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Файл:Биотехнология = Biotechnology. Учебное пособие по английскому языку
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3. So, in the synthetic biology approach, that is very much a product of
new technologies that have evolved
over the last few years, we can now
begin to assemble whole biosynthetic
pathways in microorganisms from enzymes taken from a whole range of
different sources, or indeed engineered enzymes that have been manipulated to have different properties.
This gives us the possibility of designing processes that enable the production of a whole range of high value
chemicals, from cheap feed stocks or
renewable feed stocks, and to generate
new and high value chemicals which
are new to nature by modifying the
natural pathways and enzymes present
in these biosynthetic pathways. And,
of course, what we can do is then to
optimize host organisms to improve
productivity, and therefore, introduce
scalable processes based on the new
biology that can be used to make
a whole range of industrial and valuable products.
с)
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UNIT III
biochemical pathways
биохимические реакции
protozoa
одноклеточные животные организмы
genetic diversity
генетическое многообразие
deployment
внедрение, использование
technology gap
отставание в техническом развитии
crop production
продукция растениеводства
microbial entities
микробные организмы
oil spills
разливы нефти
feedstock
исходное сырье; перерабатываемое сырье
bioaugmentation
биоприрост
pulp industry
целлюлозная промышленность
agricultural residues
сельскохозяйственные отходы
recalcitrant
неподатливый; трудноразлагаемый
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
PART A
I. Answer the questions:
1. What does industrial biotechnology involve?
2. Where is biotechnology applied?
3. How are enzymes used in industry?
32
II. Read the text and check the answers.
Industrial biotechnology involves working with nature to maximize and
optimize existing biochemical pathways that can be used in manufacturing.
The industrial biotechnology revolution rides on a series of related developments in three fields of study of detailed information derived from the cell: genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. As a result, scientists can apply new
techniques to a large number of microorganisms ranging from bacteria, yeasts,
and fungi to marine diatoms and protozoa.
Industrial biotechnology companies use many specialized techniques to
find and improve nature's enzymes. Information from genomic studies on microorganisms is helping researchers capitalize on the wealth of genetic diversity
in microbial populations. Researchers first search for enzyme-producing microorganisms in the natural environment and then use DNA probes to search at the
molecular level for genes that produce enzymes with specific biocatalytic capabilities. Once isolated, such enzymes can be identified and characterized for
their ability to function in specific industrial processes. If necessary, they can be
improved with biotechnology techniques.
Many biocatalytic tools are rapidly becoming available for industrial applications because of the recent and dramatic advances in biotechnology techniques. In many cases, the biocatalysts or whole-cell processes are so new that
many chemical engineers and product development specialists in the private
sector are not yet aware that they are available for deployment. This is a good
example of a “technology gap” where there is a lag between availability and
widespread use of a new technology. This gap must be overcome to accelerate
progress in developing more economic and sustainable manufacturing processes
through the integration of biotechnology. “New Biotech Tools for a Cleaner
Environment” provides dramatic illustrations of what these powerful new tools
can do. The report aims to spark more interest in this powerful technology, to
help close this technology gap, and facilitate progress toward a more sustainable future.
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including
health care (medical); crop production and agriculture; nonfood (industrial)
uses of crops and other products such as biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil,
33
biofuels; and finally, the generation of products from petroleum-based feedstocks. In the latter case, this includes MEOR, BDS and BDN. Thus industrial
biotechnology (known in some countries as white biotechnology) is biotechnology applied to industrial processes such as using microbial entities (including
enzymes) to produce a useful chemical product. Another example is the use of
enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy
hazardous/polluting chemicals. This form of biotechnology tends to consume
less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.
James G. Speight, Nour Shafik El-Gendy, 2018, pp. 75–76
III. Complete the sentences with the following words and word com-
binations:
enzymes, DNA, biocatalytic, protozoa, genetic, gap, microbial.
1) Scientists can apply new techniques to many microorganisms ranging
from bacteria, yeasts, and fungi to marine diatoms and … .
2) Industrial biotechnology is biotechnology applied to industrial processes
such as using … entities to produce a useful chemical product.
3) Researchers use … probes to search at the molecular level for genes that
produce enzymes with specific biocatalytic capabilities.
4) This is a good example of a “technology …” where there is a lag be-
tween availability and widespread use of a new technology.
5) Once isolated, such … can be identified and characterized for their abil-
ity to function in specific industrial processes.
6) Information from genomic studies on microorganisms is helping re-
searchers capitalize on the wealth of … diversity in microbial populations.
7) Many … tools are rapidly becoming available for industrial applications
because of the recent and dramatic advances in biotechnology techniques.
