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Файл:Моя будущая карьера = My Career Ahead. Учебное пособие
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21
Reading
3. Read the article about British Education and explain the words in bold.
Education in Great Britain
Education in Britain is provided by the Local Education Authority (LEA) in
each county. It is financed partly by the Government and partly by local rates (a kind
of property tax). Educational planning and organization are not controlled as much by
central government as in many other countries. Each LEA is free to decide how to
organise education in their area.
Nursery education (under 5 years)
Children do not have to go to school until they reach the age of five, but there
is some free nursery-school education before that age.
However, LEAs do not have nursery-school places for all who would like them
and these places are usually given to families in special circumstances, for example
families with one parent only. Because of the small number of nursery schools,
parents in many areas form play groups where children under 5 years can go for a
morning or afternoon a couple of times a week.
Primary education (5 to 11 years)
Primary education takes place in infant schools (pupils aged from 5 to 7 years)
and junior schools (from 8 to 11 years). (Some LEAs have a different system in
which middle schools replace junior schools and take pupils aged from 9 to 12
years). In infant schools reading, writing, arithmetic are taught. Pupils have a lot of
fun at school, drawing, dancing or singing. In junior schools children will also do
English, History, Geography, Music, Art, etc.
Secondary education (11 to 16/18 years)
Since the 1944 Education Act of Parliament, free secondary education has been
available to all children in Britain. Indeed, children must go to school until the age of
16, and pupils may stay on for one or two years more if they wish.
Secondary schools are usually much larger than primary schools and most
children - over 80 per cent - go to a comprehensive school at the age of 11. These
schools are not selective - you don't have to pass an exam to go there.
In 1965 the Labour Government introduced the policy of comprehensive
education. Before that time, all children took an exam at the age of 11 called the
‘11+’. Approximately the top 20 per cent were chosen to go to the academic grammar
schools. Those who failed the "11+" (80 per cent) went to secondary modern schools.
A lot of people thought that this system of selection at the age of 11 was unfair
on many children. So comprehensive schools introduced suitable courses for pupils
22
of all abilities. Some LEAs started to change over to comprehensive education
immediately, but some were harder to convince and slower to act. There are a few
LEAs who still keep the old system of grammar schools, but most LEAs have now
changed over completely to non-selective education in comprehensive schools.
Comprehensive schools
Comprehensive schools want to develop the talents of each individual child. So
they offer a wide choice of subjects, from art and craft, woodwork and domestic
science to the sciences, modern languages, computer studies, etc. All these subjects
are enjoyed by both girls and boys.
Pupils at comprehensive schools are quite often put into ‘sets’ for the more
academic subjects such as mathematics or languages. Sets are formed according to
ability in each subject, so that for example the children in the highest set for maths
will not necessarily be in the highest set for French. All pupils move to the next class
automatically at the end of the year.
If they leave school when they are sixteen, young people can get a job or go to
a college. At a college students usually study practical subjects like typing, cooking,
mechanics, hairdressing, etc.
If students stay at school after they are sixteen, they go into the sixth form for
two years. Here students study three subjects. At the end of the sixth form they take
an examination called A-level. When A-level students are eighteen they leave school.
They can get a job, go to a college or go to university.
Private education (5 to 18 years)
Some parents choose to pay for private education in spite of the existence of
free state education. Private schools are called by different names to state schools: the
preparatory (often called "prep") schools are for pupils aged up to 13, and the public
schools are for 13 to 18 year-olds. These schools are very expensive and they are
attended by about 5 per cent of the school population.
Higher education
Universities and colleges of higher education accept students with ‘A’ levels
from 18. Students study for a degree which takes on average three years of full-time
study. Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their degree at a special
ceremony. After graduating the university students take the Degree of Bachelor of
Arts or Science. After post-graduate courses they get the Master’s Degree. If they
continue their research they receive the Doctor’s Degree. There are about 50
universities in Great Britain but not everybody can afford them because they are not
free.
23
Vocabulary Exercises
4. Match the English and Russian equivalents.
а local rate
начальная школа
to introduce
вводить,
привносить
existence
школа для малышей
to convince
единая средняя
школа
junior
school
местный/коммунальный налог
preparatory school
подготовительная
школа
infant
school
существование
comprehensive
school
убеждать
5. Find the equivalents of the following words and phrases in the text.
………………….
to grow or bring
to a more
advanced stage
……………….
almost but not quite
exact
………………….
not completely
……………….
a few
………………….
provided without
charge
……………….
as a certainty
………………….
obtainable or
accessible
……………….
appropriate for a
particular function
or occasion
Speaking
6. Fill in the information about the British system of education, then speak
about it.
Educational establishment
Age
……………………………..
under 5
……………………………..
