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71
parades and fireworks. It was on 4th July, 1776 that Congress approved the
Declaration of Independence. It was a good start. However, the struggle continued for
another seven years after this, with some of the most brutal fighting in the whole war,
as King George III was not willing to grant America total independence, which was
the only arrangement that the American leaders would accept. So the fighting
continued. The first draft of a Treaty of Peace was signed in November 1782 and in
February 1783 the King officially announced that the war would soon be over. This
led to the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3rd September that same year.
Think about the discovery of America. What's the first name that comes to
mind? More than likely it's Christopher Columbus. Was America really discovered
by him? He had set out to reach Asia and that's where he thought he was when he
came to America. But there were many people there before him. The first ones were
certainly the Native Americans, thousands of years before 1492. Where had they
come from? Even the Vikings had made a number of expeditions, with Leif Eriksson
landing there in around 1000 AD. Perhaps Amerigo Vespucci was the discoverer of
America. After all, unlike Columbus before him, he was the first fifteenth-century
explorer to realise where he was, or rather, where he definitely wasn't. So, maybe the
word "re-discover" is more accurate when it comes to Columbus, if history is to give
him any credit at all.
Everyone believes such historical "facts" because, like you, they got them from
what they thought was a reliable source. But how can such things be written down in
the first place? One of the reasons must be that history is seldom "cut and dried".
The events are often complicated and messy. The achieving of American
independence was a lengthy affair. Presumably 4th July was chosen as the date to
celebrate because it was seen as more significant than the date of the actual end of the
war. Another reason is that such myths always contain a grain of truth. Columbus
was not the first person to travel to America, but he was the first fifteenth-century
explorer to go there. His "re-discovery" was, from a historical point of view,
extremely significant for Europe since his voyages opened up large-scale commerce
between Europe and America.
History has traditionally been written by the winners. If the conquered
indigenous peoples had written the history of the discovery of the New World, it
would most probably have been very different, but not necessarily objective: the
point of view of the conquered can be just as biased as the point of view of the
conqueror. But that is not the whole story. The writing of history depends not only on
the "side" the writer is on, but also on the culture and attitudes of the era it is written
in.
History is always subjective. So, remember: when you read history, take it
with a pinch of salt.
8c. What happened on these dates?
1776, 1782, 1783, 1492, 1000 AD, 3rd September, 15th century
72
8d. Replace the highlighted parts of the text with words and phrases from
the list below.
straightforward, occurs to you, in fact, tend to, have a critical attitude, did not
want to, acknowledge his contribution, some truth, very likely.
Speaking
9. In pairs, discuss the following questions.
a Do you like reading history? Why (not)? Do you think it is important to know
what happened in the past? Why (not)?
b Is there a country or civilisation whose history you find particularly
interesting, exciting and rewarding to read? Discuss in pairs and give some examples.
Writing
• Study the following information.
A discursive essay should discuss a subject as broadly as possible without
losing direction or flow. You should state various viewpoints and discuss them,
including opposite opinions. Each viewpoint should start a new paragraph. Each
paragraph should include a topic sentence, personal opinion and an opposite opinion.
The paragraphs and the opposite view-points within the paragraphs should be linked
together with appropriate linking words. Some of the following aspects should be
included: psychological, religious, scientific, artistic, economic, educational,
social, political, moral, historical, geographical, personal.
Paragraph Plan for Discursive Essays
Introduction: Make a
general statement about
the topic explaining the
past/ current situation
Main Body: Write various
points of view in separate
paragraphs. In each
paragraph you should
include the opposite point of
view.
Conclusion:
End by giving
your own
opinion on the
subject
10. “History is always subjective.” Explain in your own words what the
writer means. Give examples from the text to support your answer. Do you
agree with the writer? Think of any other aspects about history and give your
own examples. Write a discursive essay on the topic.
73
Just for fun
A girl: Why is history the sweetest lesson?
A boy: Because it’s full of dates.
