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ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ Internet
11
2. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ Internet
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ:
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ) ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ;
ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ (ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ) ɤɚɧɚɥɭ;
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ (ɩɪɢɟɦ - ɩɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ - ɩɨ
ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ).
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɞɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɩɪ
ɜɚɣɞɟɪɚ. Ʉ
ɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ). ɉɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ "ɲɭɦɹɬ". Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ
P
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ WA
-ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ (Wireless Application Protocol -
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɉɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ).
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɛɟɥɢ, ɪɚɞɢɨɪɟɥɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ (ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨ
ɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ DirecPC (ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
- ZakNet, HeliosNet ɢ
"ɇɌȼ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ"). ɋ ɟɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ (ɬɚɪɟɥɤɚ 21 ɞɸɣɦ), ɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ - ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ
ɱɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɠɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (400 Ʉɛɢɬ/ɫ) ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ - NetSat Direct ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤ, ɢɡ
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɨɧ
ɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ NetSat Direct ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 400
ɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɞɚɧ-
Ʉɛɢɬ/ɫ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 19,2 Ʉɛɢɬ/ɫ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ FTP ɢɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ WWW, ɝɞɟ
ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬ ɟɟ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɝɞɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ
ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ IP-ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɢ, ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɟ
ɱɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɢɞ
ɨɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ.
ɨ-
ɞɤɥɸ-
ɥɭ-
12
__________________________________________________________________________________
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ Internet
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ.
ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɬɨɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɛɟɥɶ.
ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ.
__________________________________________________________________________________
Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ
13
3. Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ
ɉɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɬɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ
ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɟɬɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ (ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ)
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɚɹ ɗȼɆ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɗȼɆ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥ).
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɢɫɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɨɜ).
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ (ɚ ɨɧ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ) ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɚ: ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ
ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɵ. ɉɚɤɟɬ - ɷɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɚɥɚɹ
ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟ-
ɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ, ɩɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶ-
ɥɢ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɩɭɥɹ
ɪɧ
ɲɭɸ ɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (1500 ɛɚɣɬɨɜ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɢ
ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ TCP/IP.
i
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP (Transm
ssion Control Protocol - ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟɣ) ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ - ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɫɧɚɛɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ
ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ (ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨɦɟɪ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ
ɧɟɫɟɬ IP-ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ (Internet Protocol).
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɚɤɟɬ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɭɡɟɥ ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɦɚɪɲɪɭ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɧɵɦ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚɦ (ɩɭɬɹɦ), ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɭɞɶɛɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ: ɩɪ
ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɛɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, TCP-ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɢ,
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɟ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɣ ɩɚɤɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɚɤɟɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨ
ɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɨɣɬɢ ɞɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡ-
ɩɟɪɟɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɤ ɰɟɥɢ
14
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Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ
ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ - ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ.
ȼɫɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ 300 000 ɤɦ/ɫ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ: ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ.
Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 1500 ɛɚɣɬ
ɢ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɭɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ, ɱɟɪɟɞɭɹɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪ
ɦ,
ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ, ɬɟɦ
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ "ɬɟɯ
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ" ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ -
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɲɥɸɡɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɜ, ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɹɯ ɫɜɹɡɢ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
Ʉɨɦɦɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɤɜɚɧɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɚ.
Ɂɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ FTP. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɹ, ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɪɚɞɢɨ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ
ɷɬɢɦ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚɦ.
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ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ, ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
15
4. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ, ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɜɫɟ ɗȼɆ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ (ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦɢ) ɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɗȼɆ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ "ɩɨɧɹɬɶ" ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɗȼɆ.
ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ (ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ) ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ:- ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ (IP ɢ TCP). ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ
"ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ TCP/IP"
- ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭ
ɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ: ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ http
ɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ), ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ftp (ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ), ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ telnet (ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ, ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ), ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ SMTP ɢ POP 3 ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ TCP/IP. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɬɨ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ (ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ).
Ⱦɚɞɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɭɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɭɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ (ɭɫɥɭɝɚ) ɩɨɞɞɟɪ-
ɧɢɪ
ɰɢɨ
ɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦɢ).
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ. Ⱦɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ
"ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ" ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɗȼɆ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ (ɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ) ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪ
ɬɨɤɨɥ. ɉɪɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɹɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ
. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ
ɡɚɚɪɯɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ.
(Sim
SMTP
ple Mail Transfer Protocol) - ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ (E-mail) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɦɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ (ɩɨɱɬɵ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ POP3,
IMAP. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ.
