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Файл:Перевод медицинского текста. Учебное пособие для подготовки к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
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Text 12. Antacids
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Picture 12. Antacids in different medical forms
Antacids are medicines that counteract (neutralise) the acid in your
stomach to relieve indigestion and heartburn.
They come as liquid or chewable tablets and can be bought from
pharmacies and shops without a prescription.
Antacids may help if you have
• indigestion;
• heartburn or acid reflux – also known as gastro-oesophageal reflux
disease (GORD);
• a stomach ulcer;
• gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining).
They can quickly relieve your symptoms for a few hours. But they do
not treat the underlying cause and long-term use is not recommended.
Speak to a GP if you find you need to take antacids regularly.
Types of antacids
Many different types of antacid are available. Some are sold under a
brand name and others are named after their main ingredient. Brands include Gaviscon (alginic acid) and Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate).
Ingredients to look for include:
• aluminium hydroxide;
• magnesium carbonate;
• magnesium trisilicate;
41
• magnesium hydroxide;
• calcium carbonate;
• sodium bicarbonate.
Some antacids also contain other medicines, such as an alginate
(which coats your gullet with a protective layer) and simeticone (which reduces flatulence).
How and when to take antacids
Check the instructions on the packet or leaflet to see how much antacid to take and how often. This depends on the exact medicine you're taking.
Antacids should be used when you have symptoms or think you will
get them soon – for most people, the best time to take them is with or soon
after meals, and just before going to bed.
Remember that doses for children may be lower than for adults.
Contact a GP or pharmacist, or call NHS 111, if you take too much of
the medicine and start to feel unwell.
Taking antacids with food, alcohol and other medicines
It's best to take antacids with food or soon after eating because this is
when you're most likely to get indigestion or heartburn.
The effect of the medicine may also last longer if taken with food.
Antacids can affect how well other medicines work, so do not take
other medicines within 2 to 4 hours of taking an antacid.
You can drink alcohol while taking antacids, but alcohol can irritate
your stomach and make your symptoms worse.
Side effects of antacids
Antacids do not usually have many side effects if they're only taken
occasionally and at the recommended dose.
But sometimes they can cause:
• diarrhoea or constipation;
• flatulence (wind);
• stomach cramps;
• feeling sick or vomiting.
These should pass once you stop taking the medicine.
Speak to a pharmacist or a GP if side effects do not improve or are
troublesome. You may need to switch to another medicine.
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Antacids are safe for most people to take, but they're not suitable for
everyone
Speak to a pharmacist or a GP for advice first if you:
• are pregnant or breastfeeding – most antacids are considered safe
to take while pregnant or breastfeeding, but always get advice first
• are looking for a medicine for a child under 12 years of age – some
antacids are not recommended for children
• have liver disease, kidney disease or heart failure – some antacids
may not be safe if you have one of these problems
• have an illness that means you need to control how much salt (so-
;
;
;
dium) is in your diet, such as high blood pressure or cirrhosis – some antacids contain high levels of sodium, which could make you unwell
• are taking other medicines – antacids can interfere with other med-
;
icines and may need be avoided or taken at a different time.
Task 1. Answer the following questions.
1. How do we name medicines that counteract (neutralise) the acid in
your stomach to relieve indigestion and heartburn?
2. When are antacids used?
3. What are common types of antacids?
4. Can you take antacids with food, alcohol and other medicines?
5. Are there any side effects of antacids?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is
true or false
1. Antacids may help if you haveindigestion, heartburn or acid reflux,
a stomach ulcer.
2. Antacids can quickly relieve your symptoms for a few hours but
they do not treat the underlying cause and you shouldn’t take them for a
long time.
3. Most antacids are considered safe to take while pregnant or breastfeeding, but always consult a doctor .
4. You can drink alcohol while taking antacids, it is not harmful for
your stomach.
5. Antacids don’t have any side effects.
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Text 13. Bronchodilators
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Picture 13. Normal and inflamed bronchial tubes and inhalator
Bronchodilators are a type of medication that make breathing easier
by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and widening the airways (bronchi).
They're often used to treat long-term conditions where the air-
ways may become narrow and inflamed, such as:
• asthma, a common lung condition caused by inflammation of the
airways
;
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of lung
conditions, usually caused by smoking, that make breathing difficult.