74
SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Text 1
The History and Law Department
• Read the text and find out the missing information:
The History and Law Department was founded in October 19....... There are
four chairs at the faculty: the chair of General History, the chair of ..............., the
chair of theory and Methods of Teaching History, Social Science and Law, and the
chair of ....... There are also full-time and extra-mural departments at this faculty.
The teaching staff of this faculty include about ........ Doctors of Science and
about ....... Candidates of Science. Many of them are graduates of our university.
Since the faculty was founded it has prepared thousands of teachers of History
and Law. Nowadays it also prepares teachers of History and ..............., teachers of
History and ......... After its graduation the students obtain a degree of .............. of
Social-Economical Education. Then the students are offered courses leading to
Master’s degree, Candidate of Science and ........... of Science.
Text 2
OXBRIDGE
• Read the text and mark the sentences below as T (true) or F (false).
1. Oxford and Cambridge Universities are in London.....
2. Oxford University is older than Cambridge University.....
3. Oxford and Cambridge Universities are well known because they are the
oldest universities in England....
4. There are 2 terms in the academic year.....
5. No re-examinations are usually allowed....
6. The teaching is based on the tutorial system....
7. Attendance at lectures is obligatory....
8. Once every month each undergraduate goes to his tutor's room to read out an
essay which he has written and discuss this essay with the tutor....
9. There are no traditions at the universities....
10. Football and polo are favourite sports at the Universities....
11. All students live in the colleges....
12. The doors of these Universities are open to all....
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Oxford is a beautiful town on the River
Thames about fifty miles from London. Some
people say it is more beautiful than any other
city in England. As for Cambridge, it is
named after the river Cam, that flows through
the place and is just two hours from London.
Oxford is old and historical. It has
existed since 912. The university was
established in 1249. The story of Cambridge
University begins when several hundred
students and scholars arrived in Cambridge
from Oxford.
Oxford and Cambridge Universities are
well known at present not only because they
are the oldest universities in England but also
because the standard of teaching there is very high. Oxford and Cambridge consist of
largely self-governing colleges. For example, Oxford University consists of 32
colleges — 27 colleges for men and 5 colleges for women.
The term of studies lasts for 10 weeks. There are 3 terms in the academic year.
The progress of the students is tested by the college examinations. Terminal
examinations are held at the end of the autumn, spring and summer. Only two reexaminations are usually allowed.
The teaching is based on the tutorial system as well as lectures. Each student
has a tutor who plans his work and keeps it under the control.
Within the first week the freshman meets his tutor who tells the student about
his plans, the lectures which he must take, about the requirements for the examination
which he will take, about the course of reading for him. Attendance at lectures is not
compulsory. Once every week each undergraduate goes to his tutor's room to read out
an essay which he has written and discuss this essay with the tutor.
The students keep to some of the old traditions of the universities. Academic
dress – cap and gown- is worn not only by professors and lecturers but also by the
students.
They pay great attention to athletics at the Universities. The students are
engaged in different kinds of sports, take part in competitions between Oxford and
Cambridge Universities.
This is how a student spends his day. His working hours are from 9 to 1. At 9
o'clock he sees his tutor or goes to the library, or attends lectures. From 2 to 5 he is
engaged in sports and all kinds of exercise. From 5 to 7 he works in the library or
laboratory. At 7 o'clock they have dinner-time. After dinner the students have club
activities, debating societies, etc.
By 10 o'clock the students must be in the college, as most of students live in
the colleges, only some of them live in lodgings in the town.
The doors of these Universities are not open to all so they remain aristocratic
universities to the present day.
76
undergraduate — студент, уч-ся вуза (университета или университ.
колледжа)
college — высшее учебное заведение, в котором учатся 3 года и получают
спец. образование (техническое, гуманитарное, медицинское и др.). Колледж
может существовать как самостоятельная единица, а также может входить в
состав университета
university — это вуз, сост. из колледжей различных специальностей (срок
обучения 3 года). Выпускник университета получает степень бакалавра (e.g. the
Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Medicine, Engineering, etc.)
institute — это, как правило, научно-исследовательское учреждение
to live in lodgings — снимать комнату
Text 3
• Read the article about the Police Academy in New York and match the
questions (a-e) to the numbered spaces (1-5), as in the example.
