have serious consequences
for your health. A general lack of nutrients can lead to malnutrition. This is
sometimes easier to recognize and to treat. But lack of even one specific
vitamin or mineral is harder to diagnose and can be dangerous. Some vitamin deficiencies can even be life-threatening. Having too much of some
vitamins in your system can also be dangerous. For example, an overdose
of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause problems with the baby’s development in the womb. For this reason, it is very important to talk your doctor
before you start taking any supplements. This is especially important if you
are pregnant or have health conditions.
The symptoms of vitamin deficiency vary. Some deficiencies have no
symptoms at all. In general, if you have any of these symptoms, you should
contact your doctor:
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• You are losing your hair.
• You feel weak.
• You are often tired, even when you get plenty of sleep.
• You have cracks in the corners of your mouth.
• You have acne-like bumps on your cheeks, upper arms, thighs,
and buttocks.
• Your vision is getting worse, especially at night.
• You have dry eyes.
• You are depressed.
• You are irritable.
• You are having panic attacks.
• You have tingling or numbness in your hands and feet.
• Your gums bleed.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. Micronutrients are the vitamins and minerals found in food that
nourish your body and help keep you healthy, aren’t they?
2. Are they essential to our overall health?
3. Some vitamin deficiencies are life-threatening, aren’t it?
4. Should adults get 700–900 micrograms of Vitamin A per day?
5. Are nuts and seeds (sunflower seeds, almonds, hazelnuts, pine
nuts, peanuts, brazil nuts, turnip greens, peanut) butter, spinach, avocado,
tomato-based products (paste), sauce, puree good sources of vitamin E?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. Vitamin B is associated with vision development and cellular growth
and maintenance.
2. Vitamin D can absorb calcium to promote bone growth and maintain strong bones and teeth.
3. The following foods are sources of vitamin B: fatty fish (salmon,
swordfish, canned tuna), fortified milk, fortified orange juice, fortified cereal, fortified yogurt, cheese.
4. Adults need 15 milligrams of vitamin E per day.
5. A general lack of nutrients can lead to malnutrition.
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Text 4. Dietary supplements:
calcium, potassium and magnesium
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Picture 4. Nutrients and multivitamins rich in calcium, potassium and magnesium
Adult people do not typically get enough of the following nutrients:
calcium, potassium, magnesium, Try to incorporate more of these nutrients
in your daily diet. It’s best to get these nutrients through food, instead of
just taking a multivitamin. This is because it is easier for your body to absorb micronutrients through food. If you are unable to get all the nutrients
you need from food alone, ask your doctor if dietary supplements are right
for you.
Calcium
Your body needs calcium to build strong bones and teeth in childhood and adolescence. As an adult, you need calcium to maintain bone
mass. According to the USDA, the average American adult (eating roughly
2,000 calories per day) should get 1,136 milligrams of calcium each day.
The following foods are good sources of calcium: yogurt, nonfat or
low-fat cheese, low-fat milk or skim milk; fish and seafood such as sardines,
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pink salmon and ocean perch; beans such as soybeans and white beans;
spinach, oatmeal.
Potassium
A diet rich in potassium helps your body maintain a healthy blood
pressure. The USDA recommends that the average American consume
4,044 milligrams of potassium each day.
The following foods are good sources of potassium: potatoes (sweet
potatoes, white potatoes); beans (white beans, soybeans, lima beans, kidney beans), yogurt (nonfat yogurt, low-fat yogurt); milk (skim milk, low-fat
milk); fruit (bananas, peaches, cantaloupe, honeydew melon); fish (halibut,
yellowfin tuna, rockfish, cod; tomato-based products (paste, puree, juice,
sauce).
Magnesium
Magnesium is a nutrient that helps your body produce energy, and
helps your muscles, arteries, and heart work properly. According to the
USDA, the average American adult should get 380 milligrams of magnesium each day.
The following foods are good sources of magnesium: vegetables
(pumpkin, spinach, artichokes, Bran cereal); beans (soybeans, white beans,
black beans, navy beans, great northern beans); Tofu, brown rice; nuts
(brazil nuts, almonds, cashews, peanuts).
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. Do adult people typically get enough nutrients through food and
multivitamins?
2. Why is it best to get nutrients through food instead of just taking a
multivitamin?
3. What nutrient do you need to build strong bones and teeth in
childhood and adolescence?
4. Are yogurt, nonfat or low-fat cheese, low-fat milk or skim milk good
sources of calcium?
5. A diet rich in potassium helps your body maintain a healthy blood
pressure, doesn’t it?
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Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. If you are unable to get all the nutrients you need from food alone,
you should consult a doctor if dietary supplepotatoes (sweet potatoes,
white potatoes); beans (white beans, soybeans, lima beans, kidney beans),
yogurt (nonfat yogurt, low-fat yogurt); milk (skim milk, low-fat milk); fruit
(bananas, peaches, cantaloupe, honeydew melon); fish (halibut, yellowfin
tuna, rockfish, cod; tomato-based products (paste, puree, juice, sauce),
ments are right for you.
2. As an adult, you need potassium to maintain bone mass.
3. Potatoes, beans, yogurt, milk, fruit, and fish are good sources of potassium.
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Text 5. Common Heart Disease Drugs
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Picture 5. Echocardiogram and drugs for heart disease
There are many drugs prescribed for heart disease. It's important for
people with heart disease and those who care for them to understand the
meds, follow the labels, and recognize possible side effects. The ones most
people with heart disease are given by their doctor include:
ACE inhibitors: These widen arteries to lower your blood pressure
and make it easier for your heart to pump blood.
