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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
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Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. Are antifungal medicines used to treat fungal infections, which
most commonly affect your skin, hair and nails?
2. What fungal infections are commonly treated with antifungals?
3. What should you speak to a pharmacist or GP about before taking
antifungal medicines?
4. Can antifungal medicines cause allergic reactions?
5. Should you stop using the medicine if you have severe side effects?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. People with a weakened immune system are at risk of getting such
serious fungal infections like aspergillosis and fungal meningitis.
2.You can get antifungal medicines in the following medical forms -a
cream, a capsule and injections.
3. It is not necessary to consult pharmacist or GP if you think you have
a fungal infection. You can cope yourself in most cases.
4. Common names for antifungal medicines include: clotrimazole
(Canesten), econazole, miconazole, terbinafine (Lamisil), fluconazole
(Diflucan), ketoconazole
(Daktarin), nystatin (Nystan).
5. Antifungal medicines work by killing the fungus or preventing the
fungus from growing.
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Text 10. Antihistamines
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 10. Antihistamines in different medication forms
Antihistamines are medicines often used to relieve symptoms of allergies,
such as hay fever, hives, conjunctivitis and reactions to insect bites or stings.
They're also sometimes used to prevent motion sickness and as a
short-term treatment for insomnia. Most antihistamines can be bought from
pharmacies and shops, but some are only available on prescription.
Types of antihistamine
There are many types of antihistamine.
They're usually divided into 2 main groups:antihistamines that make
you feel sleepy – such as chlorphenamine (Piriton), cinnarizine, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine and promethazine; non-drowsy antihistamines that
are less likely to make you feel sleepy – such as acrivastine, cetirizine, fexofenadine and loratadine
.
They also come in several different forms – including tablets, capsules,
liquids, syrups, creams, lotions, gels, eyedrops and nasal sprays.
Which type is best?
There's not much evidence to suggest any particular antihistamine is
better than any other at relieving allergy symptoms. Some people
find certain types work well for them and others do not. You may need to
try several types to find one that works for you. Non-drowsy antihistamines
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are generally the best option, as they're less likely to make you feel sleepy.
But types that make you feel sleepy may be better if your symptoms stop
you sleeping. Ask a pharmacist for advice if you're unsure which medicine
to try as not all antihistamines are suitable for everyone.
How to take antihistamines
Take your medicine as advised by the pharmacist or doctor, or as described in the leaflet that comes with it. Before taking an antihistamine, you
should know:
• how to take it – including whether it needs to be taken with water
or food, or how to use it correctly (if eyedrops or a nasal spray);
• how much to take (the dose) – this can vary depending on things
such as your age and weight;
• when to take it – including how many times a day you can take it
and when to take it (some types should be taken before bedtime);
• how long to take it for – some types can be used for a long time,
but some are only recommended for a few days;
• what to do if you miss a dose or take too much (overdose).
The advice varies depending on the exact medicine you're taking. If
you're not sure how to take your medicine, ask a pharmacist.
Side effects of antihistamines.
Like all medicines, antihistamines can cause side effects.
Side effects of antihistamines that make you drowsy can include:
• sleepiness (drowsiness) and reduced co-ordination, reaction
speed and judgement – do not drive or use machinery after taking these
antihistamines;
• dry mouth;
• blurred vision;
• difficulty peeing;
Side effects of non-drowsy antihistamines can include:
• headache;
• dry mouth;
• feeling sick;
• drowsiness – although this is less common than with older types of
antihistamines.
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Check the leaflet that comes with your medicine for a full list of possible side effects and advice about when to get medical help.
Taking antihistamines with other medicines, food or alcohol
Speak to a pharmacist or GP before taking antihistamines if you're already taking other medicines. There may be a risk the medicines do not
mix, which could stop either from working properly or increase the risk of
side effects.
Examples of medicines that could cause problems if taken with antihistamines include some types of:
• antidepressants;
• stomach ulcer or indigestion medicines;
• cough and cold remedies that also contain an antihistamine.