Bronchodilators may be either:
• short-acting – used as short-term relief from sudden, unexpected
attacks of breathlessness
• long-acting – used regularly to help control breathlessness in
;
asthma and COPD, and increase the effectiveness of corticosteroids in
asthma.
Bronchodilators and corticosteroids
Inhaled corticosteroids are the main treatment to reduce inflammation and prevent flare-ups in asthma. But some people may also benefit
from taking bronchodilators to keep the airways open and enhance the effects of corticosteroids. Long-acting bronchodilators should never be taken
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without corticosteroids. In COPD initial treatment is with short- or longacting bronchodilators, with corticosteroids added in some severe cases.
Treatment with corticosteroids and bronchodilators may require the use of
separate inhalers, but increasingly these medications are provided together in single inhalers.
Types of bronchodilators
The 3 most widely used bronchodilators are:
• beta-2 agonists, such as salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol and vi-
lanterol
glycopyrronium
;
• anticholinergics, such as ipratropium, tiotropium, aclidinium and
;
• theophylline.
Beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics are available in both short-acting
and long-acting forms, whereas theophylline is only available in a longacting form.
Beta-2 agonists
Beta-2 agonists are used for both asthma and COPD, although some
types are only available for COPD. They're usually inhaled using a small
handheld inhaler, but may also be available as tablets or syrup. For sudden,
severe symptoms, they can also be injected or nebulised. A nebuliser is a
compressor that turns liquid medication into a fine mist, allowing a large dose
of the medicine to be inhaled through a mouthpiece or face mask.Beta-2 agonists work by stimulating receptors called beta-2 receptors in the muscles
that line the airways, which causes them to relax and allows the airways to
widen (dilate).They should be used with caution in people with:
• an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) – a condition that occurs
when there's too much thyroid hormone in the body
• cardiovascular disease – conditions that affect the heart or blood
vessels
;
• an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia);
• high blood pressure (hypertension);
• diabetes – a lifelong condition that causes a person's blood sugar
;
level to become too high.
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In rare cases, beta-2 agonists can make some of the symptoms and
possible complications of these conditions worse.
Anticholinergics
Anticholinergics (also known as antimuscarinics) are mainly used to
treat COPD, but a few can also be used for asthma.They're usually taken using an inhaler, but may be nebulised. Anticholinergics (also known as antimuscarinics) to treat sudden and severe symptoms.Anticholinergics cause
the airways to widen by blocking the cholinergic nerves.These nerves release chemicals that can cause the muscles lining the airways to tighten.
They should be used with caution in people with:
• benign prostate enlargement – where the prostate gland becomes
enlarged, which can affect how you pee
• a bladder outflow obstruction – any condition that affects the flow
of urine out of the bladder, such as bladder stones or prostate cancer
• glaucoma – a build-up of pressure in the eye.
;
;
If you have benign prostate enlargement or a bladder outflow obstruction, anticholinergics can cause problems, such as difficulty peeing
and not being able to empty your bladder fully. Glaucoma can get worse
if anticholinergic medication unintentionally gets into the eyes.
Theophylline
Theophylline is usually taken in tablet or capsule form, but a different
version called aminophylline can be given directly into a vein (intravenously) if your symptoms are severe. It's unclear exactly how theophylline works,
but it seems to reduce any inflammation (swelling) in the airways, in addition to relaxing the muscles lining them. The effect of theophylline is weaker than other bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It's also more likely to
cause side effects, so is often only used alongside these medicines if
they're not effective enough.
Theophylline should be used with caution in people with:
• an overactive thyroid;
• cardiovascular disease;
• liver problems, such as liver disease;
• high blood pressure;
46
• open sores that develop on the stomach lining (stomach ulcers)
• a condition that affects the brain and causes repeated fits (sei-
zures) (epilepsy).
Theophylline may make these conditions worse. In people with liver
problems, it can sometimes lead to a dangerous build-up of medication in
the body. Other medicines can also cause an abnormal build-up of theophylline in the body. This should always be checked by your doctor. Elderly
people may also need additional monitoring while taking theophylline.
Side effects
The side effects of bronchodilators can vary, depending on the specific medication you're taking. Make sure you read the leaflet that comes with
your medication to see what the specific side effects are.
