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ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
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Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ "ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ", ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ, ɤɢɧɨ, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɢ, - ɫɸɠɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ. ȼ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ "ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ" ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ
(ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ): JavaScript (VBSript) ɢ CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ.
ɋɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ HTML. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪ
ɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: JavaScript ɢ VBScript. əɡɵɤ JavaScript ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦɢ. ɋɤɪɢɩɬɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ VBScript, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɯ MS Internet Explorer. ɋɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
(ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ) ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɞɨɦ HTML. ȼ HTMLɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɟɧɵ
ɬɟɝɚɦɢ <script> ɢ </script>.
ɋɚɦɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ. ɋɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ
ɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɞɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɞɚɬɭ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɝɭ-
ɝɪ
ɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ (ɫɤɪɨɥɥɢɧɝ), ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɰɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ
ɳɭ
ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɨɤɧɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ. ɋɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ, ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɪ
ɜɢɞ ɤɧɨɩɨɤ ɩɪ
ɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɢɝɪɵ, ɜɟɫɬɢ
ɬɢɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ.
ɬ
ɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ - CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ - ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ȼ
ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ. CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ PHP, Perl, C++). Ⱦɥɹ ɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɨɪ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ HTML-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɵ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɜ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ "ɜɡɥɨɦɚ" ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ. ɋɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɟ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɡɥɨɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤ (ɤɪɚɤɟɪ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ. Ʉɪ
ɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ CGI-
Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪ
ɭɩɩɵ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪ-
ɫɤɪɢɩɬɚ.
ɮɟɣɫ. CGI (Common Gateway Interface) - ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ (ɫɩɨɫɨɛ
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ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ), ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ.
Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ, CGI-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ (CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ) ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦ (ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦ), ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
HTML-ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɝɨɫɬɟɜɵɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɱɚɬɵ, ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɵ. ɗɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜ-
ɪ
ɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɜ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɢɧɮɨ
ɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɭɸ ɫ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɜ
ɝɨɫɬɟɜɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ. ɗɬɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ, ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɫ ɧɟɸ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ.
ȼɫɟ CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɩɤɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɢɥɨ, ɫ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ cgi-bin.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ.
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ CGI ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤ ASP (Active Server
Pages - ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ). əɡɵɤ ASP ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ Microsoft ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ VBScript ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ActivX, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɮɢɪɦɨɣ.
Page tools) ɩɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɨ-
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɹɡɵɤ - ɊɇɊ (Personal Hom
e
ɝɢɱɟɧ ɹɡɵɤɭ ASP ɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ CGI. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɦ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɊɇɊ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Rasmus Lerdorf. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ PHP,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ, ɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ HTMLɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɋɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ PHP ɩɢɲɭɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ HTMLɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɨɪɚ PHP ɜɢɞ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ. Ɏɚɣɥɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ PHP, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɢɥɢ .php3.
l
.phtm
ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ: ɫɨɛɵɬɢɟ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ.
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ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
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ɋɨɛɵɬɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɪɢɩɬ (ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɨɦ ɦɵɲɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɟ, ɳɟɥɱɨɤ ɦɵɲɶɸ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). ɋɨɛɵɬɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬ - ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ).
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ - ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɧ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɨɤɧɚ).
Ɇɟɬɨɞ - ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɶ ɨɤɧɨ).
Ⱥɩɩɥɟɬɵ (applets) - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Java ɢ
ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨ
HTML. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨ
ɠɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɩɩɥɟɬ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɢɲɭɬ ɚɩɥɟɬ) - ɷɬɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɥɨ
ɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɥɨɜɨ applet ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɝɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Java), ɫɥɭɠɚɳɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ Java-ɚɩɩɥɟɬɨɜ ɫ CGI-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɚɦɢ (ɢ ɬɟ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ HTML-ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ). ɋɚɦɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Java-ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɢɧɮɨ
ɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨ
ɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɪ-
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ Java-ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ ɩɨɯɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ JavaScript.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɚ ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ.
ȼɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
HTML. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɫɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ) ɫ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɟ. ɉɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɜ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨ
ɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ Java-ɚɩɩɥɟɬɨɜ
. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɩɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɟ-
ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ Java ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ (ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢ-
ɢɥɨ
ɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɗȼɆ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪ
ɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: Pentium, Macintosh, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ Sun. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɗȼɆ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ Javaɦɚɲɢɧɵ (Java Virtual Machine - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɷɦɭɥɹɬɨɪ). ɗɦɭɥɹɬɨɪ - ɷɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ
(ɢɥɢ ɛɚɣɬ-ɤɨɞɵ) ɜ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɹɡɵɤɚ Java ɨɬ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ (ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬ-
ɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ.
ɢ
ɫɹ ɨɞɧ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Java-ɚɩɩɥɟɬɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ. ɉɪɨ-
ɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Java. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɟɟ, ɩɪɟ-
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ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
ɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜ ɛɚɣɬɤɨɞɵ. Ɉɬɤɨɦɩɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɮɚɣɥɨɜ Java-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ (ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ
.class). ȼɵɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ ɢɡ
HTML-ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ
<applet> ɢ </applet>. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ
ɬɟɝɚɦɢ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ
ɚɩɩɥɟɬɚ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɟɜɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ Webɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ - SSI.
