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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
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7. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ - Web - ɷɬɨ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɜ World Wide Web - ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɚɹ ɉɚɭɬɢɧɚ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ - ɫɥɨɜɨ "ɞɢɡɚɣɧ" - ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ design, ɱɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ: ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɟɪɬɢɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ Web-design ɫ
ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ: "ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ".
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɢɡɚɣɧ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ - ɥɸɛɨɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɢɡɚɣɧ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ
ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ - ɷɬɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȿɝɨ ɰɟɥɶ - ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɯ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ.
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɬɨɱɤɚ, ɥɢɧɢɹ, ɮɚɤ-
ɨɪɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪ. ɉɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ
ɬɭɪɚ, ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ, ɰɜɟɬ, ɮɨɪɦɚ, ɩ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɤɚɯ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ.
Ɍɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ - ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɞɟɪɟɜɨ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥ, ɫɬɟɤɥɨ, ɬɤɚɧɶ).
Ɏɚɤɬɭɪɚ - ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ (ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ, ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɚɹ, ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ). Ɏɚɤɬɭɪɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ - ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɪ
ɐɜɟɬ - ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɥ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɰɜɟɬɚ - ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɧ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɬɚ. ɐɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ - ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɚ
ɫɜɟɬɥɨɬɚ - ɹɪɤɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɢɹ - ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ
ɨɪɰ
ɉɪɨɩ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɣ: ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ. ɋɚɦɨɣ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɟ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɭ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɸ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ: b/a = a/(a+b).
ɪɨɩ
ɠɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ.
ɭ
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ: ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ, ɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ).
Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ - ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ) ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɟ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɢɞɟɟɣ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ - ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɚ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɪɵ ɢ
ɫɬɢɥɹ.
ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ - ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪ
ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɨɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ (Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ). ɋɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ (ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ), ɥɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɵ. ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ,
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɹ - ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɥɟɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ.
Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ - ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɩɪ
ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɢ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ - ɢɥɥɸɡɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɚɦɢ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɥɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɬɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɚ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ - ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬ-
ɤɭɥɶɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ). ȼ We
b
ɜɚɦɢ ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɢ.
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Ɋɢɬɦ - ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɪɨɣɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɚ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɞɨɦɚ, ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɵ ɝɨɥɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ, ɜ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
Ƚɚɪɦɨɧɢɹ - ɫɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ.
Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ - ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ (ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɝɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ, ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ, ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ, ɥɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɹɬɟɧ).
ɥɨɪɢɬ - ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ, ɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟ-
ɨ
Ʉ
ɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ - ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɚɠɭɳɢɦɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ. Ⱦɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦ,
ɫɬɟɪɟɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɵɦ.
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɞɚɞɢɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ We
b
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ: ȼɟɛ-ɦɚɫɬɟɪɢɧɝ,
ȼɟɛ-ɞɢɡɚɣɧ.
Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧ - ɧɨɜɵɣ ɠɚɧɪ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ), ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (HTML, JavaScript,
Java, Perl, C++, PHP ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (CGI, CSS, SSI ɢ ɞɪ.). ɐɟɥɶɸ
b
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ (Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ,
We
ɛɚɧɧɟɪɨɜ, ɚɩɩɥɟɬɨɜ, ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ), ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ.
Ɍɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚɯ.
Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɭɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ: Webɦɚɫɬɟɪ, ȼɟɛ-ɦɚɫɬɟɪ) - ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤ-ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ Webɞɢɡɚɣɧɨɦ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɨɦ, ȼɟɛ-ɦɚɫɬɟɪɭ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɚ (ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ
b
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ). ɉɨɪɨɣ We
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ-
ɫɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɞɟɢ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ,
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɨɜ ɠɞɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤɪɭɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ - ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚ Yahoo.
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɟ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɵ (ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɢ) ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɤɚɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɥɸɛɢɦɵɯ ɤɚɪɬɢɧ, ɤɭɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɨ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɬ. ɩ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɬɵɫɤɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ.
Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɚɣɬɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ: ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨ
ɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪ
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɢɹɦ, ɥɸɛɢɦɵɦ ɫɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɦ ɢ ɦɭɡɵ-
ɭɩɩɚɦ.
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ: ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɚɡɢɧɵ, ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɢ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɣɬɵ. ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ Webɫɚɣɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ,
ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɜ ɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ Web-ɫɚɣɬɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɦɢ ɫɚɣɬ. ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɨɜ-ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɚ-ɬɪɢ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ, ɬɨ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɚɣɬɵ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɗɬɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ-
ɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ (ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ). ɇɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɡ
ɧɨ
ɞɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ "ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɢɬɶ" ɫɚɣɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ (ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦɢ), ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢ
ɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɭɫ. ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ-
, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ, ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ, ɫɤɭɥɶɩɬɭɪɟ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɦ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟ, ɝɪɚɮɮɢɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧ-
ɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɠɚɧ-
ɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩ
ɨɪɨɣ ɝ
ɪɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ, ɜ
Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɢ, ɤɢɫɬɢ, ɦɨɥɶɛɟɪɬɵ, ɤɪɚɫɤɢ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ
ɧɭɠɧɵ ɢɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (HTML-ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɜɢɞɟɨ ɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɚɧɢɦɚɬɨɪɵ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɨɜ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
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ɭɬɢɥɢɬɵ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɬɨɚɥɶɛɨɦɨɜ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɬɨɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ, ɫɤɚɧɟɪɵ ɢ
ɞɪ.).