5 -11
..……………… /
……………………/………………….
11 – 16/18
……..………………/……………………..
18
24
Vocabulary Exercises
7a. There are different types of schools in Britain. Read the sentences and
underline the correct word.
1. Tom went to boarding/grammar school, so he only came home during the
holidays.
2. I want my children to go to a single sex/comprehensive school because I
think it's better for boys and girls to learn separately.
3. Most children go to state/public school where education is free.
4. My parents couldn't afford to send me to a grammar/private school when I
was young.
5. Eton and Harrow are famous state/public schools.
7b. What types of schools are there in Russia?
8a. Look at the abbreviations below. What do you think the letters stand
for?
• GCSE • 'A' Level • HND • BA/BSc • MA/MSc • PhD
8b. At what age do you think students might obtain these qualifications?
What are the nearest equivalents in Russia?
9a. Fill in: fail; pass; take; sit; re-sit in the correct form.
1. I always revise thoroughly before I have to ......................an exam.
2. He's......................his driving test next week.
3. Pat......................her exams with flying colours.
4. I'm not surprised he......................his exams, he didn't revise at all.
5. If she doesn't get high enough marks in her exams, she
will......................them in September.
9b. Match the verbs to the nouns, then make sentences using the
collocations.
attend, go to, take, miss, hold, dismiss grade
run, offer, do, take, enrol on, pass, fail class
achieve, get, receive course
25
Writing
10. Answer the following questions and compare the British and Russian
systems of education. Write an article about the Russian system of education.
• What stages does the system of education in Russia consist of?
• When do children start school in Russia?
• What kinds of schools do they go to?
• What subjects are taught in the primary and secondary schools?
• When can the pupils leave? What exams must be taken at the end of
schooling?
• What can they do after they leave school?
• What types of higher educational establishments do you know in Russia?
• What qualification do they study for?
Just for fun
Find out 14 words. Can you find more words in the line?
examathsubjectutorialecturevisionamechanicareeratextypeopleave
26
Unit 4.
EDUCATION (II)
Warm up Activities
1a. There are a lot of special places at the university. Which ones does
your university have? What other places can you find there?
1. computer lab
2 .gymnasium
3. corridor
4. canteen
5. classrooms/seminar rooms
6. lecture-halls/auditoriums
7. library/reading-halls
8. staff rooms
1b. Use the prompts below to say how each place (1-8) is used. How often
do you use these places?
• research on the Internet/use different software
• have PE lessons/do gymnastics/play indoor sports
• have lunch/socialise with friends
• have coffee breaks/spend free periods/attend meetings
• spend breaks/exhibit artwork/display notices/socialise with friends
• read books/study
• have lectures
• have seminars/practise
A reading-hall is used for reading books.
Reading
2a. Read the article comparing British and American education and
complete the chart about the American system.
There are some similarities and some differences. In England, children start
infant school which is part of primary school at the age of five. In America, this is the
age they start what is called ‘pre-school’. For many children, this is their first
experience of school, and they do a lot of learning through play.
The next stage is the start of a more formal and traditional kind of learning.
When they are eight, British children move into junior school, while American
children go to elementary school at the age of six. You can see that the two systems
are quite similar in their early stages. It's just the schools, really, that have different
names.
27
The next stage is where the two systems become quite different. In England,
children start secondary school when they are eleven years old. In America, children
go to junior high school at the age of twelve or thirteen.
British children go into the sixth form at the age of sixteen, and they stay there
until they are eighteen. American children go to senior high school for the same two
years. So that stage is pretty much the same.
And the final stage is not so different either. When they are eighteen, students
from both countries who want to continue their education go on to third level. This
could be university or college or some other kind of training institution.
USA
Age
………………………..
5
elementary school
6-11
…………………….. high school
12/13-15
senior high school
…………..
university
……………………………..
other training institution
18+
2b. How similar/different is the education system in Russia? Discuss in
pairs.
Vocabulary Exercises
3. Fill each gap with the correct particle, then explain the phrasal verbs.
• over • up • behind • off • out
1. Juliet was new to the class and had to do extra work to catch.................with
the others.
2. If you miss school for more than a couple of days, you are in danger of
falling............with your work.
3. I need to go................my History notes because we've got a test on Monday.
4. If you don't pay attention, how do you expect to keep..................with the
lesson?
5. Look .................. the word in the dictionary if you're not sure what it means.
6. We had to put .................. our Biology field trip because the weather was so
bad.
7. Simon was told .................. severely when his parents saw his school report.
8. We couldn't work .................. what had gone wrong with our science
experiment, so in the end we had to start again.
28
4. Underline the correct word in each of the sentences below. What do the
phrases mean? Are there similar idioms in Russian?
