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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
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• if you have anemia, kidney or liver disease, stomach or peptic ul-
cers, heart disease, high blood pressure, bleeding or clotting problems,
asthma or growth in the nose (nasal polyps).
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. What are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
2. Name the most common NSAIDs which you have known from the
text.
3. What is mechanism drug action of the NSAIDs?
4. Are NSAIDs prescribed in different doses? What does it depend on?
5. Are there any side effects of NSAIDs?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false.
1. NSAIDs are used to treat Pain of rheumatoid arthritis
(RA), osteoarthritis and tendonitis, muscle aches, backaches, dental pain,
bursitis, menstrual cramps.
2. NSAIDs work like corticosteroids (also called steroids), without
many of the side effects of steroids.
3. Generic names/common brand names of NSAIDs are Meclofenamate sodium, Diflunisal, Tolmetin, Ketoprofen, Flurbiprofen.
4. Don’t take diuretics (also known as water pills) with an NSAID, because you may be at greater risk of kidney problems.
5. The symptoms of NSAID allergic reaction include swollen eyes, lips
or tongue, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, chest
pain or tightness.
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Text 24. Beta blockers
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 23. Beta blockers work mainly by slowing down the heart, they do this
by blocking the action of hormones like adrenaline
Beta blockers usually come as tablets
They are prescription-only medicines, which mean they can only be
prescribed by a GP or another suitably qualified healthcare professional.
Commonly used beta blockers include:
• atenolol (also called Tenormin);
• bisoprolol (also called Cardicor or Emcor);
• carvedilol;
• labetalol (also called Trandate);
• metoprolol (also called Betaloc or Lopresor);
• propranolol (also called Inderal or Angilol);
• sotalol.
Uses for beta blockers
Beta blockers may be used to treat:
• angina – chest pain caused by narrowing of the arteries supplying
the heart;
• heart failure – failure of the heart to pump enough blood around
the body;
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• atrial fibrillation – irregular heartbeat;
• heart attack – an emergency where the blood supply to the heart is
suddenly blocked;
• high blood pressure – when other medicines have been tried, or in
addition to other medicines.
Less commonly, beta blockers are used to prevent migraine or treat:
• an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism);
• anxiety;
• tremor;
• glaucoma – as eyedrops.
There are several types of beta blocker, and each one has its own
characteristics. The type prescribed for you will depend on your health
condition.
Beta blockers are not suitable for everyone.
To make sure they are safe for you, tell your doctor before starting a
beta blocker if you have:
• had an allergic reaction to a beta blocker or any other medicine in
the past;
• low blood pressure or a slow heart rate;
• serious blood circulation problems in your limbs (such as Ray-
naud's phenomenon, which may make your fingers and toes tingle or turn
pale or blue);
• metabolic acidosis – when there's too much acid in your blood;
• lung disease or asthma.
Tell your doctor if you're trying to get pregnant, are already pregnant
or breastfeeding. It's important not to stop taking beta blockers without
seeking your doctor's advice. In some cases suddenly stopping the medicine may make your health condition worse.
Cautions with other medicines
There are some medicines that may interfere with the way that beta
blockers, including beta blocker eyedrops, work.
Tell your doctor if you're taking:
• other medicines for high blood pressure - the combination with
beta blockers can sometimes lower your blood pressure too much, this
may make you feel dizzy or faint;
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• other medicines for an irregular heartbeat such as amiodarone or
flecainide;
• other medicines that can lower your blood pressure. These in-
clude some antidepressants, nitrates (for chest pain), baclofen (a muscle relaxant), medicines for an enlarged prostate gland like tamsulosin, or Parkinson's disease medicines such as levodopa;
• medicines for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD);
• medicines for diabetes, particularly insulin – beta blockers may
make it more difficult to recognise the warning signs of low blood sugar;
• medicines to treat nose or sinus congestion, or other cold reme-
dies (including those you can buy in the pharmacy);
• medicines for allergies, such as ephedrine, noradrenaline or
adrenaline;
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs), such
as ibuprofen. These medicines may increase your blood pressure, so it's
best to keep them to a minimum
Side effects of beta blockers
Most people taking beta blockers have either no or very mild side effects that become less troublesome with time. Contact your GP if you're
having symptoms that bother you or last more than a few days.