General side effects of bronchodilators include:
• trembling, particularly in the hands;
• headaches;
• a dry mouth;
• suddenly noticeable heartbeats (palpitations);
• muscle cramps;
• a cough;
• nausea and vomiting;
• diarrhoea.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
In most cases, bronchodilators should be taken as normal while pregnant or breastfeeding. But speak to your GP if you regularly use bronchodilators and you're considering having a baby or think you might be pregnant.
Pregnancy may affect your asthma, so it is important to continue taking your
medication and have it monitored regularly to make sure the condition is
controlled. Find out more about taking medication during pregnancy.
Interactions with other medicines
Bronchodilators may interact with other medicines, which could affect the
way they work or increase your risk of side effects. Some of the medicines
that can interact with bronchodilators (particularly theophylline) include:
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• some diuretics, a type of medication that helps remove fluid from
the body
(MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
as a short-term treatment for anxiety or sleeping problems (insomnia)
disorder
;
• some antidepressants, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors
;
• digoxin, a medication used to treat arrhythmias;
• benzodiazepines, a type of sedative that may sometimes be used
;
• lithium, a medication used to treat severe depression and bipolar
;
• quinolones, a type of antibiotic medication.
This is not a complete list of all the medications that can interact with bronchodilators, and not all of these interactions apply to each type of bronchodilator.Always carefully read the patient information leaflet that comes with your
medication. You may be able to find a specific leaflet on the medicines A to Z
on the MHRA website. If in doubt, speak to a pharmacist or GP.
Task 1. Answer the following questions
1. What are bronchodilators?
2. Are inhaled corticosteroids the main treatment to reduce inflamma-
tion and prevent flare-ups in asthma?
3. Do beta-2 agonists include salbutamol, salmeterol, formoterol and
vilanterol?
4. What is another name for anticholinergics?
5. Are they mainly used to treat COPD and asthma?
Task 2. Read and translate the following statement and say if it is true
or false
1. There are short-acting and long-actingbronchodilators.
2. Inhaled corticosteroids are the main treatment to reduce inflamma-
tion and prevent flare-ups in asthma.
3. Theophylline is usually taken in tablets or capsules, but can be given
directly into a vein (intravenously).
4. The side effects of bronchodilators can vary, depending on the spe-
cific medication you are taking.
5. Trembling, a dry mouth, heartbeats (palpitations), muscle cramps,
a cough, a cough are the side effects of bronchodilators.
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Text 14. Steroids
Read and translate. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Steroids, also called corticosteroids, are anti-inflammatory medicines
used to treat a range of conditions.
They're different from anabolic steroids, which are often used illegally
by some people to increase their muscle mass.
Types of steroids
Steroids come in many different forms.
The main types are:
• tablets, syrups and liquids – such as prednisolone;
• inhalers – such as beclometasone and fluticasone;
• nasal sprays – such as beclometasone and fluticasone;
• injections (given into joints, muscles or blood vessels) – such as
methylprednisolone;
• creams, lotions and gels – such as hydrocortisone skin cream.
Most steroids are only available on prescription, but a few (such as
some creams or nasal sprays) can be bought from pharmacies and shops.
Side effects of steroids
Steroids do not tend to cause significant side effects if they are taken
for a short time or at a low dose. But sometimes they can cause unpleasant
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side effects, such as an increased appetite, mood changes and difficulty
sleeping. This is most common with steroid tablets. The side effects will
usually pass once you finish the treatment, but do not stop taking your
medicine without speaking to your doctor. Stopping a prescribed course of
medicine can cause further unpleasant side effects (withdrawal symptoms).
You can get to know more about:
• side effects of steroid tablets;
• side effects of steroid inhalers;
• side effects of steroid nasal sprays;
• side effects of steroid injections;
• side effects of steroid creams.
Uses for steroids
Steroids can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including:
• asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD);
• hay fever;
• hives and eczema;
• painful joints or muscles – such as arthritis, tennis elbow and frozen
shoulder;
• pain caused by an irritated or trapped nerve – such as sciatica;
• inflammatory bowel disease – such as Crohn's disease;
• lupus;
• multiple sclerosis (MS).
How steroids work
Steroids are a man-made version of hormones normally produced by
the adrenal glands which are 2 small glands found above the kidneys.
When taken in doses higher than the amount your body normally produces, steroids reduce redness and swelling (inflammation). This can help with
inflammatory conditions such as asthma and eczema.
Steroids also reduce the activity of the immune system, which is the
body's natural defence against illness and infection. This can help treat autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, which are
caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body.
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