ɇɚ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɢ ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɹ, ɜɢɞɟɨ- ɢ ɚɭɞɢɨɤɥɢɩɵ. ȼɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɵɤɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɠɭɪ
ɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɤɢɧɨ, ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɞɢɨ, ɮɨɬɨɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɱɚɳɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɵ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɚ.
ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɣɬɨɜ ɨɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦɢ (Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera) ɢ ɜ ɨɤɧɚɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ "ɪɟɲɚɟɬ" ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ. ɂɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɜɢɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɩɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ, ɚɧɢ-
ɦɚɰɢɢ.
b
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɵɯ We
-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ (ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢɫ-
ɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ) ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɬɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɟɥ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɢɩɵ, ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ,
ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɟɦɵɟ ɚɧɟɤɞɨɬɵ ɢ ɚɮɨɪɢɡɦɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɮɨɧɚ. Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɚɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɧɢɦ ɛɭɤɜɚɦ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ ɮɨɧɟ, ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɠɟɥɬɨɦ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɦ ɧɚ
ɛɟɥɨɦ, ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɨɦ, ɛɟɥɵɦ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɰɜɟɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɥɢɬɪɵ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɡ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤ ɠɟɥɬɨɡɟɥɟɧɨɦɭ ɰɜɟɬɭ, ɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɤ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɰɜɟɬɚɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ
ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ, ɚ ɫɢɧɢɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɟɬ.
ɨ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɫɢɯ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɝɥɚɡ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ, ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ, ɠɟɥɬɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ)
ɤɚɤ ɬɟɩɥɵɟ. ɋɢɧɢɣ, ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɥɧɰɟ ɢ ɨɝɨɧɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɤɪɚɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɬɵɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɚ ɫɧɟɝ, ɥɟɞ - ɝɨɥɭɛɵɟ ɢ ɫɢɧɢɟ ɰɜɟɬɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɬɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ "ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ", ɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɟ - "ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ". Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ, ɧɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɩɥɵɦɢ ɬɨɧɚɦɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ,
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɧɚɦɢ.
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɡ
ɡɪɢɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɤ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɦ ɬɨɧɚɦ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ ɢ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ,
ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɣ ɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬ.
Ȼɟɥɵɣ, ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ - ɯɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ
ɧɚɭɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ Webɫɚɣɬɚ. ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪ
ɟɝɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ.
ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 7-8 ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɂɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɚ
Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɬɨɦɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɥɚɡ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɫɬɪɨɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ.
ɞ
ɇɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ
ɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ Webɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɫɚɣɬɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɩɟɪ
ɫɚɣɬɚ, ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɨɜ (MS
ɫɫɵɥɨɤ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera).
Ʉɪɚɬɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ Webɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɫɩɟɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɥɸɞɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɹɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɢɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ, "ɩɪɨɫɤɚɤɢɜɚɸɬ" ɦɢɦɨ
ɬɟɯ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɞɨɥɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɵ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪ
ɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɪ
ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɦɟɬɶ
ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɋɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30-40 ɫɟɤɭɧɞ, ɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ - 10-20 Ʉɛɢɬ/ɫ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ - 300-800 Ʉɛɢɬ, ɬ. ɟ. 37,5-100 Ʉɛɚɣɬ.
ȿɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪ
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜ 3-4 ɪɚɡɚ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧ - ɧɨɜɵɣ ɠɚɧɪ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ.
Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ: ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ,
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɹɡɵɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
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37
8. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɹɡɵɤɚ HTML, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ (ɫɦ. ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ).
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɸɛɚɹ HTML-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɚɪɨɣ ɬɟɝɨɜ <html>
ɢ </html>. ɗɬɢ ɬɟɝɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ HTML. ȼɫɟ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ (Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ).
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɪɵɟ HTML-ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ (ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ
ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ HTML. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ ɩ
ɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɥɨɝ
ɨɦ.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ <head > ɢ </head> ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɱɤɚ). Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ "ɉɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ". ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɤɚɣɦɥɟɧɨ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ <title> ɢ </title>. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɛɪɚɭ-
ɢ
ɡɟɪɚ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ ɩɪ
ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ
ɬɟɝɚɦɢ <head> ɢ </head> ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɚɬɟɝɢ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɬɚɬɟɝɨɜ ɞɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɨ ɫɨ-
ɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. Ɇɟɬɚɬɟɝɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɚɜ-
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ɬɨɪɟ, ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɟ. Ɇɟɬɚɬɟɝɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɭ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɬɟɥɨ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ <body> ɢ </body>. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
(ɫɦ. ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ) ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɷɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɨɜ ɭɜɢɞɹɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɜɚ
ɫɥɨɜɚ: "ɉɪɨɛɚ", ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɠɢɪɧɵɦ ɲɪɢɮɬɨɦ. Ʉ
ɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɜɢɞɧɵ ɬɟɝɢ <p> ɢ </p>, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɚɛɡɚɰ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ.