SSI (Server Side Include) ɫ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ:
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
SSI ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ SSI ɫɥɵɲɧɵ "ɡɧɚɤɨɦɵɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (CGI-
ɦɨɬɢɜɵ", ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɜɭɱɚɥɢ ɩɪ
ɢ
ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɢ Java-ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ). Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ SSI ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ Web
-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ - HTML. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ SSI ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɝɪɭɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɭɛɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ
ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɢɡ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɤɭɛɢɤɢ (ɛɥɨɤɢ, ɮɚɣɥɵ) ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɚɣɬɚ. Ʌɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɚɣɬɚ (ɫɤɚɠɟɦ, ɜɢɞ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ). ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ (ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɞɨɩɨɥ-
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Web-
ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪ
ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɤ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɭ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ
ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ HTML. ɂɡɦɟɧɢɜ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ
ɨɞɢɧ ɮɚɣɥ, ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɫɚɣɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ SSI ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ "ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ", "ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ" ɫɚɣɬ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ (ɛɥɨɤɢ).
-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
b
We
ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ shtml (ɢɥɢ shtm). Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɜ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ. ɋɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɜɵɡɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
__________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
45
<!--#include virtual="navig.htm"-->
Ɂɞɟɫɶ navig.htm - ɢɦɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ.
ɇɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ SSI. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɢ
HTML. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: CSS, DHTML,
Flash,
AVI, MPEG, JavaScript, VBScript, ActiveX
ɇɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: CGI, ASP, SSI, ColdFusion,
PHP, Perl, Java
46
__________________________________________________________________________________
əɡɵɤ HTML
10. əɡɵɤ HTML
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ HTML ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɟ MS Word. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ MS
Word ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɪɧɵɦ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɟɝɨ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨɛɵ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ HTML ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ. ȼ ɪ
ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ: ɦɚɪɤɟɪɚɦɢ,
ɦɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɞɟɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɥɨɜɨ "ɉɪɨɛɚ" ɧɚ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɪɧɵɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ:
<b>ɉɪɨɛɚ</b>
ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɨɤɚɣɦɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ
ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɭ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ "ɬɨɥɳɟ" ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɢɠɟ:
ɉɪɨɛɚ
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɟɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɝɨɜ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ: ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɬɟɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɟɝ - ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ (ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɳɢɦ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ). Ɋɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɝ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɭ "/". Ɉɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɬɟɝ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ:
<ɢɦɹ ɬɟɝɚ [ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ]>
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɝɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ ɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚɦɢ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɟɝɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ:
ɢɦɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ [=ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ]
ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɟɝ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɬɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ) ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɬɟɝɚ
ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɛɭɤɜɚɦɢ ɨɧ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ: ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ,
ɬ.ɟ. ɡɚɩɢɫɢ <b> ɢ <B> ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ:
<ɢɦɹ ɬɟɝɚ>ɬɟɤɫɬ</ɢɦɹ ɬɟɝɚ>
Ɏɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɦ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɝɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ ɢ
ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɜ, ɚɛɡɚɰɟɜ, ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰ, ɮɨɪɦ, ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ
ɫɫɵɥɨ
ɝɢɩɟɪ
ɤ, ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɝɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ
ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɧɚɞ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ (Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ).
ɪɨɦɟ ɩɚɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɝɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɝɢ.
Ʉ
ɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɥɢɬɟ
-
__________________________________________________________________________________
əɡɵɤ HTML
47
Ɍɟɝ <br> ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ, ɧɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɛɡɚɰɚ. Ɍɟɝ <hr> ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɥɢɧɢɸ. Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɬɟɝ <img > ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ʉ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɬɟɝɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɜ <!-Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ-->.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ HTML ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ.
ɋɦɵɫɥ ɢɦɟɧ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɟɝɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ
ɫɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: b - bold (ɱɟɬɤɢɣ, ɠɢɪ
ɧɵɣ), i - italic (
ɤɭɪɫɢɜ),
u - underline (ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɧɢɟ), head (ɝɨɥɨɜɚ), body (ɬɟɥɨ), img (image - ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ).
Ɍɟɝɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
<b><i>HTML</i> - ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ</b>
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɮɪɚɡɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɪɧɵɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ (ɬɟɝɢ b), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɥɨɜɨ HTML ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɤɭɪɫɢɜɨɦ (ɬɟɝɢ i):
HTML - ɹɡɵɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ
Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɬɟɝɢ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɦɟɬɤɭ. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɬɟɝɚ ɫ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɜ:
<ɢɦɹ ɬɟɝɚ ɢɦɹ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ=ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ)>Ɏɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ
ɬɟɤɫɬ</ɢɦɹ ɬɟɝɚ>
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɰɜɟɬ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɪɟɧɟɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ:
<font color="#ff00ff"> ɫɢɪɟɧɟɜɵɣ</font>
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɟɝ font, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ color, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪ
ɫɜɨɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ #ff00ff.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ.