THE POLICE ACADEMY
1. b) Where is the Academy located? What is its function?
The Academy is the principal agency for carrying out the education and
training function within New York City Police Department (an organization of almost
35.000 police and civilian personnel).
2…………………………………………………………………………………
Five sections organize the work of the Academy: Recruit training section;
Advanced and specialized training section; firearms section; training services section;
and administrative section. The key units are the first three.
3…………………………………………………………………………………
The Academy works at the Police Academy building, which was built in 1964.
The police laboratory is on the eighth floor. The library, administrative offices, a
conference room are on the sixth floor. The fifth floor is principally devoted to
classrooms. There are 13 regular classrooms, one seminar room and a lecture hall
there. The muster deck is on the third floor. The auditorium, with 495 seats, the
police museum and a recruit muster deck share the second floor and the first floor is
occupied by the gymnasium and open campus. The pool is located in the basement,
as are the physical school offices and a garage with accommodation for 38 cars.
4…………………………………………………………………………………
The usual routine consists of 3 hours per day of physical training for the recruit
and 4 hours per day of academic training. (They have a 50-minute class period). The
current academic program in the recruit curriculum is divided into 5 divisions and
consists of 312 hours of academic instruction. There are, in addition, 192 hours of
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physical instruction and 56 hours in firearms, making a total recruit program of 560
hours.
5…………………………………………………………………………………
The recruit makes acquaintance of the development of legal process in society
(e.g. cooperation with governmental agencies, the courts, criminal law and modus
operandi, etc.). Police recruit training includes subject matter which will provide a
better understanding of human behaviour and which will develop proper attitudes on
the part of police (psychology and the police, human relations, crime and delinquency
causation, police ethics, etc.).
a) What does the academic program consist of?
b) Where is the Academy located? What is its function?
c) What do the recruits study in the Academy? How will it help them in their
future work?
d) Do the recruits have all conditions for getting a good education? What are
they?
e) How many sections are there in the Academy?
• Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word(s) from the list below. The
text about the Police Academy in New York will help you:
routine, recruit, makes acquaintance, advanced, firearms, key, behaviour, delinquency.
1. He was just a …………..in the army when his father died. (a soldier in the
early days of his training)
2. Her courses of study were ………………..(far on in progress)
3. They took control of a plane using …………..and forced the pilot to change
their course. (guns, pistols or rifles)
4. The……………note of the Minister’s speech was the need for higher
productivity. (something which is the most important)
5. My daily …………….starts at 7 o’clock. (fixed or regular way of doing
things)
6. Ann always ……………………………easily. (get known smb. by being
introduced)
7. The problem of juvenile …………………is the main one. (neglect of duty,
law)
8. His …………….towards me shows that he doesn’t like me. (manners,
treatment shown towards others)
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Text 4
Something about schooling
• Match the opinions to the speakers.
Schools guide us.
Students should help shape their educational experience.
Schools neglect more intelligent students.
Computers open up new roads in education.
1. Stephen Arnold, headmaster
What is education? A formal learning process dispensed by schools, colleges
and universities, or the sum of the information we glean from our contact with the
world around us? In today's discussion, a student, a university professor and a
politician will all share their thoughts on the subject. If I may, I would like to begin
by talking about students and their educational needs. A criticism that is levelled at
my school is that highly intelligent, gifted children are given a raw deal. Are schools
mostly concerned with helping less academically able children to achieve? Perhaps it
is so. After all, it is true that the brightest children need little support and can cope
easily. They are able to learn independently.
2. Paul Lloyd, high school student
I do believe school is helping intelligent students to fulfil their potential, and I
don't just mean academic potential. School does more for me than just that, and so it
should. We spend so much time there. From five to sixteen years old we have no
choice, school is compulsory, and most of us stay on after that because we know that
education is good for us, it expands the mind. School offers children knowledge, and
direction. It was in school that I had my first contact with computers. An experience
that has been of enormous benefit to me. I don't believe that I have been given a raw
deal because I am of above average intelligence. On the contrary, I believe that my
academic and social experience at school will serve to steer me into the future, a
future in which computer knowledge will be essential.