IV. Find a word that does not suit the group:
1) genomics, catalysts, proteomics, bioinformatics;
2) DNA probes, health care, crop production, biofuels;
3) scientists, researchers, study, gap;
4) advances, yeasts, development, improvement.
34
V. Match two halves of the sentence to make one.
1. Researchers first search for en-
zyme-producing microorganisms in
the natural environment and then
a) many chemical engineers and
product development specialists in
the private sector are not yet aware
that they are available for deployment.
2. Industrial biotechnology involves
working with nature to
b) because of the recent and dra-
matic advances in biotechnology
techniques.
3. Such enzymes can be identified
and characterized for
c) produce valuable chemicals or de-
stroy hazardous/polluting chemicals.
4. The biocatalysts or whole-cell processes are so new that
d) bacteria, yeasts, and fungi to ma-
rine diatoms and protozoa.
5. Another example is the use of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either
e) capitalize on the wealth of genetic
diversity in microbial populations.
6. Many biocatalytic tools are rapidly
becoming available for industrial applications
f) their ability to function in specific
industrial processes.
7. Information from genomic studies
on microorganisms is helping researchers
g) use DNA probes to search at the
molecular level for genes that produce enzymes with specific biocatalytic capabilities.
8. Scientists can apply new techniques to a large number of microorganisms ranging from
h) maximize and optimize existing
biochemical pathways that can be
used in manufacturing.
VI. Give explanations using the text.
1) How is information from genomic studies on microorganisms helping
researchers?
2) What is the reason for a “technology gap” in biotechnology?
3) What are four major industrial areas for biotechnology application?
VII. Choose one industrial application of biotechnology and make
a short presentation about it.
35
PART B
I. Read the texts and find information about:
1) what bioremediation is;
2) advantages of biotransformation processes;
3) what biomass is.
APPLICATIONS IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
The application of biotechnology to the petroleum industry is not new and
has been practiced for many years as a method of bioremediation of oil spills
and from this much can be learned about the potential of the application of biotechnology to the refining industry. Typically, bioremediation is a direct function of biotransformation (biodegradation), which may refer to complete mineralization of the organic contaminants into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic
compounds, and cell protein or transformation of complex organic contaminants to other simpler organic compounds that are not detrimental to the environment.
In fact, unless they are overwhelmed by the amount of the spilled material
or its toxicity, many indigenous microorganisms in soil and/or water are capable of degrading hydrocarbon contaminants. In fact, bioremediation is an environmentally friendly technique used to restore soil and water to its original state
by using indigenous microbes to break down and eliminate contaminants.
The microorganisms used for bioremediation may be indigenous to a contaminated area or they may be isolated from elsewhere and brought to the contaminated site. Contaminants are transformed by living organisms through reactions
that take place as a part of their metabolic processes. Biodegradation of a compound is often a result of the actions of multiple organisms. When microorganisms are imported to a contaminated site to enhance degradation, we have
a process known as bioaugmentation.
Furthermore, biotechnology is now accepted as an attractive means of improving the efficiency of any industrial processes and resolving serious environmental problems. One of the reasons for this is the extraordinary metabolic
capability that exists within the bacterial world. Microbial enzymes are capable
of biotransforming a wide range of compounds, and the worldwide increase in
36
attention being paid to this concept can be attributed to several factors, including
the presence of a wide variety of catabolic enzymes and the ability of many microbial enzymes to transform a broad range of unnatural compounds (xenobiotic compounds) as well as natural compounds. Biotransformation processes
have several advantages compared with chemical processes, including the following: (1) microbial enzyme reactions are often more selective, (2) biotransformation processes are often more energy-efficient, (3) microbial enzymes are
active under mild conditions, and (4) microbial enzymes are environmentfriendly biocatalysts. Although many biotransformation processes have been
described, only a few of these have been used as part of an industrial process
and opportunities exist for biorefining of petroleum. Of particular interest in
this context is the phenomenon of BDS (biological desulfurization, microbial
desulfurization) in which are used to oxidizes sulfur compounds in crude oil ultimately resulting in desulfurization. This represents the ability of microbial
species to desulfurize compounds that are recalcitrant to the current standard
technology in the oil industry. From this work, it is evident that biorefining is
a possible alternative to some of the current oil-refining processes.
For biotechnology to be effective, microorganisms must convert the petroleum constituents into the necessary products. However, since biotechnology
can be effective only where reaction conditions permit microbial growth and activity; the application of the technique often involves the manipulation of environmental parameters to allow microbial growth and degradation to proceed at
a faster rate.
Finally, biotechnology is a key technology for the emerging biomass-based
industries and is worthy of inclusion here and later in this text. Biomass is biological material that has come from animal, vegetable, or plant matter and is
carbon neutral – while the plant is growing, it uses the energy of the sun to absorb the same amount of carbon from the atmosphere as it releases into the atmosphere. By maintaining this closed carbon cycle, it is felt, with some mathematical meandering, that there is no overall increase in carbon dioxide levels
through emissions to the atmosphere.