ɢ-
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ color ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ: color="rgb(100%, 0%, 100%)",
color="rgb(255,0,255)" ɢɥɢ color="fuchsia"
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, red, blue), ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɪɟɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ (ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 255), ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɬɪɟɯ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ (ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ FF), ɩɭɬɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ (ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ).
ɐɜɟɬ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪ
ɢɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ:
<body bgcolor=#FFFFFF text=#000000
link=#0000FF
vlink=#FF0000
alink=#00FF00> </body>
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɦɹ ɬɟɝɚ - body. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɟɝ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɹɬɶ
ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɜ, ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɨɟɧ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬ bgcolor
48
__________________________________________________________________________________
əɡɵɤ HTML
ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ (ɛɭɦɚɝɢ). ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɛɟɥɵɦ. Ⱥɬɪɢɛɭɬ text ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɱɟɪɧɢɥ (ɡɞɟɫɶ - ɱɟɪɧɵɣ), ɚ link ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɢ (ɫɢɧɢɣ). ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬ vlink ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɚ (ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ), ɚ alink ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ
ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ (ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ). ɐɜɟɬɚ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɢɫɥɚɦɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɨɬ 00 ɞɨ FF (ɜ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 255). ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɟɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ RGB-ɬɪɢɩɥɟɬɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɢɡ 256ɯ256ɯ256 = 16 777 216 ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɱɟɪ
ɧɢɥ ɢ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ. "ɋɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ" ɬɪɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɢɣ - RGB) ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ (87CEEB), ɡɨɥɨɬɨɣ (FFD700), ɩɭɪ
ɠɟɥɬɵɣ (FFFF00), ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ (BEBEBE), ɧɟɛɟɫɧɨ-
ɩɭɪ
ɧɵɣ (A020F0) ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɜ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɑɢɫɥɨ ɐɜɟɬ
ɀɟɥɬɵɣ FFFF00
ɋɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ BEBEBE
ɇɟɛɟɫɧɨ-ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ 87CEEB
Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɣ 00FF00
ɉɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɣ A020F0
Ʉɪɚɫɧɵɣ FF0000
Ɍɟɝ <font> ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ, ɰɜɟɬɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ HTML-ɤɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ.
<font size=2>Font 2</font><font size=5>Font 5</font>
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɝɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ: Font 2 Font 5
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 7, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ
ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ. ɗɬɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜɵɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɜ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɨɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥ.
-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
b
We
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ HTML-ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɢɥɢ
ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɯ GIF, PNG ɢɥɢ JPEG. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ
ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ foto.JPG, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɭɸɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɟ
(ɩɚɩɤɟ) ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ HTML-ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ
g
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ: <im
src="foto.JPG">. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵ-
ɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ:
__________________________________________________________________________________
əɡɵɤ HTML
49
ɋɚɦɚɪɚ. ɑɚɫɨɜɧɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ ɢ Ƚɥɟɛɚ .
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ
(ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ) ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟ-
g
ɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: <im
src="URL" alt="ɉɨɹɫɧɹɸɳɚɹ
(ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ) ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ">
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɩɨɤɚ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ: GIF ɢ JPEG. Ɉɛɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɵɦɢ (ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɰɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ
ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. GIF-ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ
ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ (ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɚɦ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ
BMP ɫɠɚɬɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 10-30 ɪɚɡ). ɗɬɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɮɚɣɥɟ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɤ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ GIF-ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɫɩɨ
ɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɢ -
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɥɶ-
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɟɣ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɫɫɬɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɥɢɲɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɟɟ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ GIF-ɝɪ
ɚɮɢɤɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨ-
50
__________________________________________________________________________________
əɡɵɤ HTML
ɪɵɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ, ɛɭɞɬɨ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ ɩɚɪɹɬ (ɥɟɬɹɬ) ɧɚɞ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ GIF-ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ 256 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɠɚɟɬ ɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ. ɂɞɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɪɢɫɨɜɤɢ ɤɧɨɩɨɤ, ɥɢɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɨɫ, ɥɨɝɨɬɢɩɨɜ, ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ, ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɧɨɜ, ɚɧɢɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɤ, ɛɚɧɧɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɮɨɬɨɚɥɶɛɨɦɚɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɤ (ɦɢɧɢɚɬɸɪ) ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɣ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ JPEG-ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ
16,7 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ
ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ GIF ɢ JPEG
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ - PNG (Portable Network Graphic - ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ).
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
əɡɵɤ HTML - ɷɬɨ ɹɡɵɤ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɢ (ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ
ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɜ, ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ.
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Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɵ ɧɚ We
-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ
ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ: JPEG, GIF ɢɥɢ PNG.
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