Side effects commonly reported by people taking beta blockers include:
• feeling tired, dizzy or lightheaded (these can be signs of a slow
heart rate);
• cold fingers or toes (beta blockers may affect the blood supply to
your hands and feet);
• difficulties sleeping or nightmares;
• feeling sick.
It happens rarely, but some people have serious side effects when
taking beta blockers.
Tell a doctor straight away if you have:
• shortness of breath with a cough that gets worse when you exer-
cise (like walking up stairs), swollen ankles or legs, chest pain, or an irregular heartbeat – these are signs of heart problems;
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• shortness of breath, wheezing and tightening of your chest – these
can be signs of lung problems;
• yellow skin or the whites of your eyes turn yellow – these can be
signs of liver problems.
These are not all the side effects of beta blockers. For a full list, see
the leaflet inside your medicine packet. You can report suspected side effects using the Yellow Card Scheme.
Missed or extra doses
Most beta blockers are taken once a day, apart from certain beta
blockers that are used during pregnancy and Sotalol, which is given
2 or 3 times a day.
What if I forget to take it?
If you forget to take a dose of your beta blocker, take it as soon as you
remember, unless it is nearly time for your next dose. In this case, just leave
out the missed dose and take your next dose as normal. Never take
2 doses at the same time. Never take an extra dose to make up for a forgotten one. If you often forget doses, it may help to set an alarm to remind
you. You could also ask your pharmacist for advice on other ways to help
you remember to take your medicine.
What if I take too much?
An overdose of beta blockers can slow down your heart rate and
make it difficult to breathe. It can also cause dizziness and trembling. The
amount of beta blocker that can lead to an overdose varies from person to
person. Call your doctor or go to A&E straight away if you take too much of
your beta blocker.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. Beta blockers work mainly by slowing down the heart, don’t they?
2. What are commonly used beta blockers?
3. Can beta blockers be used to treat angina, heat failure, atrial fibril-
lation, heart attack, high blood pressure
4. Who can take beta blockers?
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?
5. Is it important not to stop taking beta blockers without seeking your
doctor's advice?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. Tell your doctor before starting a beta blocker if you have low
blood pressure or a slow heart rate, serious blood circulation problems in
your limbs such as Raynaud's phenomenon, which may make your fingers
and toes tingle or turn pale or blue.
2. Most beta blockers are taken twice a day.
3. Side effects commonly reported by people taking beta blockers include feeling tired, dizzy or lightheaded, cold fingers or toes, difficulties
sleeping or nightmares, feeling sick.
4. Most people taking beta blockers have either no or very mild side
effects that become less troublesome with time.
5. Never take 2 doses of beta blocker at the same time and also never
take an extra dose to make up for a forgotten one.
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Text 25. Homeopathy
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 24. Homeopathic medicine
Homeopathy is a "treatment" based on the use of highly diluted sub-
stances, which practitioners claim can cause the body to heal itself.
A 2010 House of Commons Science and Technology Committee report on homeopathy said that homeopathic remedies perform no better
than placebos (dummy treatments).
In 2017 NHS England said it would no longer fund homeopathy on
the NHS as the lack of any evidence for its effectiveness did not justify the
cost. This was backed by a High Court judgement in 2018.
What is homeopathy?
Homeopathy is a complementary or alternative medicine. This means
that homeopathy is different from treatments that are part of conventional
Western medicine in important ways.
It's based on a series of ideas developed in the 1790s by a German
doctor called Samuel Hahnemann. A central principle of the "treatment" is
that "like cures like" – that a substance that causes certain symptoms can also help to remove those symptoms.
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A second central principle is based around a process of dilution and
shaking called succussion. Practitioners believe that the more a substance
is diluted in this way, the greater its power to treat symptoms.
