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ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɣ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ
ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɭ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬ, ɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ Internet Explorer ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɨɤ ɡɚɦɤɚ. ɋɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɦ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɥɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ Web-ɭɡɥɚ (ɫɚɣɬɚ). Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪ Internet Explorer ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɧɢɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝ
ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. ɗɬɢɦ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɭ,
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ, ɩɨɪɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
Ȼɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɦ ɮɢɪɦɵ Microsoft ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɪɦɚ America
Online, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ 1999 ɝ. ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɸ Netscape Communications, ɚ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ ɫ ɢɦɟɧɟɦ Netscape. ɇɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ Netscape 7.2.
ɑɢɫɥɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɭɦɟɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬ Instant Message (AIM),
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ
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Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ (ɪɟɠɢɦ online). ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɩɟɣɞɠɟɪɚɯ ICQ, Odigo, PalTalk ɢ
ɞɪ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ Internet Explorer ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ MSN Mes-
senger.
Ⱦɜɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɩɟɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ Opera 9.02 ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ.
Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪ Opera ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɜ 1994 ɝ. ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɇɨɪɜɟɠɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ (Norwegian
Telecommunication company - Telenor). Ⱥɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Opera Software AS, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ Ɉɫɥɨ (ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ).
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɟ Opera ɭɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɹɦɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
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Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ
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ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ȼ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ Web-ɭɡɥɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɢ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɭɩɨɤ ɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɚɯ. ȼɫɟ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɞɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɋɟɬɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɜɢɞɟɨɫɜɹɡɶ,
ɪɚɞɢɨɫɜɹɡɶ, ɩɟɣɞɠɟɪɵ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɱɢɤɢ, ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɢ. Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɭɞɢɨ- ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɨɧ
ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ (ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ
ɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɨ
ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɧɚ ɤɧɨɩɨɤ, ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ - skins). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ-
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚ-
ɞ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (ɜ
ɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɪɨɱɢɬ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ.
ɋɩɪɚɜɤɚ
ɉɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ "ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ" - "ɛɪɨɭɡɟɪ".
ɉɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2007 ɝ. ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Rambler ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 28,1 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ "ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ", ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 2,47 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ "ɛɪɨɭɡɟɪ". Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ "browser" ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ 4,14 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ: MS Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator ɢ Opera
ɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ Opera ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ, ɩɨ-
Netscape Navigator ɛɵɥ ɨ
ɞ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɹɞ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ.
Ȼɪɚɭɡɟɪ MS Internet Explorer ɩɨ
ɫɱɟɬ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ
ɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ
Microsoft.
ɗɬɢ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɵ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɨɪɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ
HTML, ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ CSS ɢ Java-ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɭ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ.
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ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
6. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤ. ɇɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 2 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɵɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɬɨ-,
ɚɭɞɢɨ-, ɜɢɞɟɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɜɚɤɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɉɨɢɫɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɉɋ) ɢ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ. Ɇɨ
ɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ
ɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɉɋ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ - ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ.
ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ: ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɦɢ. ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ - Search Engines, ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɣ Suchmaschinen, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ - Le systeme de prospection. ɇɚ ɠɚɪɝɨɧɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɉɋ
ɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ "ɢɫɤɚɥɤɚɦɢ", ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɢɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ
ɢɧɨ
ɉɋ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ. Ɂɚɩɪɨɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ (ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ). Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜɵɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ (ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɨɤ) ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɣ ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ - ɷɬɨ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ, ɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɚɪɟɱɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɨ-
ɠ
ɚɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫ-
ɞɟɪ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ.
Ɂɚɩɪɨɫ - ɷɬɨ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɫɨ
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɡɚɩɪɨɫ - ɷɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ (ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ) ɞɥɹ
ɉɋ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɂɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ (ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ,
advanced). ɉɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɨɜɨ-
ɠ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ. ɋɥɨ
ɧɵɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ.
ɉɨɢɫɤ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɉɋ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɦ ɜ
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɯ. ɉɨɢɫɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɢɯ ɜɜɨɞɭ (ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ) ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨ
ɥɟ ɉɨɢɫɤ
ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɸ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ
ɇɚɣɬɢ. Ʉɧɨɩɤɚ ɇɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɉɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ Search, Find, Go, Go
Get it, Suchen.