Try not to drink alcohol while taking an antihistamine, particularly if it's
a type that makes you drowsy, as it can increase the chances of it making
you feel sleepy. Food and other drinks do not affect most antihistamines,
but check the leaflet that comes with your medicine to make sure. Most
people can safely take antihistamines.
But speak to a pharmacist or GP for advice if you:
• are pregnant or breastfeeding;
• are looking for a medicine for a young child;
• are taking other medicines;
• have an underlying health condition, such as heart disease, liver
disease, kidney disease or epilepsy.
Some antihistamines may not be suitable in these cases. A pharmacist
or doctor can recommend one that's best for you. Loratadine is usually recommended if you need to take an antihistamine in pregnancy. Loratadine
or cetirizine are usually OK to take while breastfeeding. Always check the
leaflet that comes with your medicine to see if it's safe for you before taking
it or giving it to your child.
How antihistamines work
Antihistamines block the effects of a substance called histamine in
your body.
Histamine is normally released when your body detects something
harmful, such as an infection. It causes blood vessels to expand and the skin
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to swell, which helps protect the body. But in people with allergies, the
body mistakes something harmless – such as pollen, animal hair or house
dust – for a threat and produces histamine. The histamine causes an allergic
reaction with unpleasant symptoms including itchy, watering eyes, a running or blocked nose, sneezing and skin rashes. Antihistamines help stop
this happening if you take them before you come into contact with the substance you're allergic to. Or they can reduce the severity of symptoms if you
take them afterwards.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. What areantihistamines?
2. Can most antihistamines be bought from pharmacies and shops?
are only available on prescription.
3. Are they only available on prescription?
4. Do antihistamines come in several different forms – including tablets, capsules, liquids, syrups, creams, lotions, gels, eyedrops and
nasal sprays?
5. Are there any risks of mixingantihistamines with other medicines?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. Antidepressants are medicines often used to relieve symptoms of
allergies, such as hay fever, hives, conjunctivitis and reactions to insect bites
or stings.
2. Antihistamines usually divided into 2 main groups:antihistamines
that make you feel and non-drowsy antihistamines that are less likely to
make you feel sleepy.
3. Before taking the medicine from this group, you should knowhow
to take it (form of the medication), how much to take (the dose of the medication), when to take it, how long to take it for, what to do if you miss a dose
or take too much.
4. Sleepiness (drowsiness) and reduced co-ordination, reaction speed
and judgment are the side effects of antihistamines.
5. Antihistamines block the effects of a substance called histamine in
your body.
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Text 11. Antidepressants
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 11. Antidepressants improves the quality of life
Antidepressants are a type of medicine used to treat clinical depres-
sion.
They can also be used to treat a number of other conditions, including:
• obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD);
• generalised anxiety disorder;
• post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Antidepressants are also sometimes used to treat people with long-
term (chronic) pain.
How antidepressants work
It's not known exactly how antidepressants work. It's thought they
work by increasing levels of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters.
Certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and noradrenaline, are linked
to mood and emotion. Neurotransmitters may also affect pain signals sent
by nerves, which may explain why some antidepressants can help relieve
long-term pain. While antidepressants can treat the symptoms of depression, they do not always address its causes. This is why they're usually used
in combination with therapy to treat more severe depression or other mental health conditions.
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How effective are antidepressants?
Research suggests that antidepressants can be helpful for people with
moderate or severe depression. They're not usually recommended for mild
depression, unless other treatments like talking therapy have not helped.
Doses and duration of treatment
Antidepressants are usually taken in tablet form. When they're prescribed, you'll start on the lowest possible dose thought necessary to improve your symptoms.
Antidepressants usually need to be taken for 1 or 2 weeks (without
missing a dose) before the benefit starts to be felt. It's important not to stop
taking them if you get some mild side effects early on, as these effects usually wear off quickly. If you take an antidepressant for 4 weeks without feeling any benefit, speak to your GP or mental health specialist. They may recommend increasing your dose or trying a different medicine. A course of
treatment usually lasts for at least 6 months after you start to feel better.
Some people with recurrent depression may be advised to take them indefinitely. Read more about antidepressant dosages.