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɪɟɣɦɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɟɝɚ body ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɝ frameset.
ɉɨɧɹɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɮɢɝɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɤɨɛɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɢ (ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, Ɂɚɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ, Ɍɟɥɨ) ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɨɧ
ɜɭɸɬ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɝɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ-
ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɨ.
ɍɜɢɞɟɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ HTML-ɤɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɟ MS Internet Explorer 6.0 ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ: ȼɢɞ - ɉɪɨɫɦɨɬɪ HTML-ɤɨɞɚ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɟ ɢɬɨɝɢ
ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ HTML-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɛɥɨɤɚ:
ɨɞɢɧ ɛɥɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɝɨɜ <htm
l> ɢ </htm
l> ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ɍɟɝɢ <head > ɢ </head> ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ.
ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɟ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɬɟɝɚɦɢ <body> ɢ </body> (ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɛɥɨɤ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɨɤɧɟ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ.
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9. ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɤ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɢ HTML.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ HTML ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ Webɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ GIF). Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɥɚɤɚɬɵ ɧɚ
ɞɨɫɤɚɯ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɥɟɪɟɹɯ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɹɡɵɤ HTML, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɚɣɬ,
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɹɡɵɤ HTML
ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ We
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫ ɲɚɦɩɭɪɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɧɢɡɚɧɵ ɥɚɤɨɦɵɟ
ɤɭɫɨɱɤɢ.
ɤɥɢɩɵ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɡɜɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɭɞɢɨɤɥɢɩɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɯ W
AV, MP3
Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ HTML. Ɍɚɤ, ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ CSS ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɣɬɭ ɟɞɢɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets - ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ) - ɫɟɬɟɜɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ HTML. Ʉɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ
ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
CSS ɧɟɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɫɚɣɬɚ ɰɜɟɬ ɲɪɢɮɬɚ,
b
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ ɤ HTML
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɠɢɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ (ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɪɰɚɧɢɟ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɣɫɹ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ - ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.). Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɤ ɹɡɵɤɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɢ HTML ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ CSS,
ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
JavaScript ɢɥɢ VBScript, ɚɩɩɥɟɬɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ Java,
ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ -
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
CGI-
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɹɡɵɤɢ Perl, C++,
ɫɤɪɢɩɥɟɬɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ
DHTML. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ
ɧɚɞɩɢɫɟɣ ɢ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ GIFɢ Flash-ɚɧɢɦɚɰɢɸ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ AVI ɢ
MPEG ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɢɞɟɨ-
ɢ MIDI.
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ɋɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Web-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ
ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɧɚɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɟ, ɝɚɪɧɢɬɭɪɭ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɤɟ, ɜɢɞ
ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ. ɗɬɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɮɚɣɥɟ. Ɂɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ
ɮɚɣɥɚ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɫɬɢɥɹ) ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɫɟɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɣɬɚ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ CSS, ɜɟɫɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɨɜ (ɛɥɨɤɨɜ), ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɢɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɤɧɢɝɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪ
ɲɪɢɮɬɚ
). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɰɜɟɬ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ
ɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪ
Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɣɬɟ.
Ʉɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɬɢɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɛɟɡ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɥɸ-
ɟ
ɛɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɩɥɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɩɚɪ
ɧɢɟ) ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɨɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɨɤ (box), ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚ MS Internet Explorer (ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ DHTML) ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ: ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɢ, ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶ-
ɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɧɨɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɪ
ɚɜɢɪ
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ, ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɰɜɟɬɨɜ (ɰɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜ) ɢ ɞɪ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ DHTML
Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ DHTML, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ DHTMLɫɤɪɢɩɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɩɥɟɬɚɦɢ.
DHTML (Dinamic Hypertext Markup Language) - ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɹɡɵɤ
ɪɚɡɦɟɬɤɢ ɝɢɩɟɪɬɟɤɫɬɚ. Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ Microsoft ɢ Netscape ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ "ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ HTML". ɗɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟ
ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ We
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ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɛɪɚɭɡɟɪɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɭɬɚɧɢɰɚ ɫ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ DHTML.
ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ (ɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɢɩɬɵ) - ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ
HTML. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ JavaScript,
VBScript, Java, Perl, C++ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ (ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ) ɪ
ɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɳɟɥɱɨɤ ɦɵɲɶɸ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɪɚ
ɦɵɲɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ, ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɢ). Ɉɬɜɟɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ Web-ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ,
ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɥɨɜɨ Script ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɫ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ "ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ". Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ "ɫɤɪɢɩɬ" ɢ "ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ", ɤɨɬɨ-
-ɞɢɡɚɣɧɭ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɚɦɢ.
ɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨ We
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