ɬɟɯ-
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ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
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ɂɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɵ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ. ȼ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɪɟɫɨɜ.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɢɞɟɬ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɨ ɉɋ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɫ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ
ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɉɋ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɵɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɞɚɧɧɨ
ɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬ
. ɟ. ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ
ɤɧɢɝɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ. ɑɢɬɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ. ɗɬɢɦ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧ-
ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɧɢɝɢ - ɷɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɛɵ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ Webɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɂɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝ
ɪɚɦɦ -
ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ (Robots). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ - ɩɚɭɤɢ
(Spiders) ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɜɢ (Worms).
Ɋɨɛɨɬ (ɩɚɭɤ, ɱɟɪɜɶ) - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ
"ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɬ" ɫɚɣɬɵ ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɯ (ɬ. ɟ. ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɢɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ). ɇɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ: ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ "ɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ", ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɟɬɶ, ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɝɞɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ
ɪ
ɧɭɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɯ
ɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ (ɬ. ɟ. ɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ). ɗɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɸɳɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɢɫɤ
ɡɚɞɨɥɝɨ ɞɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ.
Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɉɋ ɬɚɤɨɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɉɋ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɩɪ
ɢ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ (ɞɨɦɚɲɧɸɸ) ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɚɦ ɡɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ
ɫɚɣɬɚ (ɭɡɥɚ). Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɉɋ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (ɨɬɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ) ɝɢɝɚɛɚɣɬɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɋ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɢ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɥɢ
ɛɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ (ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ, ɥɢɧɤɨɜ, ɬ. ɟ. ɫɜɹɡɟɣ), ɤɨ-
ɪ
ɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ "ɢɧɮɨ
ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɲɭɦɨɦ", ɥɢɛɨ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ
ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ.
ɣ
-
26
__________________________________________________________________________________
ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ:
- ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ
(ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ);
- ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨ-
ɪɨɝɨ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ
(ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɚ Web-ɫɚɣɬɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹɯ);
- ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɵɫɤɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɠɞɭ 1 ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 2005 ɝ. ɢ 20
ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 2007 ɝ.);
- ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
(ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ, ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɣ);
- ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɨɬɛɨɪ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɨɜ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ);
- ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ (ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ, ɞɨ-
ɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɞɪɟɫ);
- ɨɬɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɮɪɚɡɭ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɦ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ.
ɉɨɢɫɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ (ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɫɥɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ ɩɨ
ɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
Rambler ( www.rambler.ru), Ⱥɩɨɪɬ (www.aport.ru)
ɥɶ-
ɢ əndex (www.yandex.ru).
Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɉɋ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ
ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɫɢɦɜɨɥɚɦɢ "*" ɢ "?
ɧɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ
". ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ "ɫɚɦɚɪ*" ɛɭɞɭɬ
: ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, ɋɚɦɚɪɵ, ɫɚɦɚɪɫɤɢɣ, ɫɚɦɚɪ-
ɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Aport ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɵ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɚɞɟɠɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɣ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɉɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ: ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ (ɧɟ
ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ) ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ (ɩɪɢɫɵ-
ɪ
ɥɚɬɶ) ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ (ɦɭɫɨɪ, ɢɧɮɨ
ɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɲɭɦ). ɗɬɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ,
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɦɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɉɋ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦɢ "ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ" ɢ "ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ".
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɡɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ: ɉɋ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɧɚ
__________________________________________________________________________________
ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
27
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ ɩɨɧɪɚɜɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɟɦɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɭɞɨɛɧɟɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɝɢɩɟɪɫɫɵɥɤɢ.
ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɋ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ, ɧɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɢɲɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ - ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ. ɂɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ (ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ (ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ).
ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɋ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ, ɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɑɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɲɢ
ɛɨɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɝ
ɨ ɪɨɞɚ - ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ
ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ɋɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ - ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ (ɦɟɪɚ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ (ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɨ-
ɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ.
ɜɨɪɹɬ: ɨɬɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɍɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ (ɝ
ɨ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ OR, AND, NOT. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ AND (ɂ) ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɛɨɪɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɜɫɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ NOT (ɇȿɌ) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
NEAR (ɜɛɥɢɡɢ, ɪɹɞɨɦ) ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɫɨ
ɫɬɢ
ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ FOLLOWED
ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɛɥɢɡɨ-
BY ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ
ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ. Ɉɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ ADJ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɦɢ (ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɨɞɧɨ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ).