1. Claire learnt the poem by heart/mind before the presentation.
2. If you want to make the grade/result you'll have to study very hard.
3. I'm going to learn/teach that boy a lesson he won't forget.
4. Jacob is in a lesson/class of his own; his work is always excellent.
5. Sarah is very studious. She's always got her eyes/nose in a book.
6. In primary school everyone called me the teacher's love/pet because I
always got good grades.
5. Fill in: in, for, of, then make sentences about education.
1 to prepare........../revise......../study..........an exam
2 to be top.........the class
3 to specialise.........sth.
Reading
6a. You will read five people speaking about exams. Before you read, look
at the six phrases (A-F) listed below. What do you expect each person to talk
about?
6b. Read five short conversations and decide who are the people? For
people 1-5, choose which of the subjects (A-F) they are talking about. There is
one extra subject which you do not need to use.
Subjects
People
Number of
speech
A
Lack of confidence
……………………….
…….
B
Working too hard
……………………….
…….
C
Pressure to do well from a
parent
……………………….
…….
D
A new kind of exam
……………………….
…….
E
A new way of marking
……………………….
…….
F
A surprising result
……………………….
…….
1. Perhaps we need to think about the way we examine students. It's all very
well testing them on facts, but we also need to assess their ability to learn. This type
of exam, or 'learning license', focuses on this, the ability to learn. We strongly believe
that it will be more useful to students, employers and society in general. It shows
which candidates are good at, say, engineering, but it also shows which can actually
think like an engineer.
29
2. Out of the corner of my eye I can see my dad's eyes blazing into my sister's
tired face. I feel quite sorry for her, and I wish he wouldn't do this. The irony is he
has nothing to worry about. She's studying for three A-levels, preparing for medical
school, so what does he have to worry about? I know he's concerned about her future,
but she's working hard, she's dedicated to her studies, she works nights and weekends
to prepare for her exams, and I'm sure she'll be ready when the time comes.
3. I couldn't stand seeing him like that. He had lost weight and he had great big
black rings under his eyes. I know that he slept for three or four hours a day
throughout May, but I'm pretty sure he didn't sleep at all during the last three or four
days. Well, I'm glad it's over. I hope he gets accepted. I know he can do a million
things with his life even if he doesn't get to university, but it's all that matters to him
right now. I just wish he wasn't so hard on himself.
4. I didn't think it had gone that well so imagine my surprise when I saw the
grade. I was stunned. I've never thought of myself as a high flyer but scoring higher
than anyone else really has given me confidence for my other subjects. I realise that
next year things are going to be much tougher, but, you know, I feel that I can do this
now; if you had asked me a couple of weeks ago I'd have told you that I had some
reservations.
5. It will be a revolution in assessment. Instead of correcting exam papers by
hand, technology will be used to do the job. It's a much quicker process and it means
we will be able to get the results out faster, which is important for the students. We
feel it's a great achievement and hopefully in two years time forty percent of all
exams will be marked electronically. Online tests and registration will follow, further
reducing the amount of time-consuming paperwork associated with exams.
6c. Can you relate to any of the speakers? Who? How? Tell the group
about it.
Vocabulary Exercises
7. Explain the words in bold, then fill in the appropriate word(s) from the
list then make sentences using the completed phrases.
great, loose, give me, get, high, be, correct, mark
to …………….. accepted
a …………….. flyer
to ……………. electronically
to……………..confidence
to …………….. weight
to …………….much tougher
a ……………. achievement
to…………….. by hand
30
8. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate word from the list below:
concerned, assessed, matter, stunned, focuses
1. His work was ………at its true worth (to judge the worth or importance of).
2. He …………………… his attention on the book (to concentrate).
3. I am ……………………. about the future (anxious).
4. It doesn’t …………………….. to me (to be of importance).
5. He was ……………………by her beauty (amazed, shocked or astonished).
9. Fill in the correct prepositions, then make sentences using the completed
phrases.
1 to be hard …. himself
2 to be ….
3 to worry …. smth.
4 to matter …. smb.
5 to focus …. the ability to learn
6 to be good ….
7 …. ….. the corner …. my eye
8 to feel sorry …. smb.
9 to sleep… three or four hours a day
Writing
10a. You are an editor of your university magazine. You have announced a
competition asking readers why they agree or disagree with the following
statement:
‘Getting a well-paid job is more essential, while getting good education’.
You’ve got two articles. Read them and say which one
• has well developed paragraphs?
• introduces the topic clearly?
• uses a variety of linking words/phrases?
• uses topic sentences to introduce paragraphs?
• has appropriate supporting sentences?
• gives examples to support arguments?
• uses simple language patterns?
• restates the writer's opinion?
• uses everyday English?
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