Side effects
Different antidepressants can have a range of different side effects.
Always check the information leaflet that comes with your medicine to see
what the possible side effects are. The most common side effects of antidepressants are usually mild. Side effects should improve within a few days
or weeks of treatment, as the body gets used to the medicine. Read more
about possible side effects of antidepressants and cautions and interactions of antidepressants
Coming off antidepressants
Talk to your doctor before you stop taking antidepressants. It's important that you do not stop taking antidepressants suddenly. Once you're
ready to come off antidepressants, your doctor will probably recommend
reducing your dose gradually over several weeks – or longer, if you have
been taking them for a long time. This is to help prevent any withdrawal
37
symptoms you might get as a reaction to coming off the medicine. Read
more about stopping or coming off antidepressants.
There are several different types of antidepressants.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SSRIs are the most widely prescribed type of antidepressants. They're
usually preferred over other antidepressants, as they cause fewer side effects. An overdose is also less likely to be serious. Fluoxetine is probably
the best known SSRI (sold under the brand name Prozac). Other SSRIs include citalopram (Cipramil), escitalopram (Cipralex), paroxetine (Seroxat)
and sertraline (Lustral).
Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
SNRIs are similar to SSRIs. They were designed to be a more effective
antidepressant than SSRIs. However, the evidence that SNRIs are more effective in treating depression is uncertain. It seems that some people respond better to SSRIs, while others respond better to SNRIs. Examples of
SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta and Yentreve) and venlafaxine (Efexor).
Noradrenaline and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NASSAs)
NASSAs may be effective for some people who are unable to take
SSRIs. The side effects of NASSAs are similar to those of SSRIs, but they're
thought to cause fewer sexual problems. However, they may also cause
more drowsiness at first.
The main NASSA prescribed in the UK is mirtazapine (Zispin).
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
TCAs are an older type of antidepressant. They're no longer usually
recommended as the first treatment for depression because they can be
more dangerous if an overdose is taken. They also cause more unpleasant
side effects than SSRIs and SNRIs. Exceptions are sometimes made for people with severe depression that fail to respond to other treatments. TCAs
may also be recommended for other mental health conditions, such as OCD
and bipolar disorder. Examples of TCAs include amitriptyline, clomipramine,
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dosulepin, imipramine, lofepramine and nortriptyline. Some types of TCAs,
such as amitriptyline, can also be used to treat chronic nerve pain.
Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)
SARIs are not usually the first choice of antidepressant, but they may
be prescribed if other antidepressants have not worked or have caused
side effects. The main SARI prescribed in the UK is trazodone (Molipaxin).
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
MAOIs are an older type of antidepressant that are rarely used nowadays. They can cause potentially serious side effects so should only be prescribed by a specialist doctor. Examples of MAOIs include tranylcypromine,
phenelzine and isocarboxazid.
Other treatments for depression
Other treatments for depression include talking therapies such
as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). People with moderate to severe
depression are usually treated using a combination of antidepressants and
CBT. Antidepressants work quickly in reducing symptoms, whereas CBT
takes time to deal with causes of depression and ways of overcoming it.
Regular exercise has also been shown to be useful for those with mild depression.
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. Antidepressants are a type of medicine used to treat clinical de-
pression, aren’t they?
2. Can they be used to treatobsessive compulsive disorder (OCD),
generalised anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
3. Do antidepressants work by increasing levels of chemicals in the
brain called neurotransmitters?
sants?
4. Are antidepressants are usually taken in tablet form?
5. Should you talk to your doctor before you stop taking antidepres-
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Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false.
1. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most widely
prescribed type of antidepressants.
2. NASSAs (Noradrenaline and specific serotonergic antidepressants)
may be effective for some people who are unable to take SSRIs (Selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitors).
3. Some types of NASSAs, such as amitriptyline, can also be used to
treat chronic nerve pain.
4. MAOIs (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors) are an older type of antidepressant that are rarely used nowadaysbecause they have serious side effects and should only be prescribed by a specialist doctor.
5. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)include talking therapies and
widely used in treating depression.
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