3. Sarah Ford, University Professor
I believe that teachers are very good at delivering a range of skills and a body
of knowledge to their students, this is clear from the results we get from across the
board. All students are equally important and all students need to develop creative
thinking. The research I did for my university department shows that three types of
learning exist: shallow, when students are not engaged, and deeper when they are,
and the deepest learning of all takes place when students are engaged and working
79
together. An example of this profound learning is when information technology is
used to prompt students through immersive experiences to explore and collect
information. I think it will be the future of learning.
4. Alan Crinkly, Government Minister
We want learning to be deep and meaningful for our young people and if
computers engage children, so much the better. I am a strong believer in developing
childrens’ interest in the learning process, wherever it may be. The important thing is
for children to be involved. In fact I strongly approve of a development which forces
students to think about the quality of the education they receive. This is necessary if
our schools are to be the best the country can provide. Students must see themselves
as participants in an educational process, to have a voice and to use it. Education
should have two objectives: to supply the skills needed by the employment market
and to enable each and every child; average or gifted, to develop his or her potential
to the maximum.
Text 5
UNIVERSITIES
• Read the text and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
There is an example at the beginning (0).
Nearly half of all Americans go on to college (a place of higher education)
when they leave (0) B………... Some colleges are small, with only a few hundred
students, but some of the big state universities are 1 …………., with up to 60,000
students. There are more than 2,600 universities in the USA, and nearly all colleges
have both men and women students.
You can study many interesting 2 …………… at college, in short or long
courses, but if you want to get a degree, you have to study for at least four years.
Classes usually start in September and go 3 ……….. on to early June with a break in
the middle.
If you want to study in the States, write to your nearest American embassy.
In Britain, you can 4 ………… a degree in a university, in a "polytechnic", or
in some of the many colleges of further education. There are 42 universities in
Britain. There are also many colleges in Britain that teach English as a foreign
language. Some have short courses (a few weeks or months), and some have one- or
two-year courses.
University classes start in October and go on until mid-June with two breaks,
one at Christmas and one at Easter. Most degrees take three years, but some take
four.
If you want to 5 ………. in Britain, write to your nearest British embassy or
British Council office.
80
A B C D
0
kindergarten
school
university
institute
1
huge
little
spacious
wide
2
objects
things
items
subjects
3
on
in
at
upon
4
have
possess
get
obtain
5
learn
study
teach
go to school
Text 6
Signs of the zodiac
• Match the birth signs to the dates of birth and decide if the description
matches your character.
Aries The Ram - the first sign of the zodiac. Aries are brave,
firm (stable), intellectual, talented; they like to lead. Many of
them like to work as journalists on TV and radio. They don't
like dull work.
June 21 –
July 22
Pisces The Fish - the 12th sign of the zodiac. Piscies are
many-sided people, very sensitive and imaginative. They are
good at arts, especially music, but their will is not very strong
and they often obey stronger people.
July 23 –
August 22
Libra The Scales - the 7th sign of the zodiac. Libras are
tender, kind, and dreamy. They are easy to get along with and
they attract people's attention very easily. They sometimes can
neither make a decision nor ask other people for help.
March 21 –
April 19
Capricorn The Goat - the 10th sign of the zodiac. Capricorns
are calm, systematic, economical. They are successful in life.
They are very hardworking.
February 19 –
March 20
Aquarius The Water Bearer - the 11th sign of the zodiac.
Aquarians are very original, creative, sometimes very
eccentric. They are very good friends and understand other
people. They are very logical, but sometimes can make
unpredictable changes.
April 20 –
May 20
Sagittarius The Archer - the 9th sign of the zodiac.
Sagittarians are very brave, independent, and sensitive. They
like hunting and sports. Their outdoor activity can sometimes
cause them harm.
January 20 –
February 18
Gemini The Twins - the 3d sign of the zodiac. They are
unselfish. They are active, good at arts. They make friends
very easily.
August 23 –
September 22
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