Usenet - ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɭɛ, ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ,
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ (News). ɍɫɥɭɝɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ NNTP (Net
ɪɨɜɧɹ, ɨɬɜɟ-
(ɩɟ-
ɨ-
16
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ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ, ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
News Transfer Protocol). ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɵ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ Usenet ɧɚ-
ɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɭ, ɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɟɦɭ ɚɛɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ - ɜɟɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ)
ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ
ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɟɦɟ (ɧɚɭɤɟ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɭ, ɫɩɨɪɬɭ, ɨɬɞɵɯɭ ɢ ɬ. ɩ.). ɉɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɧɵɧɟ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 50 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɬɟɦ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ. Ɉɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɧɟɣ. Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ
ɤɚɤ ɛɵ "ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ" ɞɨɫɤɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬɫɹ (ɩɟɪɟɩɥɵɜɚɸɬ) ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɭ, ɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɬɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ
ɫɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɇɚɲɟɧɶɤɨɣ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ. ɍ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɨ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɦ ɞɜɨɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɭɩɥɚ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɟ (ɚɞɪɟɫ).
Ɉɫɬɚɩ Ȼɟɧɞɟɪ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɥɚɥ ɡɚɩɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɝ
ɛɵɥɢ", ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥ ɩɪ
ɢɧɰɢɩ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ: ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɝ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɜ
ɨɪɵ "Ʉɢɫɚ ɢ Ɉɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ
ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ.
Telnet - ɭɫɥɭɝɚ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɭ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ
ɧɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ). ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ. ɉɪɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɩɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ. ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɨɞɟɦɚ ɢ
ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɗȼɆ, ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɵ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɧɤɢɪ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɨɜɤɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɦɫɹ ɜ ɞɪɭ-
ɦ ɝ
ɨɪɨɞɟ. ɗɬɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹ-
ɝɨ
ɧɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ (ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɨɦ), ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ (ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɨɦ), ɛɵɬɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɦ (ɜɢɞɟɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɮɨɧɨɦ).
IRC (Internet Relay Chat) - ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ.
IRC ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɤ ɨɞ-
ɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ IRC. Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɟɩɥɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɥɚɜɢɚɬɭɪɟ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫɨɛɟɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ, ɠɢɜɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩ
ɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ
"ɛɨɥ-
ɬɭɲɤɨɣ" ɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ.
ICQ (ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ: "Ⱥɣ ɋɢ Ʉɶɸ") - ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɩɟɣɞɠɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɟɫɟɧɞɠɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
Miranda, MSN, PalTalk.
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ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ, ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
17
Internet Phone (ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɹ) - ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɭɫɥɭɝ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ɋɟɱɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɞ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ, ɜɢɞɟɨɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ. ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɗȼɆ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ, ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɧ, ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚ-
b
ɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɧɚɞɨɛɢɬɫɹ We
-ɤɚɦɟɪɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɱɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɯɨɠɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɬɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ. ɋɥɭɠɛɚ SMS ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɪɚɞɢɨ - ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ,
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ. Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ɋɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ
ɥɟɧɧɨ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɜɟɳɚɧɢɹ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ). Ɇɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ
ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɥɹɦ (ɞɠɚɡ, ɪɨɤ, ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɚɹ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɦɭɡɵɤɚ ɪɟɬɪɨ ɢ ɬ.
ɞ.). ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ. ȼ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɟ
1996 ɝ. ɜ ɋɟɬɢ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ 178 ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1998 ɝ. ɢɯ ɫɬɚɥɨ 390, ɜ
ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2000 ɝ. - 3537, ɚ ɜ 2003 ɝ. - 8000.
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ - ɫɥɭɠɛɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ.
Wo
WWW (
rld Wide Web - ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɉɚɭɬɢɧɚ) - ɷɬɨ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ. Ȼɥɨɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ WWW (ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ WWW-
-ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦɢ) ɢ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦɢ (ɢɥɢ We
b
ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɥɢɰɚɦ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ, ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ WWW, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɨɬ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɤ ɫɚɣɬɭ, ɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ ɤ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɭ.
ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ WWW ɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɣ
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ WWW ɥɟɠɢɬ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ (ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦ).
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɝɢɩɟɪ-
Ⱦɥɹ We
b
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ HTTP.
18
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Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ
5. Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ
Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ (ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ) ɫ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ (ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ) ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚɯ-ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɯ.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ "ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ" ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ browse, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɟɝɨ "ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɭ". Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɷɬɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɚɜɢɝɚɬɨɪ, ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɳɢɤ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ.
ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ http - ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨ ȼ
ɉɚɭɬɢɧɟ (World Wide Web - WWW). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɛɟɪɭɳɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɣɥɵ, ɩɨɱɬɭ, ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ,
ɩɪɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ, ɬɪɚɧɫɥɹɰɢɸ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ Internet Explorer (IE) ɢ Netscape Navigator (NN). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ (90%) ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫ IE. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1996 ɝ.
ɜɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ: 90% ɮɢɪɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ NN. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɠɟɫɬɨɱɚɣɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɩɨ
ɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ "ɜɨɣɧɚ ɛɪɚɭɡɟ
ɪɨɜ". Ɍɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɨɞ ɮɢɪɦɵ Microsoft (ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
IE ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Windows) ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɦ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɦ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɦ ɛɵɥ LineMode, ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ 1991 ɝ.
ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɧ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦ
ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɛɵɥ Mosaic. Ɉɧ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɜ 1993 ɝ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɭɩɟɪɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ (NSCA). Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɦ Mosaic
ɛɵɥ Ɇɚɪɤ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɫɟɧ (Mark Andreesen). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ ɩɨ
ɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ WWW.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ IE6.0, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ.
ɫ
ɫɥɭɠɢɥ ɤɚɬɚ
-
-
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Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ
19
ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɨɤɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ. ɇɢɠɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɢɡɭ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɤɧɚ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɋɬɪɨɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪ IE6.0 ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ
(ɛɟɡ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɗȼɆ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ h
ttp (ɫɟɪɜɢɫ WWW)
, ɫ ɮɚɣɥɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ FTP,
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɜɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ. ɉɪɹɦɨ ɢɡ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ Outlook Express, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɩɨɱɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɦɟɧɸ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ:
Ɏɚɣɥ, ɉɪɚɜɤɚ, ȼɢɞ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ, ɋɟɪɜɢɫ, ɋɩɪɚɜɤɚ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ Ɏɚɣɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ, ɨɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ
ɩɨ ɩɨɱɬɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɧɨ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ, ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɜ
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɭɧɤɬ ɉɪɚɜɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ.
ɉɭɧɤɬ ȼɢɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ, ɫɦɟɧɵ
ɲɪɢɮɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
HTML. ɉɭɧɤɬ ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɸɛɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ. ɉɭɧɤɬ ɋɟɪ
ɜɢɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ
20
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Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ
ɩɨɱɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɋɩɪɚɜɤɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɵ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ: ɇɚɡɚɞ, ȼɩɟɪɟɞ, Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, Ɉɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ,
Ⱦɨɦɨɣ, ɉɨɢɫɤ, ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ, Ɇɟɞɢɚ, ɀɭɪɧɚɥ, ɉɨɱɬɚ, Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ, ɉɟɱɚɬɶ, ȼɨ ɜɟɫɶ
ɷɤɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɧɨɩɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ.
ɩɤɚ ɇɚɡɚɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ
Ʉɧɨ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦ. Ʉɧɨɩɤɚ ȼɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɬɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɇɚɡɚɞ. ɉɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ-
ɨɪɦɚ
ɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɧɚɛɪɚɧ ɚɞɪɟɫ, ɧɭɠɧɚɹ ɢɧɮ
ɰɢɹ
ɭɠɟ ɜɢɞɧɚ, ɢɞɟɬ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɚ Ɉɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɟ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ (ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ: ɤɷɲɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ). Ȼɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ
ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ). ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɭɸ
ɫɜɟɠɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɢ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ Ɉɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ.
ɍ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɸɛɢɦɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɱɚɳɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɵ). ɓɟɥɱɨ
ɩɨ ɤɧɨɩɤɟ Ⱦɨɦɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɥɸɛɢɦɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɚɞɪɟɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɭ.
ɧ
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɉɨɢɫɤ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɦ
ɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦ. Ʉɧɨɩɤɚ ɂɡɛɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɫɚɣɬɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɥ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɨɱɬɨɣ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɚ ɉɨɱɬɚ.
ɇɢɠɟ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɸ ɢ ɉɚɧɟɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ Ⱥɞɪɟɫ-
ɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɢ ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ. Ⱥɞɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ We
b
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɫɚɣɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ (URL). ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Ⱥɞɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɧɚɛɪɚɜ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ find, go, ɢɥɢ ? ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɧɚɣɬɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ: ɧɚɛɪɚɬɶ ɜ Ⱥɞɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɭ Enter. ɉɚɧɟɥɶ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɫɨɞɟɪ-
e
ɠɢɬ ɹɪɥɵɤɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, W
b-ɭɡɥɨɜ (ɧɚ-
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, www.microsoft.com).
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ "ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦɢ", ɚ
IE6.0 ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɡɥɚɯ.
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