Many homeopathic remedies consist of substances that have been diluted many times in water until there's none, or almost none, of the original
substance left.
Homeopathy is used to "treat" an extremely wide range of conditions,
including physical conditions such as asthma and psychological conditions
such as depression.
Is homeopathy available on the NHS?
Homeopathy isn't widely available on the NHS. In 2017, NHS England
recommended that GPs and other prescribers should stop providing it.
This is because they found "no clear or robust evidence to support
the use of homeopathy on the NHS (PDF, 607kb)".
In 2018 a High Court ruling backed NHS England's recommendation
after the British Homeopathic Association (BHA) challenged the decision.
Homeopathy is usually practised privately, and homeopathic remedies are available from pharmacies.
The price for a consultation with a homeopath can vary from around
£30 to £125. Homeopathic tablets or other products usually cost around
£4 to £10.
What should I expect if I try it?
When you first see a homeopath, they'll usually ask you about any
specific health conditions and your general wellbeing, emotional state, lifestyle, and diet.
Based on this, the homeopath will decide on the course of treatment,
which often takes the form of homeopathic remedies given as a pill, capsule or tincture (solution).
Your homeopath may recommend that you attend one or more follow-up appointments so the remedy's effects on your health can be assessed.
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When is it used?
Homeopathy is used for an extremely wide range of health conditions. Many practitioners believe it can help with any condition.
Among the most common conditions that people seek homeopathic
treatment for are:
• asthma;
• ear infections;
• hay fever;
• mental health conditions, such as depression, stress and anxiety;
• allergies, such as food allergies;
• dermatitis (an allergic skin condition);
• arthritis;
• high blood pressure.
There's no good-quality evidence that homeopathy is an effective
treatment for these or any other health conditions.
Some practitioners also claim homeopathy can prevent malaria or
other diseases. There's no evidence to support this, and no scientifically
plausible way that homeopathy can prevent diseases.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), which
advises the NHS on the use of treatments, doesn't recommend using homeopathy in the treatment of any health condition.
What are the regulation issues?
There's no legal regulation of homeopathic practitioners in the UK.
This means that anyone can practise as a homeopath, even if they have no
qualifications or experience.
Voluntary regulation aims to protect patient safety, but it doesn't
mean there's scientific evidence that a treatment is effective.
Is homeopathy safe?
Homeopathic remedies are generally safe, and the risk of a serious
adverse side effect arising from taking these remedies is thought to be
small.
Some homeopathic remedies may contain substances that aren't safe
or interfere with the action of other medicines.
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You should talk to your GP before stopping any treatment prescribed
by a doctor, or avoiding procedures such as vaccination, in favour of homeopathy.
The evidence on the effects of homeopathy
There have been several reviews of the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of homeopathy. In 2010 the House of Commons Science and
Technology Committee said there's no evidence that homeopathy is effective as a treatment for any health condition. There's no evidence behind the
idea that substances that cause certain symptoms can also help treat them.
Nor is there any evidence behind the idea that diluting and shaking
substances in water can turn those substances into medicines.
The ideas that underpin homeopathy aren't accepted by mainstream
science, and aren't consistent with long-accepted principles on the way the
physical world works. The Committee's 2010 report on homeopathy said
the "like cures like" principle is "theoretically weak", and that this is the "settled view of medical science".
For example, many homeopathic remedies are diluted to such an extent that it's unlikely there's a single molecule of the original substance remaining in the final remedy. In cases like these, homeopathic remedies
consist of nothing but water.
Some homeopaths believe that, as a result of the succussion process,
the original substance leaves an "imprint" of itself on the water. But there's
no known mechanism by which this can occur.
The 2010 report said: "We consider the notion that ultra-dilutions can
maintain an imprint of substances previously dissolved in them to be scientifically implausible." Some people who use homeopathy may see an improvement in their health condition as the result of a phenomenon known
as the placebo effect.
If you choose health treatments that provide only a placebo effect,
you may miss out on other treatments that have been proven to be more
effective.
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