James G. Speight, Nour Shafik El-Gendy, 2018, pp. 76–77
37
II. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian:
1) organic contaminants; 2) cell protein; 3) bioaugmentation; 4) xenobiotic
compounds; 5) microbial growth; 6) emissions; 7) metabolic capability; 8) mild
conditions.
III. Answer the questions:
1. How has biotechnology been practiced in the petroleum industry for
many years?
2. How are microorganisms used for bioremediation?
3. What are the characteristics of microbial enzymes?
4. What is necessary for biotechnology to be effective?
5. What is a key technology for the emerging biomass-based industries?
IV. Discuss advantages of biotransformation processes compared with
chemical processes.
V. Watch the first part of video 3 and fill in the missing information.
Hello, I'm Peter Budd. I'm a Professor of Polymer Chemistry here in Manchester. I'm interested in polymers, giant …, and in other new materials like graphene. But I'm interested in applying those materials to help solve big problems
and to improve people's lives. In this presentation, I'm going to talk about new
membrane materials and the way in which they can be applied in industrial … .
One area of my research is the development of new materials for membrane processes. That is, processes that use thin films to enable industrially imported separations to be carried out efficiently and economically. I'm going to
tell you about the potential of membrane processes in industrial biotechnology.
Industrial biotechnology is you should all now know, is about using microorganisms or … on an industrial scale to make useful products from biofeedstocks, from agricultural crops or better from organic waste materials. Fuels
provide the energy that keeps our society moving. … are fuels that started out
as something growing in the recent past as opposed to fossil fuels, where geology has worked on organic matter over millions of years. Biofuels include biodiesel, produced from oils or fats by a transesterification process, biogas,
38
methane generated by anaerobic digestion of all sorts of organic materials and
bioalcohols, resulting from … of sugars or sugar-based materials. Methanol,
ethanol, propanol, and butanol can all be used as fuels. Bioehtanol is widely
used in places like Brazil. For the future there is increasing interest in biobutanol, which is considered as a direct replacement for gasoline. Butanol comes in
four … forms, isomers of which three are commercially important, 1-butanol,
isobutanol, and tert-butanol. Biobutanol is produced by bacterial fermentation
in a process known as ABE fermentation. Because the butanol, B, comes together with a couple of other products, acetone, A, and ethanol, E.
So the product you want has to be separated from a complex … . Incidentally, the systematic name for acetone is propanone, but industry often mistakes the old names. The old names for butanol and ethanol are butyl alcohol
and ethyl alcohol. The … used in ABE fermentation are generally strains of
bacteria from the class Clostridia. The University of Manchester played an important role in the history of ABE fermentation. In 1912, a senior lecturer at the
university, Chaim Weizmann was working on how to produce useful products
by fermentation. He isolated the bacterium Clostridum acetobutylicum that led
to a patent for the first ABE process. Chaim Weizmann himself later on to become the first President of Israel. During the first World War, the ABE fermentation process became extremely important not for the B, but for the A. It was
used for acetone production, essential to the British war industry as a solvent
employed in making cordite, a replacement for gunpowder. Later the ABE process fell out of favor because acetone, butanol and ethanol could be produced
more cheaply from petroleum. But now there is renewed interest for biobutanol
production. Any biofuel starts out as a biomass of one sort or another. The biomass is subjected to some combination of chemical, enzymatic or fermentation
processes. And what we generally end up with is a mixture of the product we
want, along with other things in a lot of water. We need to separate and purify
the fuel we want. And the separation and purification stages typically represent
60 % to 80 % of the overall production cost.
If we can save energy, save costs in the separation and purification stages,
it may make the difference between whether or not the whole process is economically viable.
39
VI. Watch the second part of video 3 and match the pictures with the
1. Membrane processes could be
much more energy efficient than distillation for example and lend themselves well to continuous rather than
batch processing.
a)
2. There are many different mem-
brane processes that can be used for
molecular separations. They all rely
on a membrane, a thin film which
may have a complex structure, but is
more permeable to one component
in a mixture than to others. Membranes may come in various forms:
as flat sheets, coiled up in spiral
round modules or as hollow fibres
packed into long tubes.
Whatever the process and whatever
the form, the principle is the same.
A mixture, the feed, is applied to
the one side of the membrane and
the permeate is withdrawn from the
other side. And if the membrane has
done its job, the permeate has a different composition to the feed. Of
course for the process to work at all,
there must be a driving force for
permeation through the membrane,
a concentration gradiant or the pressure gradiant.
b)
corresponding text.
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