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɉɋ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɪ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɉɋ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪ
ɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɉɋ.
ɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ, ɨɧɢ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɭɸɬ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ) ɜɵɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ
ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɫɫɵɥɨɤ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ) ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨ-
ɥɨ
ɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɉɋ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɨ
ɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ (ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ), ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ.
ɪɚ
ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ (keyword prominence) - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ
ɫɥɨɜɨ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɱɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ
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ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
ɫɥɨɜɨ, ɬɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɟɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ. ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ
(keyword frequency) - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ (ɬ. ɟ. ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ). ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ "ɜɟɫ" ɩɪɢ ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɬɢɬɭɥ, ɨɧ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ title). ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɩɪ
ɢ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɢ ɩɪ
ɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ (ɜɟɫ) ɞɥɹ ɉɋ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɰɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (link popularity) - ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɚɣɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɚɣɬ.
ɇɟ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨ-
ɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-
ɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɯ
ɪ
Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, - ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɋ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ "ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ" ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ: ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɨɬ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɤ ɧɢɡɲɟɦɭ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ: ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɤ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ. ɋɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ "ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ" ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɢɹ, ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɬɨɪ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨɞɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹɦɢ (ɚɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɹɦɢ).
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ: ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɥɸɛɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ (ɪɭ
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ
Yahoo!, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧ-
ɛɪɢɤɢ).
ɬɚɦɢ ɋɬɷɧɞɮɨɪɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ⱦɷɜɢɞɨɦ Ɏɢɥɨ ɢ Ⱦɠɟɪɪɢ əɧɝɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɧɨɝɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɣ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
(ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ) ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɫɤɨɦɨɦ (ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɦɫɹ) ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɪɭ
ɛɪɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪ
ɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɨɣ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ: ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ. ȿɳɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ: ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɹ. Ɋɭɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɹ - ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ
(ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥ, ɪɭ
ɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ (ɦɨɞɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ) ɢɥɢ
ɛɪɢɤɭ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚ-
ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
ɢɥɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨ ɞɚɧ-
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ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
29
ɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɩɨɪɨɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɸ
ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɭɛɪɢɤ.
ɇɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɭ
ɤɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɭɛɪɢɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭɬɨɱ-
ɛɪɢ-
ɧɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ:
http://www.mail.ru/
http://catalog.chat.ru/
http://www.ru/
http://www.ulitka.ru/
http://www.susanin.net/
http://students.informika.ru/
http://www.stars.ru/
http://yp.piter.com/
http://www.kingdom.ru/
ȼ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɬɢɩɵ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ - ɧɟɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɬ ɫɨɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɥɮɚɜɢɬɧɨ-ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɢ, ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɚɣɬɵ, ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɫɜɨɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪ
ɭɝɚ. ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ
30
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ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ "ɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ" ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɚɣɬɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɛɨɪ
ɢɫɤɨɦɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ.
Ȼɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɉɋ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɉɋ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ (ɝɢɛɪɢɞɧɵɟ) ɉɋ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ. Ɇɨ
ɳɧɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ
ɩɨɢɫɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚɦɢ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɉɋ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ
ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɉɋ ɩɪɨɢɧɞɟɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱ-
ɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɷɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ.
ɧɨ
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɉɋ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɉɋ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɪɟ-
ɨɪɦɚ
ɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɉɋ Rambler. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮ
ɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ, ɢ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɉɋ (ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɣɬɨɜ). Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɉɋ.
Ɇɟɬɚɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ.
ɍɤɚɠɟɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ:
www.metacrawler.com
www.metor.com
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɉɋ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɉɋ.
i
Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ (www.m
di.ru), ɪɢɫɭɧ-
ɤɨɜ (www.graphsearch.com), ɤɧɢɝ (http://bukinist.agava.ru/), ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɜ (www.cooking.ru/search.html).
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɉɋ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ:
http://www.filesearch.ru/
http://www.files.ru/
http://www.freeware.ru/
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɦɟɧɚɦ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ (ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚɰɢɹ) ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝ
ɪɚɦɦ -
Ɋɨɛɨɬɨɜ.
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ.
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