Aldosterone inhibitors. Eplerenone (Inspra) and spironolactone
(Aldactone) are part of a class of medicine called potassium-sparing diuretics. They can ease the swelling and water buildup heart disease can cause.
They help the kidneys send unneeded water and salt from your tissues and
blood into your urine to be released.
These drugs protect your heart by blocking a chemical in your body
called aldosterone that causes salt and fluid buildup. This medicine is for
folks with some types of severe heart failure.
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). These are used to lower
blood pressure for people with heart failure. They help keep your blood
vessels as wide as possible so blood can flow through your body more easily. They also lessen salt and fluid buildup in your body.
Beta-blockers. They block the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine). This
helps your heart work better. These meds also drop production of harmful
substances your body makes in response to heart failure. And they cause your
heart to beat slower and with less force. Those both lower your blood pressure.
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Calcium channel blockers. These treat chest pain (your doctor may
say “angina”) and high blood pressure. They relax blood vessels and increase blood and oxygen to your heart. That eases its workload. They’re
used only when other medicines to lower blood pressure don’t work. Ask
your doctor if one is right for you.
Cholesterol-lowering drugs. Cholesterol helps your body build new
cells, insulate nerves, and make hormones. But inflammation may force
cholesterol to build up in the walls of your arteries. That buildup increases
your chance of having a heart attack or stroke.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. There are many drugs prescribed for heart disease, aren’t they ?
2. Are Eplerenone (Inspra) and spironolactone (Aldactone) a part of a
class of medicine called potassium-sparing diuretics?
3. Do these drugs protect your heart by blocking a chemical in your
body called aldosterone that causes salt and fluid buildup?
4. Are angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)used to lower blood
pressure for people with heart failure?
5. Beta-blockersblock the effects of adrenaline (epinephrine), don’t
they?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. ACE inhibitorswiden arteries to lower your blood pressure and
make it easier for your heart to pump blood.
2. Eplerenone (Inspra) and spironolactone (Aldactone) help
the kidneys send unneeded water and salt from your tissues and blood into
your urine to be released.
3. Cholesterol doesn’t help your body build new cells, insulate nerves,
and make hormones.
4. Calcium channel blockers treat chest pain which is called “angina”
and also treat high blood pressure.
5. Common Heart Disease Drugsprescribed for heart disease and it's
important for people with heart disease and those who care for them to
understand the medications, follow the labels, and recognize possible side
effects.
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Text 6. Sedatives
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Picture 6. Sedative medication tablets and capsules
Common sedatives include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB), opioids and sleep inducing drugs such as zolpidem
(Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta). Sedatives are central nervous system
depressants and vary widely in their potency. They are usually in the form of
a pill or liquid. Though sedatives are used widely for their medicinal properties, abuse of sedatives can result in dependence and addiction. Sedatives are used to treat varying conditions; a few common examples include
anxiety, tension, seizures, panic disorders and sleep disorders. Most sedatives that are used for recreational purposes have been diverted from medical use.
Effects of Sedatives
The effects of sedatives can last anywhere from a couple of hours to
more than a day. Generally, sedatives cause physical depression, muscular
relaxation and sedation; due to the varying types of sedatives, there is a
range of other effects depending on which substance has been taken. Sedatives depress most body functions, so they greatly impact the ability to drive, operate machinery and participate in tasks requiring muscle
coordination. An individual who is under the influence of a sedative, especially if in combination with another drug, should never drive. Here are
some effects of sedatives:
• feeling of relaxation;
• reduced anxiety;
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• lowered inhibitions
• reduced intensity of physical sensations;
• lightheadedness;
• drowsiness;
• slurred speech;
• shallow breathing;
• slowed heart rate;
• muscle incoordination;
• reduced dexterity;
• impaired learning during period the sedative is active;
• interruptions in memory.
Sometimes unexpected paradoxical side effects occur, such as anxiety, nightmares and hostility.
Mixing with Other Substances
Though sedatives should never be mixed with other substances, they
are particularly dangerous when mixed with any other substance that
makes a person drowsy; this includes other sedatives/depressants such as
alcohol, cold medicines, and opiates (Codeine, Heroin). Fatal suppression
of breathing can occur if two sedating substances are mixed. If someone is
difficult to rouse and you suspect they have used sedatives, seek medical
help immediately.
Withdrawal
If an individual has become dependent on a sedative, even if just for a
few months, withdrawal can be severe. The severity of withdrawal increases
as the dose and duration of use increases. A sedative dependent individual
should taper off the drug, as seizures or even death can occur if withdrawal
is too sudden. Other withdrawal symptoms generally include the magnification or recurrence of the original symptoms being treated.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. What do common sedatives include?
2. Sedatives are central nervous system depressants and vary widely
in their potency, aren’t they?
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3. Are they usually in the form of a pill or liquid?
4. Are sedatives used to treat anxiety, tension, seizures, panic disor-
ders and sleep disorders?
5. How long can the effects of sedatives last?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. Sedatives are central nervous system depressants and vary widely
in their potency.
2. Sedatives don’t depress most body functions, so don’t impact the
ability to drive, operate machinery etc.
3. Feeling of relaxation, reduced anxiety, lightheadedness are effects
of sedatives.
4. Sedatives may be mixed with other substances, it is absolutely
dangerous.
5. If an person has become dependent on a sedative, even if just for a
few months, withdrawal can be severe.
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